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Here below is a link to my blogs rendering the Immune system, alongside 2021's trends!

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Talk to your friends, have a nutritionist, workout, watch your favorite sitcom, play games, sleep, study - whatever it is, it would be near impossible to live without being truly happy at least once in our lives. It therefore affects our lifestyle on all 4 components above, as it helps one grow themselves, their immune system, and of course, to become COOL.

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People tend to miss out on this, but that "gut feeling" can always mean something, come instances where we feel under weather, it is likely to consistently get check ups and take note of what we consumed (cholesterol and blood pressure). To include, it would henceforth better to check on our WBC count, tonsils, Bone Marrow, Spleen, etc. - for a cherry on top, take a break or rest.

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Not always does this conclude of achieving those chiseled abs, refined legs, large arms, back and pecs, it helps regulate our body mass index and cholesterol levels while needlessly doing beyond intense workouts.

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Particularly amongst the athletes. They grant the removal of wastes in our kidneys and repels toxins that more so puts the body at inevitable risk. Hydration helps our blood flow and provides nutrients & energy to do our activities.

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It is and always will be a great source of being healthy. As for many reasons, it accommodates the nutrients for growth especially towards the Immune System as it may heavily rely/depend on what we consume.

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Starting of with Type 1 Diabetes, it is the occurrence of the Immune System predating on insulin (located in the pancreas), a viable product that removes sugar from the blood to use as energy.

Symptoms
- Extreme thirst, increased hunger (especially after eating)
- Upset stomach and vomiting; notably frequent urination and contstant stomach aches
- Heavy breathing
- Fatigue and Blurry vision, shaking and confusion

NO Legitimate treatment or prevention, nevertheless to take serious note of your sugar levels as a high rising level can be the causative agent for it.

References
Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Disorders of the immune system. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/disorders-of-the-immune-system

You may also view this video as a reference
https://youtu.be/C3AQIfgthh4

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What Is Type 1 Diabetes? | 2 Minute Guide | Diabetes UK

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As a person who preyed victim to this disease, Asthma is an applicable example of an Overactive Immune Disease. Initially, it is when the lungs react negative to dust, pollen or smoke (from threatening products such as tobacco), like every victim,  experiencing cough, wheezing and trouble of breathing is an everyday struggle for me. This refrains most people's day-to-day exercise and/or activities from doing their work thanks to the the grieving pollution and amount of smokers there is. As an athlete to include, it will be deemed risky upon jogging around villages from the situation of intaking second-hand smoke, wherein the lungs (alongside many patients) get inflamed without doing/having experience of smoking.

References
- My own personal well being.

Photo URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653

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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system and a proficiently acceptable example. Relevant to how the immune system responds the pathogens, HIV infection contrasts drastically by fending off the Lymphocytes; most notably the T cells that remain as the swift killer in attacking foreign cells. Lacking these T cells can leave one's life in peril as it gives a wide entrance for deadly cells to enter the body. From encountering HIV, it will thus be in our DNA making it dormant unless activated, there is no drastic cure thanks to this, though only medicines/therapy to reduce the risk of the virus returning into a dangerous state. To add to that, the world is in a state where the HIV therapy/medicine is not laxed to everyone - Africa as a prime example has been rotting with HIV cases make the cure even more difficult to soon develop. Once not treated properly can result to  AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) that makes an interference when fighting pathogens and damages our Immune System. We then make sure that we are following safety procedures knowing its causes includes unprotected sex, sharing the same injection needles with one who has HIV, blood transfusions,  feeding of breast milk, etc. but definitely NOT from normal physical touch.

Symptoms; during the acute stage, which has flu-like symptoms that go away after a month, these include:
- Fever
- Chills
- Rash
- Night sweats, muscle aches and fatigue
- Sore throat, mouth ulcers
- Swollen lymph nodes

Treatment
- Antiretroviral Therapy
- NO Legitimate cure, but can be controlled to refrain matters from getting worse

Prevention
- Practice safe sex, avoid oral and uncommon methods of sex - use a condom
- Beware and avoid the use of unsanitary syringes/needles

References
- Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). HIV & Aids: Symptoms, CAUSES, tests & prevention. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4251-aids--hiv
- HIV.gov . (updated 2020, July). Symptoms of HIV. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/symptoms-of-hiv

For a more educational purpose and additional info, you may watch this video:
https://youtu.be/0TipTogQT3E

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Why it’s so hard to cure HIV/AIDS - Janet Iwasa

