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Aim: Determination of the concentration of two unknown solutions of aspirin by visible spectrophotometry.
What is Aspirin: chemical synthesis from salicylic acid, through acetylation with acetic anhydride. it is used for muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches.
Spectrophometry: an analytical method which display a quantitative measurement for the amount of light that passes through the prism over a specific wavelength (Vo, 2013).
Why is spectrophometry used:
it can theoretically be used to measure any substance that absorbs light.
Figure 1: explain how spectrophotometry work and its main elements.
It is important that this experiment is conducted because it is important that the correct concentration is given to each patient depending on their severity and symptoms
Beer lambert law: Shows a linear relationship between the concentration and the absorbance.
Figure 2: Beer lambert law equation.
Lambda max: the peak absorbance of Aspirin at 530nm.

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Background
1) what is Aspirin?
2)  what is Aspirin used for?
3) Dangers of Aspirin
4) optimum dose
5) How spectroscopy absorbance values can be used to find the concentration of aspirin?
6) How spectrometer works?

Aims
Determination of the concentration of two unknown solutions of aspirin by visible spectrophotometry

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Introduction:
- Positive hypothesis: It's possible to use spectrophotometry to predict the unknown concentrations of solutions

-Outline the study/investigation
-Why it's helpful to society - medication to save lives, improves the quality of life, affordable, over the counter medication (accessible)

-Aim of the investigation: To determine the concentration of the aspirin solutions by use of a spectrophotometer

- Key concepts/ terminology: what is a spectrophotometer, how does it  work, the different features of it (Background information on equipment and what is aspirin used for: blood thinner (blood clots, stroke, heart disease), pain relief, used to treat cold/flu like symptoms

Terminology: What is Beer Lambert Law

No statistical tests!

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Background

1.     What is Aspirin
-its an anticoagulant
-Analgesic
2.    Why we need to do this experiment - its important to work out concs  - relate to doses/optimum conc/overdosing

3.     Explain the significance of it being “unknown” - link to how the experiment (using spectrophotometry) will combat this and do this by explaining;
-what a spectrophotometer is and

define Beer – Lambert Law
(defines the correlation between quantity of light absorbed by a substance dissolved in a solvent which is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance)

4.     Go on to say what the report will include and the aim – outline the structure of the report and how you’re going to organise your information e.g. firstly we will look at .... and then....

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Room 8:

·      Aims – determination of 2 unknown concentration

·      What is spectrophotometry

·      What is aspirin

·       objectives- spectrophotometry what it is and what it actually does.

·      Serial dilutions- how to make one

·      Define-Lambda max- explain the theory

·      Define- Beer lambert – explain theory

·      Why we are doing this practical and relevance

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·      What is aspirin – analgesic and blood thinner

·      Explain key concepts e.g. analgesic and spectrophotometry

·      Diagram of displayed formula of aspirin to highlight specific bonds

·      Peak absorbance

·      Beer’s Law

·      Effects of too much aspirin - overdose level

·      Pre-operative blood tests to check if surgery is safe - Relevence of practical
FeCl3 And coloured compound formation
Serial dilutions

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·      Provide background information: Significance and clinical use of aspirin (dosage)
: anti-inflammatory etc., Acetyl salicylic acid, main active ingredient in aspirin, what counts as a toxic substance

·      aim and hypothesis of the experiment found out if sample is toxic or not and if it links to her driving/case study

·      key concepts and terminology: spectrophotometry, beer lamberts law (define and relate to each other)

·      justify the rationale and the significance of your research – link back to the case study

·      outline the structure of the rest of the research project

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1) completing the Dilution tables of acetylsalicylic acid.

