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The battle of Vicksburg, also known as the siege of Vicksburg, was the last major battle of the Civil War. It began on May 18th, 1863, and continued on through June. The confederates surrendered on July 4th, 1863. Lincoln had said that "Vicksburg was the key, the war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket"

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Vicksburg Campaign: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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Many things happened for women in the Civil War. Some disguised themselves and fought, while others took on the roles of nurses, and also took over jobs. A famous nurse during this was Clara Barton, who had her own wagon and went to the battlefield to tend to wounded soldiers. She did this without permission, yet she was so successful that she ended up being authorized her to be on the battlefield to tend to the wounded.

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Women During the Civil War: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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This battle that took place at Sharpsburg, Maryland on 9/17/1862 is considered the bloodiest day of the war. The casualties were 12,000 Union and 14,000 Confederates. The Battle of Antietam had no clear winner. It is considered a political victory for the north, though.

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The Battle of Bull Run was the first battle of the Civil War. It took place on 7/21/1861, at Manassas, Virginia. During this battle, both sides had underestimated each other! The north retreated, and the south was too tired to pursue them. Though, there were also some spectators of this battle!

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mr lytles class  first battle of bull run north and south

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Barefoot was a book we had read in class, which was about a slave in the underground railroad. The book made it seem like the animals were aiding them, I thought it was pretty interesting how the book was written like that, though I like that it was done like that.

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There was a battle, which is often referred to as the Battle of Hampton Roads, which took place between two ironclads. The two ships were called the Monitor and Merrimak, The battle had lasted for hours, though in the end neither of the ships could sink the other, and they both ended up leaving the battle, neither side really winning.

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Civil War: Battle of the Ironclads: Monitor and Merrimack

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Kids learn about the Battle of the Ironclads: Monitor and Merrimack during the Civil War including the commanders, dates, before the fight, results, and facts.

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Ironclads were big iron-coated warships used in the Civil War. They were made with the intent of being protected from enemy attacks with their iron covering. These ships had multiple different names, which included rams, iron gophers, iron elephants, iron coffins, turtle-backs, and mud-crushers.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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The North had a lot of things compared to the south that would be useful to them in the war. This included their large population, quicker access to new things, and better weapons. Though they also had many more benefits. Yet, even then, the war took some time before it ended.

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If I was alive at this time, would I join a reform movement? Why?

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If I was alive at this time, would I join a reform movement? Why?

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I probably would, though it would depend on what I was risking. It could be quite risky to join one, though even then I would probably join, because I would know what I would be fighting for was right.

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Would your decision to escape be influenced by the Dred Scott Case?

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Would your decision to escape be influenced by the Dred Scott Case?

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Yes, my decision would definitely be influenced by it, making me more cautious about it. That would be because of the effects my escape may have on my family, and many other  things.

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Which of the 5 causes did I think was the biggest cause of the Civil War?

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Which of the 5 causes did I think was the biggest cause of the Civil War?

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What was it like to work "work" in the Underground Railroad?

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What was it like to work "work" in the Underground Railroad?

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It was very risky and generally dangerous. Though, it was also very rewarding. Being caught could end up very badly, and you were basically risking your life by "working" in the Underground Railroad.Though, it was of course, very rewarding- like I had said. This is because you got to aid in the freeing of slaves.

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Morse code is practically a whole language in it's self, being a way to take messages, turn it into a series of beeps and pauses(dots and dashes when written out), and electronically send it to others. This was something that came around during the industrial revolution. Alongside this, there are several morse code  translators available to use that can be found online, if you ever wish to play around with one and see what certain messages would be in morse code.
.... .- ...- . / -.-- --- ..- / ..-. .. --. ..- .-. . -.. / .. - / --- ..- - ..--..

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Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of the inventors of the telegraph. Morse code can be transmitted used sounds or light, making it useful at sea. It is a highly reliable communications method, even during difficult and noisy environments. The Morse alphabet became a worldwide standard in 1865.

International Morse code overview

Features

Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of the inventors of the telegraph. The Morse alphabet became a worldwide standard in 1865. It has been widely used in the maritime world until the end of the 20th century.

The Morse alphabet is designed so that the most frequent letters in the English alphabet has the shortest codes. This makes transmission much faster than if all letters would have equal length codes.

The International Morse Code includes the English letters, some extra Latin letters, the Arabic numerals and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals.

Letters are separated by a space of duration equal to three dots. Words are separated by a space equal to seven dots.

There are also special Morse alphabets for other languages than English.

Morse code is frequently used in geocaching mystery caches (puzzle caches), CTFs and logic puzzles.

