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Name: Norena Bt. Abdul Karim Zamri (PhD)
Faculty: Communication & Media Studies UiTM Alor Gajah Melaka
Field of Expertise: New Media & History, Cultural Studies and Media

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This section asks you to reflect on your personal history, especially with respect to aspects of critical thinking that have been involved in your life. The kind of thinking you do is strongly influenced by your life so far—the people you’ve associated with, your family, the values you’ve grown up with, the activities you’ve grown to like, and so forth. Your personal history, “your story,” also influences the way you do critical thinking, the aspects of it you respond to or don’t respond to. The idea behind this section, then, is to become more consciously aware of “your story” and how you’ve been shaped by it.

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This section asks you to reflect on your personal history, especially with respect to aspects of critical thinking that have been involved in your life. The kind of thinking you do is strongly influenced by your life so far—the people you’ve associated with, your family, the values you’ve grown up with, the activities you’ve grown to like, and so forth. Your personal history, “your story,” also influences the way you do critical thinking, the aspects of it you respond to or don’t respond to. The idea behind this section, then, is to become more consciously aware of “your story” and how you’ve been shaped by it.

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1. How do you feel about asking questions? (The answer may be different in different contexts.) What aspects of your personality
or experiences have led you to feel that way? How comfortable are you with the idea of reasoning things out?
2. What has been your attitude toward the topic of critical thinking before you began this course? Where did you acquire that
attitude? Do you think you are open to changing or modifying your attitude toward it?
3. Think of your life as a whole. How has your own native egocentrism changed in your life from childhood to the present?
4. What are some impediments to critical thinking that affect you?
Reflect on how they have operated in your personal history.
5. When you have had an important decision to make in your life, how did you go about it? (Be sure not to describe here how you think you should have gone about it, but how you actually did.)

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Please don't forget to tick your attendance.

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W2- Introduction to Academic Writing (my version).pptx

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Students are require to brainstorm their research topic based on their readings. Construct your research topic based on the today's lesson.

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Students are require to brainstorm their research topic based on their readings. Construct your research topic based on the today's lesson.

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Selecting a Research Topic_ A Framework for Doctoral Students

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Classkick is a free app that shows teachers in real-time exactly what students are doing and who needs help so they can provide instant feedback.

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One of the distinguishing features of academic writing is that it is informed by what is already known, what work has been done before, and/or what ideas and models have already been developed. Thus, in academic texts, writers frequently make reference to other studies and to the work of other authors. It is important that writers guide their readers through this literature. This section of Academic Phrasebank lists some of the phrases that writers may use for this purpose.

A note on the literature review: It is the purpose of the literature review section of a paper or dissertation to show the reader, in a systematic way, what is already known about the research topic as a whole, and to outline the key ideas and theories that help us to understand this. As well as being systematic, the review should be evaluative and critical of the studies or ideas which are relevant to the current work. For example, you may think a particular study did not investigate some important aspect of the area you are researching, that the author(s) failed to notice a weakness in their methods, or that their conclusion is not well-supported (refer to Being Critical).

A note on referencing style: The way a writer refers to other sources varies somewhat across different disciplines. In some cases, where the individual author is important, the author's name will be the main subject of the sentence; in other cases, the author's name may only be mentioned in brackets ( ... ) or via a number notation system (e.g. footnotes and endnotes). The 'author as subject' style is less common in the empirical disciplines (sciences) and more commonly used in the humanities. Different referencing systems are used in different disciplines. In the majority of the examples given here, the Harvard in-text referencing system has been used.

A note on verb tenses: For general reference to the literature, the present perfect tense (have/has + verb participle) tends to be used. For reference to specific studies carried out in the past, the simple past tense is most commonly used. This is normally the case where a specific date or point in time in the past forms a part of the sentence. When referring to the words or ideas of writers, the present tense is often used if the ideas are still relevant, even if the author is no longer alive. The examples given below reflect these general patterns, but these are by no means rigid.

Previous research: what has been established or proposed

To date,
Thus far,
Up to now,

several studies
previous studies
a number of studies

have

used ...
found ...
reported ...
shown that...
indicated that ...
linked X with Y.
suggested that ...
demonstrated that ...
begun to examine the use of ...
confirmed the effectiveness of ...
revealed a correlation between X and Y.
highlighted factors that are associated with ...