2) Using 0.0025% solution to find the absorbance at different wavelengths.
3) Lambda max Graph plotted to determine the wavelength of maximum absorbance using the spectrum table of 0.0025% of  acetylsalicylic acid.
Remember to exclude anomalies when plotting graphs.
4) Calibration graph plotted with the concentration against the absorbance.
5) use calculations and the

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The dilution table
A table showing  spectrum for acetylsalicylic acid
A graph to show that with the absorbance on the y axis and the wavelength of each dilution on the x-axis. determine the maximum absorption from the graph.
A table with the concentration and the mean absorbance and explain why was it done 3 times (triplicate)
A graph to show that with Mean absorbance at 530nm on the y axis and the concentration on the x axis
Is the graph linear?
Can you see any anomalies but don't say why just describe the graph.
Clear calculations of the determination of the concentration of the two unknown solutions by either using the graph or the equation that you can generate from the graph.
why is the absorbance of the 2 unknown solutions was measures? To determine the concentration
When plotting the graph in the legend state why did you start from the lowest concentration?
Why is the spectrophometry needs to be re-zeroed using iron chloride every time the absorbance is measured?

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Lamda max - calibration curve (dilution series)

Aspirin - The actual results (concentration of aspirin and absorbance/wavelength)

Table of results

Create dilution tables to create a calibration curve to find the results of (unknown value)

The unknown value will be the concentration!

In the scientific prose: write about anomalies

Any calculations or analysis - correlation between calibration curve and the aspirin results

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1)figure / diagram of serial dilution
procedure
2) Serial Dilutions: calculations and table
3) table for absorbance of aspirin at different wavelengths
4)Lamda max graph annotate to show peak absorbance
5)Calibration curve and table and annotate unknowns using absorbance to find concentration and mean absorbance
6)Graph equation and show calculations rearranging formula
7) highlight any anomolous results within student replicated data

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·      Serial dilution of aspirin

·      Figure/table serial dilution

·      Use a solution to work out lambda max

·      Using wavelength work out calibration curve for aspirin

·      Need to check if the graph obeys beer lambert law

·      Work out the concentration of 2 unknown solutions

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1. Insert table of serial dilutions and wavelength results
2. plot wavelengths onto graph
3. Explain what is happening in the figure/table (briefly)
4. Link back to aim : Determination of the concentration of two unknown solutions of aspirin by visible spectrophotometry

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·      Dilution table

·      Absorbance table including mean

·      Notice anomalies

·      Calibration curve – lamda max

·      Axis:

o   wavelength and absorbance

o   concentration and absorbance

·      Describe results and tends but don’t interpret – linear?

·      Shows all calculations – clear and accurate

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What figures do you need?

1.     Dilution table of the different concs of Aspirin

2.     Table of results of absorbance, include the mean

3.     A calibration curve – you need this to figure out the two unknown solutions. Make a calibration curve of absorbance against concentration - using the most sensitive wavelength (lamda max) of aspirin you can work out the absorbances at different concs

X-axis = Concentration  (W/V%)

Y-axis = Absorbance (Au)

Describe Trends

-Is it linear ? describe shape of graph

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Calibration curve: Shows a linear relationship; as the concentration increases the absorbance increasing obeying Beer lambert Law.
Comparing the results:
Is your graph similar to the technician data included in James Madison University and JMU Board of Visitors.
Factors affecting absorbance:
Temperature
pH
long path length
Why did you anomalies?
Systematic or random:
- Human error
- the cuvette is not distilled
-contamination might occurred
-Readings are not stabilised
-the readings might not be read from eye level
Limitation:
To achieve accuracy and valid results make sure

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1. Interpret Findings:
Directionally Proportional - Obeys Beer Lambert Law
2. Experimental Limitations:

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1)Explaining the trends, i.e. beer lambert's law linear correlation.

2)Comparing lambda max values from journal articles to show accuracy or precision.

3)Limitations: only being able to carry out a certain number of experiments.

4) Improvements, bigger data sets wider range of concentrations of solution

5) Anomalies present from human error.

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1. Discuss the graph
-What type of relationship is shown?
-Is it proportional? If so how does this relate to the Beer Lambert Law- as the concentration increases so does the absorption.?

