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Bismarck  makes other countries mad at him so they attack him. Then he comes back and destroys them and takes the countery.

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Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) / German Unification

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This video is about The three separate types of Indians. Then Cristopher Columbus comes and puts them all to slave work

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This video is about how the king never came back because he like brazil so much. Even after Napoleon was defeated.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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This art is impressionism

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This art is called impressionism

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This article is about Otto Von Bismarck. He was a strong German leader and was successful in uniting all the people the spoke German.

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Table of Contents

1. Otto von Bismarck: Early Years

2. Otto von Bismarck: The Iron Chancellor

3. Otto von Bismarck: Kulturkampf, Welfare State, Empire

4. Otto von Bismarck: Final Years and Legacy

Germany became a modern, unified nation under the leadership of the "Iron Chancellor" Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), who between 1862 and 1890 effectively ruled first Prussia and then all of Germany. A master strategist, Bismarck initiated decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France to unite 39 independent German states under Prussian leadership. Although an arch-conservative, Bismarck introduced progressive reforms-including universal male suffrage and the establishment of the first welfare state-in order to achieve his goals. He manipulated European rivalries to make Germany a world power, but in doing so laid the groundwork for both World Wars.

Otto von Bismarck: Early Years

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck was born April 1, 1815, at his family's estate in the Prussian heartland west of Berlin. His father was a fifth-generation Junker (a Prussian landowning noble), and his mother came from a family of successful academics and government ministers. Throughout his life Bismarck would emphasize his rural Junker roots, underplaying his considerable intellect and cosmopolitan outlook.

Did you know? Although German leader Otto von Bismarck wore a general's uniform in public for much of his later life (and successfully prosecuted three wars as chancellor), his only prior military service was a brief, unwilling stint in a reserve unit.

Bismarck was educated in Berlin and after university took a series of minor diplomatic posts before retiring, at age 24, to run his family's estate at Kneiphof. In 1847 he married and was sent to Berlin as a delegate to the new Prussian parliament, where he emerged as a reactionary voice against the liberal, anti-autocratic Revolutions of 1848.

From 1851 to 1862 Bismarck served a series of ambassadorships-at the German Confederation in Frankfurt, in St. Petersburg and in Paris-that gave him valuable insight into the vulnerabilities of Europe's great powers.

Otto von Bismarck: The Iron Chancellor

William I became Prussia's king in 1861 and a year later appointed Bismarck as his chief minister. Though technically deferring to William, in reality Bismarck was in charge, manipulating the king with his intellect and the occasional tantrum while using royal decrees to circumvent the power of elected officials.

In 1864 Bismarck began the series of wars that would establish Prussian power in Europe. He attacked Denmark to gain the German-speaking territories of Schleswig-Holstein and two years later provoked Emperor Franz-Josef I into starting the Austro-Prussian War (1866), which ended in a swift defeat for the aging Austrian empire. At the time, Bismarck wisely declined to levy a war indemnity against the Austrians.

Bismarck was less circumspect in his conduct of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). Seeing the opportunity to unify Germany's loose confederations against an outside enemy, Bismarck stirred political tensions between France and Prussia, famously editing a telegram from William I to make both countries feel insulted by the other. The French declared war, but the Prussians and their German allies won handily. Prussia levied an indemnity, annexed the French border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine and crowned William emperor of a unified Germany (the Second Reich) in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles-a tremendous insult to the French.

Otto von Bismarck: Kulturkampf, Welfare State, Empire

With Germany unified, William I and Bismarck turned to entrenching their domestic power. For much of the 1870s Bismarck pursued a Kulturkampf (cultural struggle) against Catholics, who made up 36 percent of Germany's population, by placing parochial schools under state control and expelling the Jesuits. In 1878 Bismarck relented, allying with the Catholics against the growing socialist threat.

In the 1880s Bismarck set aside his conservative impulses to counter the socialists by creating Europe's first modern welfare state, establishing national healthcare (1883), accident insurance (1884) and old age pensions (1889). Bismarck also hosted the 1885 Berlin Conference that ended the "Scramble for Africa," dividing the continent between the European powers and establishing German colonies in Cameroon, Togoland and East and Southwest Africa.

Otto von Bismarck: Final Years and Legacy

William I died in 1888 and was succeeded by his son Frederick III and then his grandson William II, both of whom Bismarck found difficult to control. In 1890 the new king forced Bismarck out. William II was left in control of a flourishing unified state but was ill-equipped to maintain Bismarck's carefully manipulated balance of international rivalries. Respected and honored by the time of his death eight years later, Bismarck quickly became a quasi-mythic figure invoked by political leaders calling for strong German leadership-or for war.

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Otto von Bismarck - Biography, World Wars & Facts

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Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)-also known as the "Iron Chancellor"-was Chancellor of the newly-united German Empire from 1862 to 1890. During his tenure he modernized the nation and helped set the stage for World War I.

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This art is impressionism

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This article is about Jose Marti he lead the Cuban revolution. He was a Cuban patriot that also wrote poetry.

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José Martí: José Martí, poet and essayist, patriot and martyr, who became the symbol of Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain. His dedication to the goal of Cuban freedom made his name a synonym for liberty throughout Latin America. As a patriot, Martí organized and unified the movement for Cuban

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King Joao was born in April 11, 1357, Lisbon—died August 14, 1433

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John I, bynames the Prince of Fond Memory, John of Aviz, John the Great, and John the Bastard, Portuguese o Principe de Boa Memória, João de Aviz, João o Grande, and João o Bastardo, (born April 11, 1357, Lisbon-died August 14, 1433, Lisbon), king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country's independence from Castile and initiated Portugal's overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty.