History

The development of the earliest telegraph systems started in the 19th century following the discovery of electromagnetism in 1820. Samuel Morse, together with Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail invented a simple telegraph system that used only electrical pulses and silence between them. Morse's original telegraph receiver used a clockwork and an electromagnet to mark the received pulses onto a paper tape. Operators could then translate the markings on the paper tape into text messages.

Alfred Vail estimated the frequency of letters in the English language and assigned the letters most commonly used the shorter Morse code sequences, while the more infrequent letters were assigned longer sequences. This code was first used in 1844 and was called Morse landline code, or American Morse code.

Morse operators soon learned that the telegraph was making sounds when receiving the code and that they could translate the sound instead of looking at the paper tape. They learned the sound patterns of the Morse code. This made the paper tape unnecessary. Later, Morse code was adapted to radio communications by transmitting the pulses as short and long tones.

A new and improved version of the Morse code alphabet was proposed by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848, that was adopted by the German-Austrian Telegraph Society. This finally led to the International Morse Code standard (ITU) in 1865, that is still being used today.

Timing and speeds

Morse code can be transmitted in multiple ways such as sounds, a common flashlight, electrical pulses on a telegraph line, mechanical, etc. There are even examples of using morse code during mine rescues by pulling a rope. Historians have called morse code the first digital code.

International Morse code (ITU) consists of five elements:

1. Short mark, "dot" or "dit" (.), which is one time unit long

2. Long mark, "dash" or "dah" (-), which is three time units long

3. Within-character gap, between the dots and dashes within a morse character, which is one time unit long

4. Between-characters gap, which is three time units long

5. Between-words gap, which is seven time units long

These five elements can also be expressed as binary codes:

1. Short mark, "dot" or "dit" (.): 1

2. Long mark, "dash" or "dah" (-): 111

3. Within-character gap, between the dots and dashes within a morse character: 0

4. Between-characters gap: 000

5. Between-words gap: 0000000

Note that marks and gaps always alternate. There are never two marks in a row, or two gaps in a row.

Morse code speed is commonly measured in words per minute. This is not unproblematic, because words can have different lengths and the letter can have different dot lengths. Therefore typical words such as "PARIS" (which is 50 time units long) or "CODEX" (which is 60 time units long) are used to measure the speed. A more precise way to measure Morse code speed is therefore specifying the time unit length (dot duration).

Sample text

The images above represents the text "BOX" written in Morse code.

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Morse Code Translator, Decoder, Alphabet | Boxentriq

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Tool to translate Morse code. Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of the inventors of the telegraph. Morse code can be transmitted used sounds or light, making it useful at sea. It is a highly reliable communications method even during difficult environments.

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Pros and Cons of the Industrial Revolution

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Pros and Cons of the Industrial Revolution

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While there were many pros of the Industrial Revolution, there was also many cons. It brought more job opportunities, inspired innovation, increased production levels, and several other things. Though, it also resulted in harsher working conditions, an increase in the need for slaves, and many more not-so-great things.

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All the mistakes that doomed the Donner Party

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All the mistakes that doomed the Donner Party

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Here's a video I found by Weird History on the things that doomed the Donner party. It goes over things such as a flooded river, the desert, and an early snowstorm in their way and causing problems for them, alongside how they ended up having to eat some of the people that had been traveling with them. The video also includes several other things that proved to be an issue or the Donner Party. If you are interested, I recommend watching the video:

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All the Mistakes That Doomed the Donner Party

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Santa Anna held a funereal for his amputated leg

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Santa Anna held a funereal for his amputated leg

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When researching how Santa Anna died, I cam across this fact. After being severely wounded, Santa Anna's leg had to be amputated, which he had buried. When he returned to power in 1842, he exhumed his leg, brought it to Mexico City in an ornate coach, and buried it under a cemetery monument during a state funereal! This funereal was quite elaborate, with- as specifically said in the article- cannon salvos, poetry, and lofty orations.

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1. Santa Anna headed the Mexican government on 11 occasions.

The decades following Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 were plagued by political dysfunction. Both violent and nonviolent coups were regular occurrences, and the opportunistic Santa Anna took advantage of the instability. He constantly changed with the political winds and declared himself at various times to be both conservative and liberal, democrat and dictator. From 1833 to 1835, he served as Mexico's president four times before becoming a military-backed dictator. Although disgraced after the Texas Revolution, Santa Anna staged a political resurrection and served as president seven more times between 1839 and 1855.

