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Primary: Linear by peptide bond.

Secondary: Coiling

Tertiary: Inter-coiling by ionic and covalent bonding.

Quaternary: More than one polypeptide chain.

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Their shape determines their function.

Denatured proteins loses their function and it happens with a change in environment.

They can be renatured and function normally.

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21 different amino acids make most proteins.

All have an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain.

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Functions: Enzyme Catalysis, Defense, Transport, Support, Motion, Regulation and Storage.

Some proteins form the structure of cells, tissues and organs.

Four level of complexity (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary).

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Type of nucleotide

Function: First source of energy for the cell.

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Sugar: Ribose

Nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil.

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Sugar: Deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine.

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Composition: 5 carbon sugar. phosphate molecule and a nitrogenous base.

Nitrogenous base:

Purines: Large double ring molecules (A & G).

Pyrimidines: Smaller single ring molecule (C,U,T)

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Function: Storage and transfer of genetic information.

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Found in all cell membranes.

Most important are prostaglandins, function is: blood clotting, regulation of blood pressure, inflammation and labor contractions.

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Function: Maintains cell membrane. Forms hormones (estrogen & testosterone).

Involved in growth and division.

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Made of a four hydrocarbon rings.

Changes depending which functional group is attached to it.

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Main part of the cell membrane.

Function: Forms lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer has one side hydrophobic and the other is hydrophilic.

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One or more double bonds.

Plant oils that are unsaturated and are liquid at room temperature.

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Animal fats that are saturated and solid at room temperature.

Single bonds

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Neutral fat

Function: Protect and insulates.

Major source of stored energy.

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Many C-H bonds.

Function: Storage of energy

Hydrophobic

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Provides structure to the cell. Chitin (some animals) and cellulose (plants).

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Provides storage in cells.

In plants it is called starch.

In animals it is called glycogen. Stored in muscle & liver.

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Many monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis.

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It is two monosaccharides held by a covalent bond.

Has to be broken down into simple sugars for it to be able to enter the cells.

Ex: Sucrose and Lactose

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Known as a simple sugar

It makes monomers that can build more complex sugars.

Contains 3 to 7 carbons

Ex: Glucose and Fructose

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Function: Provide energy to the cells.

Contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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They are made up of smaller molecules named monomer linked through covalent bonds.

Biomolecules are all polymers