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Last but certainly not the least, is the soft Bone Marrow. Do not be fooled nor get it wrong from its adjective, as it lays an existential function towards the entire area and life of the body. The Bone Marrow is a delicate spongy-like substance hidden within our bones, in which, expresses a detrimental function - producing our stem cells. Stem cells are immature cells that in the later period, will grow to be one's Red blood cells, White blood cells and Platelets, but before we get to that, the Bone Marrow still has important extras in its sleeve. The Bone Marrow is split into two, the red and yellow; the red contains the hematopoietic stem cells (blood-forming cells) nevertheless the yellow accommodates the mesenchymal/marrow stromal stem cells for producing bone, fat and cartilage. We then reminisce our lessons, Red blood cells grant the transmission of oxygen (oxygenated) and carbon dioxide (deoxygenated) around the body,  White blood cells as said fend off pathogens, yet the Platelets refer to the blood clotting and prevention of bleeding when experiencing incised, punctured, avulsion & abrasion wounds.

References
- University of California San Francisco. (n.d.). What is Bone Marrow? Retrieved from https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/education/what_is_bone_marrow/
- SickKids staff. (2010, February). Bone marrow and the immune system. Retrieved from https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?contentid=1511&language=English
- University of Glasgow. (2017). Types of Wound. Retrieved from https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/basic-first-aid/0/steps/27028

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Thymus' are fund to be obnoxiously big when we are infants and only grows until puberty. Growing high school students (like myself) and adults alike, their Thymus' start to shrink to a whopping 5 grams as it begins to lose its day-to-day use. This does not bring up the fact how an infant should surgically remove get their Thymus' removed since it is very crucial for them to live their young and expeditious life.

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Basophils
- Involvement of heparin; a blood-thinning like substance to prevent blood clotting. They too can help in mediating allergic reaction in which they are able to produce immunoglobulins.
Eosinophils
- Known to destroy germs and/or even parasites i.e. hookworms
Neutrophils
- Takes up the vast majority of our White blood cells, ranging about 55-70% of them. Like the Eosinophils, they attack antigens, what makes them unique however, is their ability to go through veins walls in a liberal manner
Monocytes
- Supply Macrophages and dendritic cells for the Immune system to fight bacteria with

Leukocytes can quite possibly the most hardworking; related to all the others, they help fight against bacteria and the likes. Besides that, they work with the phagocytes in wherein they incorporate its proficiency in spotting pathogens and consuming them, which then the antigens are absorbed to helping transmit information to the second action. Leukocytes then split into T cells and B cells, wherein T cells  therefore take this information and scrimmage out to kill those foreign cells, B cells release antibodies/proteins.

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The Lymphatic System stands as our first line of defense and plays such a highly integral role in not just the Immune System, but towards our body. Alongside the key role of fighting pathogens, they help maintaining our body fluid levels by removing excess , absorbing fats and more often than not, transporting lymph throughout the body. It is a complex network that displays the tonsils, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, Spleen and other lymphoid organs such as the Thymus. Firstly, according to Beers (2004, p.1053), "As blood moves through the arteries and veins, 10% of the fluid filtered by the capillaries, along with vital proteins, becomes trapped in the tissues of the body. This loss of this fluid (approximately 1-2 liters/day) would rapidly become life threatening if the lymphatic system did not properly function. The lymphatic system collects this fluid and returns it to the circulatory system.", so to speak how the Lymphatic system can hence induce the fluid level in our body at a normal rate. In addition, the Lymphatic system transports lymph fluid all over the body, and what is lymph fluid? They contain the Lymphocytes that produces our daily antibodies that destroy pathogens through the transporting and filtering from by our lymph nodes and vessels. We then have our tonsils that trap pathogens from entering our mouth and nostrils alongside having the same tissues as the lymph nodes and being located cranially from the lungs; it thus, makes them our first linemen of defense.

Next, we would have the Spleen - can be found dorsal to one's left rib, we cannot harshly survive without it. This fist-sized organ contains macrophages (a different type of White blood cell) from the Monocytes as they densely engulf not only pathogens, but including bacteria, dead tissues and other foreign substances alike from the blood stream. And finally, we show the Thymus; a small-sized organ that technically produces the T-cells making a lot more vital than it sounds or looks. This is because the storage they have of the immature/pre-mature T-cells or also know as the progenitor cells.