2. Discuss the accuracy of the experiment and the data
-Compare it to published work and other journal article findings

- Compare the lambda max values to other peer reviewed journals- ensures that the values are correct

-Mention the fact that we haven't repeated the data/experiment so this may impact the reliability/credibility of the results- may lead to inaccuracies

3. Explain why we have anomalous results, limitations of the experiment and what we could change in future experiments
- We weren't able to conduct the experiments multiple times to rule out any anomalies
-Human error - more likely to occur with students in comparison to lecturers
-Faulty equipment

4. Summary of results/findings
-What we would change if we were to conduct the experiment in the future - conduct repeats of the experiments

(As concentration increases, absorbance increases, therefore we can accept the hypothesis stated!)

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·      Describe the findings-what they mean

·      Describe limitations in experiment

·       Compare with published findings and to see if there is any difference/comparison

·      If to do it again- keep it the same

·      Results were accurate/precise

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·      Explain the trends e.g., linear – relate to beer lamberts law

·      Discuss accuracy of results - Identify sources of inaccuracy – Describe experimental limitations – equipment, environment?

·      Compare results with technicians results and publish findings

·      Justify anomalous results using evidence and journals – reference these

·      Do the trends agree with the hypothesis? - explain

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-Discussion is split into 2 parts

-interpret findings, for example the calibration curve if its linear – what law would it be obeying?

-What does it mean that you found lambda max for aspirin

-limitations - The fact that we didn’t do it in person

-sources of accuracy/inaccuracy - Smudges on the cuvette - Handling it from the smooth edge

-future experiments

-relevance to clinical/ real life scenarios – its important to be able to determine concs, relevant because you need the appropriate dose, their might be detrimental consequences if too much was given for example.

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1)Explaining the trends, i.e. beer lambert's law linear correlation.

2)Comparing lambda max values from journal articles to show accuracy or precision.

3)Limitations: only being able to carry out a certain number of experiments.

4) Improvements, bigger data sets wider range of concentrations of solution

5) Anomalies present from human error. 

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Room 5
Room 5 
1. Discuss the graph 
 -What type of relationship is shown?
-Is it proportional? If so how does this relate to the Beer Lambert Law- as the concentration increases so does the absorption.?

2. Discuss the accuracy of the experiment and the data
 -Compare it to published work and other journal article findings 

- Compare the lambda max values to other peer reviewed journals- ensures that the values are correct

-Mention the fact that we haven't repeated the data/experiment so this may impact the reliability/credibility of the results- may lead to inaccuracies

3. Explain why we have anomalous results, limitations of the experiment and what we could change in future experiments 
- We weren't able to conduct the experiments multiple times to rule out any anomalies 
-Human error - more likely to occur with students in comparison to lecturers 
-Faulty equipment 

4. Summary of results/findings
-What we would change if we were to conduct the experiment in the future - conduct repeats of the experiments

(As concentration increases, lambda max increases, therefore we can accept the hypothesis stated!)

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room 8
room 8
·      Describe the findings-what they mean 
·      Describe limitations in experiment
·       Compare with published findings and to see if there is any difference/comparison 
·      If to do it again- keep it the same 
·      Results were accurate/precise 
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Room 7
Room 7
·      Explain the trends e.g., linear – relate to beer lamberts law
·      Discuss accuracy of results - Identify sources of inaccuracy – Describe experimental limitations – equipment, environment?
·      Compare results with technicians results and publish findings
·      Justify anomalous results using evidence and journals – reference these
·      Do the trends agree with the hypothesis? - explain
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Room 1
Room 1
-Discussion is split into 2 parts 
-interpret findings, for example the calibration curve if its linear – what law would it be obeying? 
-What does it mean that you found lambda max for aspirin 
-limitations - The fact that we didn’t do it in person 
-sources of accuracy/inaccuracy - Smudges on the cuvette - Handling it from the smooth edge 
-future experiments 
-relevance to clinical/ real life scenarios – its important to be able to determine concs, relevant because you need the appropriate dose, their might be detrimental consequences if too much was given for example. 
more_vert

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Conclusion (last paragraph(s) of discussion)

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