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ORGANIC CHEM DOES NOT INVOLVE THIS TYPE OF REACTION

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ORGANIC CHEM DOES NOT INVOLVE THIS TYPE OF REACTION

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This is an inorganic reaction between H₂O₂ and KI (with some dish-soap), yielding elephant toothpaste.

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ORGANIC CHEM INVOLVES THIS TYPE OF REACTION

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ORGANIC CHEM INVOLVES THIS TYPE OF REACTION

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Organic compounds are generally flammable.

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HYDROCARBONS ARE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC

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HYDROCARBONS ARE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC

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There are numerous different “families” of organic compounds. Each “family” is a “homologous series”.

A homologous series is a group of compounds which have the same functional group (center of chemical activity) and similar physical and chemical properties.

You need to know the following classes of organic compounds (there are many more, but they fall out of the scope of your course):

Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)

Haloalkanes (also called alkylhalides)

Alcohols

Carboxylic acids

Aldehydes

Ketones

Esters

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Molecular formula – A chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number of each in a molecule. Eg: C₃H₈

Structural formula –    A structural formula of a compound shows which atoms are attached to which within the molecule. Eg: photo structure above.

Condensed structural formula does not show C-C and C-H single bonds. Eg:  CH₃CH₂CH₃

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND HOMOLOGOUS SERIES 

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND HOMOLOGOUS SERIES 

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Homologous Series:
A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula OR in which one member differs from the next with a CH ₂ group.

Functional group:
A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compounds.

Properties of homologous series:

1.
They have the same general formula (e.g. alkanes CnH2n+2).

2.
Each member differs from the next by -CH₂-. (e.g alkanes CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈…)

3.
They have similar chemical properties. (e.g all alkanes burn to form CO₂ and H₂O)

4.
Their physical properties change gradually as their molecular masses increase. The higher the mass the greater the intermolecular (van der Waal) forces. This results in increasing melting and boiling points, increased viscosity and decreasing vapour pressure. (e.g. methane (CH₄) is a gas but pentane (C₅H₁₂) is a liquid)

5.
They can be prepared by the same general methods.

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Which one of the following pairs of compounds contains members of the same homologous series?

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Which one of the following pairs of compounds contains members of the same homologous series?

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A            C₂H₄ and C₃H₈

B            C₃H₆ and C₄H₆

C            CH₄O and C₂H₄O₂

D         C₂H₄O₂ and C₃H₆O₂

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Alkanes & Alkenes | Organic Chemistry | FuseSchool

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The term saturated normally reminds us of a salt solution that holds as much salt in the water solvent as possible. The term saturated is also used in ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
A saturated organic compound has carbon atoms that hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to it. Consequently saturated organic computer sales contain only SINGLE BONDS between carbons in the chain.
An unsaturated organic compound’s carbon atoms do not hold the maximum number of hydrogens and therefore has one or more double bonds between carbons.

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1: Determine functional group.

2: Determine primary carbon chain.

3: Name primary carbon chain.

4: Number primary carbon chain.

5: Indicate position of functional group.

6: Name substituents.

7: Assign configurations.

8: Assemble entire name.

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TYPES OF WAYS TO EXPRESS ORGANIC FORMULAE:

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TYPES OF WAYS TO EXPRESS ORGANIC FORMULAE:

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At Gr11-12 level you need to know the following formulae for any organic compound:

MOLECULAR FORMULA

STRUCTURAL FORMULA

SEMI-STRUCTURAL FORMULA

CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA

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Examples of structural vs condensed structural formulae:

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Examples of structural vs condensed structural formulae:

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DEF:
Isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

EXAMPLES:

2-methylpropane and butane are isomers of each other.

pent-1-ol and pent-3-ol are isomers of each other.

propanoic acid and metyl ethanoate are isomers of each other. (see below for an example)

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isomers - functional (carbox acid and ester).JPG

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You need to know about 3 different types of STRUCTURAL ISOMERS, namely:

Chain isomers

Positional isomers

Functional isomers

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Boiling points increase with stronger IMFs

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Boiling points increase with stronger IMFs

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The more carbons in the chain, the more electrons in the molecule.

This creates greater momentary dipoles within the molecule.

It induces momentary dipoles in the neighboring molecules.

This generates stronger intermolecular London Forces between molecules.

More energy is required to overcome the stronger London forces.

Hence the boiling point increases with more carbons in the alkane chain.

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 BP OF PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY ALCOHOLS

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 BP OF PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY ALCOHOLS

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Boiling points of the above alcohols DECREASE from primary to secondary to tertiary, due to more branching resulting in smaller surface area and weaker London forces. Less energy needed to overcome weaker London IMF’s.

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Organic hydrocarbon model practical practice assessment

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REACTION WITH OXYGEN

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WHOOSH BOTTLE EXPERIMENT: Combustion of organic substances 🔥 (Professional Chemist)

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GCSE Science Chemistry (9-1) Crude oil and Hydrocarbons

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ORGANIC NOTES - FOR ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

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ORGANIC NOTES - FOR ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

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HYDROGENATION REACTION ANIMATED

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GCSE Science Revision Chemistry "Reactions of Alkenes 2" (Triple)

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#ScienceHumor

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You must be comfortable with the concepts of:

Representation (Molecular, structural, condensed structural formula)

Homologous series

Functional groups

Substituents

Physical properties (Bonding and intermolecular forces)

Chemical properties (Reactions)

IUPAC naming:

1. Naming and drawing of organic compounds is restricted to one type of functional group per compound and to a maximum of two functional groups of the same type per compound, except for haloalkanes, where a maximum of two different halogen substituents (e.g. bromo- and chloro-) are allowed per molecule.