References
- Beers. M. (2004, May). The Merck Manual of Medical Information – Second Home Edition, p. 1053, Retrieved from https://www.lgdalliance.org/the-lymphatic-system/
- Bradford, A. (2018, May). Thymus: Facts, Functions and Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/62527-thymus.html

Photo URL: https://blood-cancer.com/basics/lymphatic-system/

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Another major part of the Immune system would include the Complement system, responsible for inflammation reactions that tend to cause swelling and attracting phagocytes and macrophages - an action called "Complement Activation". In other terms as the Complement Cascade, the Complement system enhances the abilities of the antibodies and phagocytes as it clears out microbes and damaged cells whilst attacking the pathogen's membrane. As a starter, the Complement system safely has 30 or even more proteins that make up for itself, administering examples such as MAC that opposes against pathogens and C3 that contributes innate immunity.

References
Pharming. (n.d). Complement system. Retrieved from https://www.pharming.com/technology/complement-system
Antibodies-online.com. (n.d.). Complement system. Retrieved from https://www.antibodies-online.com/complement-system-pathway-11/

Photo URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/white-blood-cell

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Antibodies roam to search for any escalating dangers within the body and set up targets for those dangers to be destroyed. Most people know how the White blood cells are consistently doing the heavy work, whereas the Antibodies is the one whole asset they are missing out on.  Their primal function would frequently include finding, learning, adapting and targeting pathogens/bacteria in which they will destroy later on. And in any case the same pathogens return, it is their job for knowing how to destroy it next time. According to the article of Ghose (2020), "Antibodies are specialized, Y-shaped proteins that bind like a lock-and-key to the body's foreign invaders — whether they are viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. They are the "search" battalion of the immune system's search-and-destroy system, tasked with finding an enemy and marking it for destruction.

References
Ghose, T. (2020, July 17). What are antibodies? Retrieved https://www.livescience.com/antibodies.html#:~:text=Antibodies%20are%20Y%2Dshaped%20proteins,%2C%20bacteria%2C%20fungi%20or%20parasites.

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Also known as leukocytes, the White blood cells (or WBC for short) can arguably be the most dominant, intrinsic and fundamental portion of our Immune system. In similarity with the Red blood cells, the White blood cells circulate the body alongside, giving more clarity as to "looking out for invaders" and lining up a defense against bacterial infections. Coming from the bone marrow, White blood cells normally have a count of 4.500 to 11,000 per microliter, though may vary from different testing  or patients labs time to time when undergoing blood tests. The White blood cells are not just one of its own kind, but in fact has 5 different variations with their own functions namely, Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes and Leukocytes.

References
Higuera, V. (2018, September 17). WBC (white blood cell) Count: Purpose, procedure, and results. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/wbc-count

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A normal white blood cell count is 5,000 to 10,000 for people assigned male at birth and 4,500 to 11,000 for people assigned female at birth. Some health conditions can affect your WBC count.

A white blood cell (WBC) count is a test that measures the number of white blood cells in your body. It may also be called a leukocyte test. This test is often included with a complete blood count (CBC), which is commonly used to screen for different conditions that may affect your overall health.

The term "white blood cell count" is also generally used to refer to the number of white blood cells in your body.

White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are an important part of the immune system. They originate in the bone marrow and move throughout the bloodstream. These cells help fight infection by attacking bacteria, viruses, and germs that invade the body.

Keep reading to learn the normal white blood cell count range and what counts outside that range may mean.

A white blood cell count can detect hidden infections within your body and alert doctors to undiagnosed medical conditions, such as:

This test also helps doctors monitor the effectiveness and side effects of chemotherapy, radiation treatment, and other therapies in people with cancer.

White blood cell differential

Doctors may also order a white blood cell count differential. This test separates the count by the different types of white blood cells and looks to see if they are in the normal range.

The major types of white blood cells have different roles in protecting your body from infection and dealing with infected cells. They include:

A normal white blood cell count can mean your immune system is functioning as it should. The normal white blood cell count range is typically between 4,000 and 11,000/microliter (μL). This range may vary due to age, sex, and lab. The lab performing your test may include a reference range on your report.

According to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (LLS), the normal white blood cell count ranges for people in the following groups are:

Pregnant people may have a white blood cell count that differs from these ranges. Newborns and children under two may also have ranges that differ from those listed above.

The types of cells that make up WBCs usually fall within a percentage range of your overall WBC count.

A higher or lower percentage of a certain type of white blood cell can result from an underlying condition.

If your test results are abnormal, it may mean that your numbers are higher or lower than the normal range.

