# data[].attributes.body
I want your Opinion ! Now it's your turn ! What qualities do you think  a President should have ?                    (80 words)  Attention : Votre réponse devra contenir  SHOULD / SHOULDN'T / des ADJECTIFS travaillés dans la leçon / au moins une expression d'opinion.

# data[].attributes.body
I think that a president needs to be invested in the well being of their country. I think that it is also important for a president to be intelligent and honest. Because I am a liberal I would prefer a someone who shares my beliefs. However I think that they need to be someone non polarizing who people of many different beliefs can support. It is also important that they stick to what they say they are going to do in their campaigning. Finally I think that it is important that the president is dedicated to doing their job well, they want to make life better for everyone who lives in their country.

# data[].attributes.body
3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS AND DUTIES

# data[].attributes.body
QUALITIES OF A PRESIDENT

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Word Art 18 word cloud art created by ppangel3

# data[].attributes.body
THE RACE FOR THE WHITE HOUSE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Who will be elected President of the United States ?

Axe 8 : Territoire et Mémoire

Axe 8 : Territoire et Mémoire

The Race to the White House :

What role does the Electoral College play in the U.S presidential election ?

How does the Electoral College work ?

Should the U.S. get rid of the Electoral College ?

Election project: Let's Debate . Y ou take part in today's talk show about the role of the Electoral College in the voting process.

On the occasion of the U.S. presidential election, you are invited to a talk show to discuss the pros and cons of the Electoral College in the political process.

Watch the video and make a list of the qualities of a president .

How to become President of the United States

Watch the video and take notes!

Complete the Worksheet online and post it!

How much do you remember?

Test your knowledge on Quiziniere !

Click on the star and read about Article II section 1 of the preamble of the Constitution. Then put each part of the government back in place.

<nombre>7</nombre> <script></script>

The Cabinet

now...

live in the state you want to represent

live in the state you want to represent

<nombre>4</nombre> <script></script>

100 senators (2 senators per state)

435 Representatives

30 years old

25 years old

Well done! Let's focus on the executive branch now...

The House of Representatives

Click on Congress first to read the instructions!

Read the first Article of the Constitution again and concentrate on the requirements to become a member of the Congress. Then put the requirements under the right House, the Senate or the House of Representatives.

The President is elected...

appoints the Supreme Court justices.
check
Read Article II and learn about the Executve branch. Then type in the missing words to show what you remember!

THE AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Watch the video and take notes about the U.S political parties

How do they stand on major issues ?

Why do you want to be president ?

If you are elected, what will you do ?
2 2
Read the articles about the two candidates again, focus on their ideas.

Take a quiz about these two men.
Check
Male or Female

Donald Trump is currently the 45th .

He is married to and he has children.

He is a . This political party's symbol is an .

No w, in the answering fields, write either "right" or "wrong".

1- He doesn't think racism is an issue in the USA and he has violently reacted to the "Black lives Matter" protests.

2- He is not very focused on the economy.

3- He has reduced taxes on companies.

4- He wants to repeal the Affordable Care Act which give a kind of medical protection to all Americans.

5- He has increased governmental funding of public schools. He doesn't want to encourage private schooling.

6- He wants to restrict both legal and illegal immigration.

7- He doesn't think Climate change is real.

Male or Female

Donald Trump is currently an American . He was Barack Obama's .

He is married to and he has children.

He is a . This political party's symbol is a .

No w, in the answering fields, write either "right" or "wrong".

1- He thinks racism is a real problem in the USA needing urgent attention.

2- He doesn't want to increase the minimum wage.

3- He wants to tax wealthy Americans and corporations more.

4- He wants to repeal the Affordable Care Act .

5- He wants to create a National health care Plan for all Americans.

6- He thinks Climate Change is a major issue and he wants to reduce Carbon emissions.

7- He wants to increase the number of legal immigrants to the USA and he wants to help illegal immigrants already there get citizenship.
3 Racial Justice Economy Health Care Climate Change Education America & The World Immigration
Note down key words only, no sentences!

Use your notes to recap the information about the U.S. general election process .

Watch the 2 videos and takes notes!

step 1 - watch video #1

step 2 - watch video #2

step 3 - complete the infographic

step 4 - check your knowledge

step 5 - Your MINI TASK
2
<a href="http://www.freepik.com">Designed by gstudioimagen / Freepik</a>

Write a tweet about the role of the Electoral College in the U.S general election process. (280 signs maximum)

Watch the video and takes notes!

the video as many times as you like.

Don't forget: key words only, no sentences.

Then, on the yellow button of the TV set.

Video 1: Which words / groups of words did you hear?

25 years old

35 years old

born US citizen

resident
CHECK
40 years

14 years

2

4

parties

groups

The Tories

the Republicans

The Democrats

win

party's selection

party's nomination

party groups

party members

vote

decide

party candidate

hold

each candidate

national meeting

national convention

select

their official nominee

each party

organize

choose

announce

choice

vice president

give

support from the general population

get

win

campaign

travel

ticket

candidate

538

voters

Election Day

the country

states

for Electors

for a candidate

528

choose

get

Each Elector

the Electoral College

candidate

make

Electors

people

form

vote

two

one

cast

win

nominee

receive

become president

270 or more votes

170 or more votes

the new president

is inaugurated

is sworn into office

on January 30th

on January 20th

on February 20th

Tick the words you

heard in the video. Then click on "check"

A message will appear. You'll see the numbers of correct and of wrong answers.

Tip: 32 Red / 47 Green / 79 Total

Watch the video and takes notes!

the video as many times as you like.

Don't forget: key words only, no sentences.

Then, on the yellow button of the TV set.