2. The only substituent chains that are allowed in naming and reactions are: methyl- and ethyl- groups.

3. A maximum of THREE substituent chains (alkyl substituents) are allowed on the alkane, alkene, haloalkane, alcohol or carboxylic acid parent chain.

4. When naming haloalkanes, the halogen atoms do not get preference over alkyl groups.

5. Numbering should start from the end nearest to the first substituent, either the alkyl group or the halogen. In haloalkanes, where e.g. a Br and a Cℓ have the same number when numbered from different ends of the chain, Br gets alphabetical preference.

6. When writing IUPAC names, substituents appear as prefixes written alphabetically (bromo-, chloro-, ethyl-, methyl-), ignoring the prefixes di- and tri-.

7. When writing IUPAC names, the following conventions must be followed:

Numbers are separated from letters using a dash (−).

Numbers are separated from numbers using a comma (,).

Letters are not separated at all (i.e. no space is used), with the exceptions being esters (e.g. methyl ethanoate) and carboxylic acids (e.g. propanoic acid).

1. In some (especially smaller) molecules numbering becomes redundant, but redundancy will not be penalised. For example, methylbut−2−ene may be written as 2−methylbut−2−ene without penalty. The only exception to this is if numbering is always redundant, e.g. for a carboxylic acid: butan−1−oic acid will be penalized, as it must be written as butanoic acid.

2. For phonic purposes, the vowel "e" is generally removed from the name before the suffix, e.g. butan−1−ol instead of butane−1−ol. But this is not done for diols, e.g. butane−1,2−diol is correct, and not butan−1,2−diol.

3. For phonic purposes, the vowel "a" must be added to the name before the suffix for dienes, e.g. buta−1,3−diene is correct, and not but−1,3−diene.

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Naming organic compounds using IUPAC Rules

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Naming organic compounds using IUPAC Rules

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In general, the base of the name reflects the number of carbons in the parent chain.

The suffix of the name reflects the type(s) of functional group(s) present on the parent chain.

The following suffixes must be used for these functional groups:

Alkanes - suffix = "ane"

Alkenes - suffix = ene"

Alkynes - suffix = "yne"

Haloalkanes - The modified name of the halogen is used in the prefix, and is     constructed by dropping the "ine" ending of the halogen's name and adding "o".

e.g:

fluorine becomes fluoro
chlorine becomes chloro
bromine becomes bromo
iodine becomes iodo

Alcohols - suffix = "ol"

Carboxylic acid - suffix =  "oic acid"

Esters - suffix = "oate"

Other groups which are attached to the parent chain are called substituted groups of substituents.

Start numbering the continuous carbon chain closest to the functional group, otherwise closest to a substituted group. (A functional group always "trumps" a substituted group in the numbering of the chain)

The substituted groups are named in alphabetical order in the naming, together with the numbered carbon they are attached to.

Prefixes (di, tri, tetra for example) used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.

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Four main types of organic reactions:        Addition, Elimination, Substitution, Condensation (esterification)                  

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Four main types of organic reactions:        Addition, Elimination, Substitution, Condensation (esterification)                  

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Addition reaction  = a reaction wherein a molecule (H₂, H₂O, HX or X₂) is added onto an unsaturated compound to form a single saturated product.

"Add to the site of the π-bond"

Unsaturated → Saturated

Elimination reaction = a reaction wherein a saturated compound is broken up into two products; one product is always an unsaturated alkene. Opposite to addition.

Saturated → Unsaturated

Substitution reaction = a reaction wherein one functional group is replaced by another functional group in a chemical compound.

Condensation, esterification = a reaction which splits out water - like esterification (reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid which forms an ester and water).

Specific examples of these reactions are discussed in further videos.

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REACTION CONDITIONS:

Heat the haloalkane under REFLUX (at around 70°C; reflux ensures that the solvent does not disappear when reactants must be heated over a long period).

Concentrated, strong base (NaOH or KOH)

Pure ethanol solvent; absence of water (hot ethanolic base)

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Reflux is a technique involving condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the reaction flask.
Benefits of reflux reactions:

Ensures that the solvent does not disappear when reactants must be heated over a long period

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REACTION CONDITIONS:

Heat the alcohol while doing DISTILLATION

in excess H ₂ SO ₄ or H ₃ PO 4 (or H ₂ SO ₄/H ₃ PO 4 mixture)

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HEAT WITH DISTILLATION - DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL

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HEAT WITH DISTILLATION - DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL

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Formation of an alkene through dehydration elimination of an alcohol.

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Cracking of hydrocarbons:
Breaking up of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful molecules.

Reaction conditions:

thermal cracking – high temperature and pressure without a catalyst

catalytic cracking – lower temperature and pressure with a catalyst