Early life

John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was made master of the military Order of Aviz; he received an ecclesiastical and military education, probably at Aviz in Alentejo. On his father's death, in 1367, his half-brother Ferdinand became king and embarked on a calamitous rivalry with the new ruler of Castile, Henry II, who finally forced Ferdinand to accept a Castilian marriage for his infant heiress, Beatriz, thus compromising the future independence of Portugal.

When Ferdinand died, in 1383, his widow, Queen Leonor, submitted to the demand of her Castilian son-in-law, John I, that he be recognized as king of Portugal. John of Aviz, who had hitherto remained carefully in the background, though he had been arrested for a time in 1382, was now persuaded by a group of young nationalists, led by Nuno Álvares Pereira, to murder Queen Leonor's favourite and adviser, the Galician João Fernandes Andeiro, conde de Ourém. Popular support was at once stirred up for John, and Queen Leonor fled from Lisbon, appealing to Castile for help. In May 1384 Castilian armies besieged John in Lisbon until the outbreak of plague forced them to withdraw (September).

Election as king

John had been named defender of the realm, but in April 1385 representatives of the three estates met in the Cortes (assembly) of Coimbra, and, after it had been demonstrated that King Pedro's elder surviving sons had not been legitimized, John was elected king. The cities of Lisbon and Porto and the merchants and trade guilds enthusiastically backed him, but much of the older nobility still favoured the Castilian succession. John and Nuno Álvares, now his constable, marched northward and obtained the submission of the chief places but returned on hearing that the Castilians were preparing a major invasion. As Spanish forces entered central Portugal, John and Nuno Álvares advanced to bar the road to Lisbon and won the famous Battle of Aljubarrota (August 14, 1385). This victory assured Portugal's independence and made John a desirable ally.

He had already received some English aid, and a small party of English archers had fought for him at Aljubarrota, and he now concluded the Treaty of Windsor (May 9, 1386), which became the cornerstone of the Anglo-Portuguese alliance. In consequence, John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, arrived in Galicia, hoping, through his second marriage (1371), with the daughter of King Pedro I of Castile, to realize his claim to the Castilian crown. John of Aviz sealed the alliance by marrying, in February 1387, Lancaster's daughter, Philippa. A joint invasion of León was unsuccessful, and Lancaster withdrew. John of Aviz made a 10-year truce with Castile in 1389, but frontier warfare with Castile was intermittent thereafter until peace was finally made in 1411.

Consolidation and expansion

John's elder sons had now reached the age at which they could become knights, and it was ostensibly on their behalf that he organized an expedition against Ceuta, which fell in a day (August 24, 1415). He had probably hoped to advance into Morocco and tap the African caravan routes, but, instead, Ceuta became a beleaguered outpost supplied from the Portuguese Algarve. This stimulated the maritime explorations, beginning with the rediscovery and settlement of the Madeira Islands and the Azores.

John's court now became a centre of culture, influenced through Queen Philippa by English traditions. Of their sons, the inclita geração ("illustrious generation"), the eldest, Edward, administered the kingdom under his father and was later king; the second, Pedro, travelled through Europe and was regent after Edward's death; and the third, Henry, known as the Navigator, was the patron and organizer of the overseas discoveries. For them, John introduced the title of duke into Portugal. Their sister, Isabel, married Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy and count of Flanders, thus consolidating Portuguese interests in the Low Countries. John's natural son, Afonso, married the daughter of the constable Nuno Álvares, and their descendants, the house of Bragança, became kings of Portugal from 1640.

John's long struggle with Castile and the need to recompense a new aristocracy caused serious financial difficulties, but he rallied his people around his throne and acquired a reputation as a cautious leader and shrewd statesman. He rewarded the faithful trade guilds by granting them permanent representation in the House of Twenty-four, in which two members of each of the 12 major guilds were to sit. He also granted them a special magistrate, the judge of the people. At Porto he ended the unpopular civil jurisdiction exercised over the city by the bishop. He displayed his devotion by building near Leiria the great Abbey of Batalha to commemorate his victory and serve as a pantheon. He was the author of a work on hunting ( Livro da montaria), his favourite pastime.

There is a portrait of John in the Museum of Ancient Art, Lisbon, and recumbent statues of John and Philippa over their tomb at Batalha.
Harold V. Livermore

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

Portugal: Disputes with Castile

...illegitimate son of Peter I: John, master of Aviz, who killed Ourém (December 1383) and, being assured of the support of the populace of Lisbon, assumed the title of defender of the realm. Leonor fled first to Alenquer and then to Santarém, and the king of Castile came to her...

Portuguese literature: Historical chronicles and poetry

...marriage in 1387 of King John (João) I, founder of the new dynasty of Aviz, and his English queen, Philippa, the Portuguese court became once again a literary centre. The king himself wrote a treatise on hunting. His son Edward (Duarte) collected a rich library of the ancients and of...

Saint Nuno Álvares Pereira

...of João of Aviz (later John I, king of Portugal), the illegitimate son of Ferdinand's father, Peter I, against the claims of Ferdinand's daughter Beatriz, whose marriage to John I of Castile posed a threat to Portugal's independence. In January 1384 John I invaded Portugal. Despite the fact that most...

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John I, king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country's independence from Castile and initiated Portugal's overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was made