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Intelligence can be determined by genes that we inherit from our parents based on what we think/pre-wiring in our brain. (nature)

(nurture) Social settings/exposure ; environment, culture, education, life experiences, hobbies. (learnings of an individual)
Eg. Asian countries there are more emphasis on academics results (stem), western countries are more open to the arts.

Intelligence is debatable in different context/strengths of an individual in a group setting. (supposedly fish can't climb a tree but if you put it into water it can swim)

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sensory memory:
- first input of memory through sensory input (through receptors)
- allows for the processing of information
- if information is attended to at this point, goes into short-term memory
- otherwise, it'll be lost

short-term memory:
- at this point, requires rehearsal to remember information, to put it into long term memory

working memory:
- more active and continuous
- anytime you are conscious, you are using your working memory
- for conscious tasks, but is an unconscious process

long-term memory:
- deep vs shallow processing

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Both play a role in acquiring language. We have a capacity for learning.

We have an innate mechanism for learning language but it is not at all based on nature as it involves understanding and prior exposures (context).

After 10 months, we will naturally find it hard to pick up a foreign language.

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Different interpretations of greetings. (culture)

E.g In asian culture our elderly relatives will ask if we have eaten as a form of saying hello. In western countries, people tend to say 'How are you?'.

Some words have overlapping meanings due to translation. Some words do not have a direct translation to another language which makes those set of words special to their culture.

(Singapore context)
The use of singlish (convenient, efficient)
- code switching (in formal events)

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1. if you see yourself in the memory, the memory is false
- details of the memory may still be correct, but in a wrong perspective

Car crash incident
- 'hit' vs 'smash', ending up with different responses

Hot air balloon experiment
- editing photos of participants and making them falsely remember something that happened to them
- retrieving long term memory in current context may cause one to accidentally input different details, remember the memory differently

flashbulb memory
- having vivid memories of a certain incident (eg. 911)
- but might have remembered wrongly due to sensory input?

TRUE MEMORY
semantic/declarative memories
- more accurate memories

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Mental representations refer to how we depict certain thoughts/objects in our mind. (base level of thought) This will then be further categorized. Schemas are a cognitive framework that can help organize and interpret information that we store. (web of information) Heuristics include educated guesses based on what is happening in front of us (trial and error based, might not be the most reliable)

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when people struggle to remember things:
1. mind wandering
- encoding failure
- information not encoded correctly in the first place / encoded in non-usable forms

2. 4 theories of forgetting
- decay theory: memory is physical even if we don't understand how it's physical (because we are just physical), anything physical will eventually decay

- interference theory: either new or old information can interfere (eg. eyewitness testimony) encoding failures, not leaving cues that we can use at retrieval, not enough specificity to detail, not enough attention given at the time of encoding

- retrieval theory: failure to access material stored in memory because of encoding failure or lack of retrieval cues

- motivated forgetting: often in context of trauma
not everyone suppresses traumatic events

ways of remembering:
1. chunking
- 'putting clothes in a suitcase so you won't drop them while carrying'

2. interest and engagement (4Fs)

3. visual representations

4. associations
- eg. hippocampus -- hippopotamus??
- piggybacking new information onto very well stored memory

5. repetition
- very susceptible to interference

6. Baddeley's Experiment
- example learning and recalling information on land vs water
- learning and acquiring information at the time of encoding
- state of which you are in matters as well

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Explicit – clearly stated so there is no room for confusion or questions. Implicit – implied or suggested, but not clearly stated.

Declarative (explicit)
1) Semantic memory – name of the cat, p4 teacher, childhood best fren. Categorical knowledge is semantic memory. Breed of animals. Labels for categories. We will use semantic memory in recalling an event. Becuz we will also label ppl in the event. Cognition is always categorical, how we fill up the content of those categories is the thing we can control and change

2) episodic memory is an event memory so there’s a timeline to it. A snapshot of a moment that have a beginning, middle and end. Recalling a video u watched

3) Combining both episodic and semantic --> Autobiographical memory is longer and more. Is more exhaustive. The link with that memory of the pet growing up ties in with my childhood. Overarching storyline of how u grew up. It connects intimately to a narrative about that period in ur life. More pervasive sort of a storyboard storyline

Non declarative memory (implicit)
1) Procedural – implicit and ingrained eg. Brushing of teeth. Autopilot procedure. Smth we done so much that we don’t really think about it. The actual procedure of driving becomes implicit. May be super hard at the start.

2) Classical conditioning – stored in a non conscious automatic way. They are operating in the background. Eg. Bell ring in sch. The bell ring itself doesn’t mean anything. Over time-based on conditioning, u automatically start packing the bag after hearing the bell without thinking what it mean

3) Priming – happens all the time. Influence of one moment to another right without u having to think about and actively process that influence. Eg. Maybe a few hrs later I crave pineapple tarts cuz the prof talked about it just now. I don’t know why I want it. I was implicitly influenced by it. I haven’t thought abt it consciously.