2. He proclaimed himself the "Napoleon of the West."

Santa Anna idolized another 19th-century figure who straddled the military and political spheres-French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. The Mexican general was a devout reader of Napoleonic biographies and an avid collector of Napoleonic artifacts. Portraits of the French emperor adorned the walls of his estates, and his military regiments sported uniforms inspired by the French Army. Having seen a portrait of Napoleon riding heroically ahead of his troops, Santa Anna decided to also lead his troops from the front, and he mimicked his hero's tactics, even making his troops march in the same manner as Napoleon's army, down to the precise inch. When Santa Anna sought to mirror Napoleon's sweep across Europe in his offensive against the Texas rebels in 1836, however, he encountered the same disastrous fate suffered by his idol in his Russian campaign of 1812.

3. He staged a state funeral for his amputated leg.

Two years after the 1836 Battle of the Alamo, Santa Anna led a makeshift army against French forces who had invaded Veracruz, Mexico, in what has been called the "Pastry War." After the general was severely wounded by grapeshot fired from a French cannon, doctors were forced to amputate his leg, which Santa Anna buried at his Veracruz hacienda. After he once again assumed the presidency in 1842, Santa Anna exhumed his shriveled leg, paraded it to Mexico City in an ornate coach and buried it beneath a cemetery monument in an elaborate state funeral that included cannon salvos, poetry and lofty orations. Santa Anna's severed leg did not remain in the ground for long, however. In 1844, public opinion turned on the president, and rioters tore down his statues and dug up his leg. A mob tied the severed appendage to a rope and dragged it through the streets of Mexico City while shouting, "Death to the cripple!"

4. Santa Anna's prosthetic leg was captured as a battlefield trophy.

During the 1847 Battle of Cerro Gordo in the Mexican-American War, the 4th Illinois Infantry surprised Santa Anna, who fled without something quite important-his prosthetic cork and a wooden leg. The Illinois soldiers seized the leg as a trophy piece that they brought back to their home state, where it toured at country fairs before falling into the possession of the Illinois State Military Museum. The Mexican government's repeated requests to repatriate Santa Anna's fake limb have been denied.

5. He was once exiled to Staten Island.

Like his idol Napoleon, Santa Anna found himself exiled on several occasions after being deposed from power. His banishment following his last stint as dictator brought the former Mexican leader to an unlikely location-the future New York City borough of Staten Island. After Santa Anna met with U.S. Secretary of State William Seward on the Caribbean island of St. Thomas in 1866, con men convinced him that the United States-the country against which he had fought during the Mexican-American War-would back his attempt to return to power in Mexico and depose Emperor Maximilian, the ruler hand-picked by Napoleon's nephew, French Emperor Napoleon III. When Santa Anna arrived in New York City in May 1866, however, he learned that he had been duped. After spending years on Staten Island, Santa Anna returned to Mexico shortly before his death in 1876.

6. Santa Anna helped to introduce chewing gum to the United States.

During his forced retirement in Staten Island, Santa Anna imported a chewy, rubber-like substance harvested from Mexican sapodilla trees-chicle. When Santa Anna's personal secretary and interpreter showed the material to friend Thomas Adams, the amateur inventor was intrigued and thought he could use it to produce a rubber substitute. With the help of Santa Anna, who hoped the experiments would result in a windfall that could finance a return to power, Adams spent $30,000 in an unsuccessful attempt to vulcanize the chicle. While that venture failed, however, Adams successfully added flavorings and sweeteners to the plant to create "rubber chewing gum." The chewing gum company started by Adams would become one of the largest in the country, rivaled only by that of William Wrigley Jr., and the developer of Chiclets.

Fact Check

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6 Things You May Not Know About Santa Anna

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The decades following Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 were plagued by political dysfunction. Both violent and nonviolent coups were regular occurrences, and the opportunistic Santa Anna took advantage of the instability. He constantly changed with the political winds and declared himself at various times to be both conservative and liberal, democrat and dictator.

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People who were going to be traveling on the Oregon Trail had brought alot with them, mostly things that they would need to survive. This included tons of food, supplies used for hunting, items for farming, and other essential things. More specifically, they brought food that would be able to last during the trip, though as I mentioned before they also brought things to hunt if they needed too.

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While many animals are trapped and hunted by fur trappers, though only really fur-bearing animals, there are a specific few animals that were most commonly used for their fur. These animals include beaver, river otter, white-tailed deer, black bear, and moose. Though alongside this wolves, foxes, coyotes, bobcats, lynxes, raccoons, muskrats, and martens were also common animals to be trapped and killed for their fur by fur trappers. These animals were caught using traps such as wire snares, foot-holds, leg-holds, and most frequently the steel-jaw traps.