To identify the exact cause of a high or low WBC count, a doctor may take several factors into consideration, such as:

current medications

symptoms

medical history

They may also run additional tests.

Low white blood cell count

Leukopenia is the medical term used to describe a low WBC count. It can result from:

Sometimes, neutropenia is also used to indicate a low blood count. This term refers to a low number of neutrophils, but because this type of white blood cell makes up 55 to 70% of your overall white blood cells, leukopenia is often driven by a low number of neutrophils.

Having neutropenia may put you at an increased risk for infection. You may not have enough white blood cells to protect you from germs and bacteria. If you have neutropenia, a doctor may recommend taking precautions such as wearing a mask in public settings and avoiding crowds to reduce your risk of infection.

High white blood cell count

Leukocytosis is the medical term used to describe a high WBC count. This can result from:

An elevated white blood cell count may also be chronic or long lasting with the following conditions:

Symptoms of a low WBC count can include:

A high WBC count doesn't often cause symptoms, but the underlying condition behind it may have its own symptoms.

It's also normal for doctors to order a CBC and check your WBC count during an annual physical exam.

A WBC count requires no specific preparation. You can schedule an appointment with a doctor or set up an appointment at a local medical laboratory.

Before having your blood drawn, talk with your healthcare professional about all prescription and nonprescription medications you're currently taking.

Certain medications can interfere with your lab results and either lower or increase your WBC count. These may include:

No specific foods or diet is proven through research to increase the production of white blood cells.

It's important to include a good source of protein in your diet, as amino acids found in protein are needed to build WBCs.

Vitamins B12 and folate are also needed to produce WBCs, so consider adding a multivitamin and mineral supplement daily. Though not proven, some believe adding vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, garlic, selenium, and even spicy foods can boost the immune system.

If you're being treated for cancer or other causes of leukocytosis, talk with a doctor before taking any supplements, as they might interfere with treatments.

A WBC count is often done as part of a CBC. These tests may be ordered as part of a routine blood test. The normal white blood cell count range is typically between 4,000 and 11,000/microliter.

A WBC count outside that range may result from an underlying health condition. A doctor may need to order additional tests to determine the cause and treatment.

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White Blood Cell Count: Test Results & Details

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A white blood cell (WBC) count is a test that measures the number of white blood cells in your body. Learn the normal white blood cell count range is and what high or low white blood cell counts may mean.

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Upon being introduce to the Immune System, you can watch this video to see a basis of what cool facts you will read.

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Upon being introduce to the Immune System, you can watch this video to see a basis of what cool facts you will read.

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https://youtu.be/PSRJfaAYkW4

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How does your immune system work? - Emma Bryce

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Infants/Newborns in fact have an atrociously high WBC count of 9,000 to 30,000 per microliter of blood, whereas adults contain around 5,000 to 10,000 per microliter/s of blood.

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                                                                                                               Immune System: Parts and Functions

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                                                                                                               Immune System: Parts and Functions

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Miracles and Phenomena happens everywhere and everyday. We find discoveries that are out of this world bizarre, but what prioritizes that more than anything? Our own sacred human bodies. When was the last time you have had physical pain? The last time you felt blue and under the hood of being sick? However, did you always have a thought on how we still stand up today until now? Factually, there are multiple instances wherein people fall ill, a selected number would up going to the hospital and yet, our bodies by the end of the day would heal over due time. That right there is a miracle and phenomenon itself - how our bodies completely heal. And what makes it work? Our own Immune System. This study guide will hence look into the bizarre and "cool" world of our Immune System, coming from its day-to-day functions to taking ultimate care of it. It will then deepen the knowledge of how our Immune System fends off diseases and keep us healthy.

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Photo URL; https://www.slynyrd.com/blog/2019/5/21/pixelblog-17-human-anatomy

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To start off, the Immune system is found in humans and numerous other vertebrates. It is a complex system that repels and resists pathogens from entering the body; in which, marks its important role for the body. The Immune system essentially consists of organs, cells and proteins (antibodies) that encounters vast amounts of pathogens while maintaining an active lookout for invaders. On a specific note, it too involves work of the White blood cells, Antibodies, Lymphatic system and the Compliment system (whilst both systems having their own amount of organs and/or features). Knowingly enough, the system's main duty is to fight against bacteria and foreign yet harmful substances that are located in the body.

Photo made by Kian De La Fuente

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                                                                                                    produced by Kian De La Fuente - 11BIO C

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                                                                                                    produced by Kian De La Fuente - 11BIO C