Reference to a previous investigation: researcher prominent

Smith (2015)

reported ...
identified ...
showed that ...
demonstrated that ...
found that as levels X rise ...

Jones (2015)

compared the rate of ...
labelled these subsets as ...
measured both components of the ...
used a survey to assess the various ...
investigated the differential impact of ...
identified parents of disabled children as ...
set up a series of virtual experiments using ...
examined the flow of international students ...
carried out a number of investigations into the ...
studied the effects of X on unprotected nerve cells.
conducted a series of trials in which she mixed X with ...
analysed the data from 72 countries and concluded that ...
interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured ...
performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that ...
reviewed the literature from the period and found little evidence for this ...

Reference to a previous investigation: time prominent

In 1990,

found that ...
performed the first ...
published a paper in which they described
introduced a system of classification based on ...
demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to
reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to ...

Reference to a previous investigation: investigation prominent

In a(n)

follow-up study,
major study of X,
investigation into X,
study investigating X,
comprehensive study of X,
recent cross-sectional study,
large-scale longitudinal study,
randomised controlled study of X,
study which set out to determine X
randomised controlled study of X,

Smith et al. (2015)

found ...
reported ...

Reference to a previous investigation: topic prominent

Reference to what other writers do in their published work

Smith (2000)

defines X as ...
questions whether ...
lists three reasons why ...
identifies X, Y, and Z as the major causes of ...
draws on an extensive range of sources to assess ...
traces the development of X during the 19th century.
highlights the need to break the link between X and Y.
mentions the special situation of X as an example of ...
uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ...
draws our attention to distinctive categories of X often observed in ...
discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting ...
considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as ...
provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to ...

In her review of ...,
In her major study,
In her analysis of ...,
In her seminal article,
In her case study of ...,
In her introduction to ...,
In her classic critique of ...,
In her interesting analysis of ...,

Smith (2012) identifies five characteristics of ...

Reference to another writer's idea or position

Smith (2013)

that

preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.

Smith (2013)

offers
proposes
suggests
argues for

an explanatory theory for each type of irrational belief.

Synthesising material: supporting evidence or ideas

Smith (2015)

sees X as ...
argues that ...

Like Smith, Jones (2016) maintains that ...
Similarly, Jones (2016) makes the case for ...
Likewise, Jones (2016) holds the view that ...
Supporting this view, Jones (2016) writes that ...
Adopting a similar position, Jones (2016) argues that ...
In the same vein, Jones (2016), in his book XXXXX, notes ...

Synthesising material: contrasting evidence or ideas

Some writers (e.g. Smith, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between ...
break
Some authors have mainly been interested in questions concerning X and Y (Smith, 2001; Jones ...
break
Much of the available literature on X deals with the question of ...

Others (see Jones, 2003; Brown, 2004) question the usefulness of ...
break
Others have highlighted the relevance of ...
break
But Smith (2015) is much more concerned with ...

Smith (2015) notes that ...
break
Smith (2013) found that X accounted for 30% of Y.

However, Jones's (2018) study of Y found no link between ...
break
Other researchers, however, who have looked at X, have found ... Jones (2010), for example, ...

Smith (2010) presents an X account,
break
While Smith (2008) focusses on X,

whilst Jones (2011) ...
break
Jones (2009) is more concerned with ...

Some ways of introducing quotations

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One of the distinguishing features of academic writing is that it is informed by what is already known, what work has been done before, and/or what ideas and models have already been developed. Thus, in academic texts, writers frequently make reference to other studies and to the work of other authors.

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Access your library, everywhere

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Easy referencing

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Career development

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Mendeley - Reference Management Software

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Add papers directly from your browser with a few clicks or import any documents from your desktop. Access your library from anywhere. Windows, Mac, Linux and all browsers. Learn about the library > Generate references, citations and bibliographies in a whole range of journal styles with just a few clicks.

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Connected Papers | Find and explore academic papers

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Connected Papers is a visual tool to help researchers and applied scientists find academic papers relevant to their field of work.

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20222

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Communication Research Methods: An Introduction

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Communication Research Methods: An Introduction