Video 2: What did you understand?
CHECK
Tick the right box. Then click on "check"

A message will appear. You'll see the numbers of correct and of wrong answers.

Tip: 14 Red / 14 Green / 28 Total

In DECEMBER, the ELECTORAL COLLEGE (538 people) votes for a candidate. The candidate with 270 (or more) votes becomes the PRESIDENT ELECT.

Drag each element

onto the right box.

Inside a PARTY, party MEMBERS choose a CANDIDATE to represent them in the GENERAL ELECTION.

In AUGUST, the PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE of each party is SELECTED. He / she chooses a RUNNING MATE.

The two candidates CAMPAIGN all over the country. They visit each state, make speeches, and they debate.

On the TUESDAY after the FIRST MONDAY in NOVEMBER, people vote for ELECTORS (either fom the Republican or the Democratic party.

On JANUARY 20th of the following year, , the new preisdent and vice-president are

INAUGURATED.

+ VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE

- be a natural born US citizen.

- be 35 years old or over.

- have lived in the US for the past 14 years.

Drag the different elements on the correct purple spot image to complete this infographic. If you are correct a will appear. If not, you must be wrong somewhere!

A message will appear if you completed your task properly.

The Way to the White House: What do you remember?

WRONG

American presidential elections

take place every four years.

The two main political parties are the Democrats and the Republicans

American presidents are directly elected through popular vote.

American people vote for an Electoral college.

The electoral college cast votes for a presidential candidate.

A presidential candidates never has a vice presidential candidate.

The General Election is always held in December.

Parties select their nominees during National conventions.

Each state allocate its Electoral vote according to popular votes.

Presidents are inaugurated in

January the following year.

Candidates campaign in Washington DC only.

Drag each element

onto the right box.

A message will appear if you complete your task properly.

Take on the role of presidential candidate from the primary season all the way through to the general election. Run your own presidential campaign!

Win the White House 2020 !

Play the White House Visit
4
Look at the tweets and explain what must have happened in the 2016 election.

Look at the following tweets by one of Trump's early opponents. Confirm your hypothesis and justify Sander's views on the Electoral College .

Note down key words only, no sentences!

Get ready to recap the information and compare the 2 systems.

Focus on the video and takes notes!

Focus on the video and takes notes!

Note down key words only, no sentences!

Get ready to share your findings with the class and discuss the pros and cons.

TEAM 1 : Focus on Video 1

TEAM 2 : Focus on Video 2

Focus either on the Pros (Video N°1) or the Cons (Video N°2) and take notes!
2
THE electoral college

Should the USA use the Electoral College in Presidential elections ? Read the article and find out. Make a list of the Pros and Cons.

Get ready to discuss the issue with your classmates.
2
THE RACE TO THE WHITE HOUSE
Can you name some famous presidents?
5
Donald Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States; he took office on January 20, 2017. Previously, he was a real estate mogul and a former reality TV star.

In 2019 Trump became only the third president in U.S. history (after Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998) to be impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives.
Barack Obama
Barack Obama was the 44th president of the United States (2009-2017) and the first African American. The son of parents from Kenya and Kansas, Obama was born and raised in Hawaii.

He oversaw the recovery of the U.S. economy (from the Great Recession of 2008-09) and the enactment of landmark health care reform (the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act). In 2009 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
George W. Bush
George W. Bush, America's 43rd President (2001-2009), was transformed into a wartime President in the aftermath of the airborne terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, facing the "greatest challenge of any President since Abraham Lincoln."

Bush led the United States' response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks and initiated the Iraq War in 2003. Before his presidency, Bush was a businessman and served as governor of Texas.
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton is an American politician from Arkansas who served as the 42nd President of the United States (1993-2001). He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby-boomer generation President.

He oversaw the country's longest peacetime economic expansion. Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives in 1998 following the revelation of his affair with Monica Lewinsky but was acquitted by the Senate in 1999.
George H. W. Bush
George H.W. Bush was the 41st President of the United States and served as vice president under Ronald Reagan. He was also the father of George W. Bush, the 43rd President.

Bush's handling of the invasion in Kuwait is largely viewed as his greatest presidential success. Despite his global successes, Bush's inability to handle economic problems at home were blamed for his re-election bid failure in 1992.
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan, originally an American actor and politician, became the 40th President of the United States serving from 1981 to 1989. His term saw a restoration of prosperity at home, with the goal of achieving "peace through strength" abroad.

President Ronald Reagan helped redefine the purpose of government and pressured the Soviet Union to end the Cold War. He solidified the conservative agenda for decades after his presidency.
James Carter
Jimmy Carter served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and served as the nation's chief executive during a time of serious problems at home and abroad (Iranian Hostage Crisis,Panama Canal return to Panama, very poor relationships with Congress and the media). Carter's perceived mishandling of these issues led to defeat in his bid for reelection.

Despite a largely unsuccessful one-term presidency, Carter later rehabilitated his reputation through his humanitarian efforts after leaving the White House. He was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize.
Gerald R. Ford
Gerald Ford became the 38th president of the United States (1974-1977) following Richard Nixon's resignation, in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal.

When Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office on August 9, 1974, he declared, "I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances...This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts."

Ford's early presidency marked a state of tumult for the nation, with downfalls including a seriously ailing economy (and an almost bankrupt New York City), an essential defeat in the Vietnam War, rocky foreign relations and an energy crisis.
Richard M. Nixon
Richard Nixon was elected the 37th President of the United States (1969-1974) after previously serving as a U.S. Representative and a U.S. Senator from California. After successfully ending American fighting in Vietnam and improving international relations with the U.S.S.R. and China, he became the only President to ever resign the office, as a result of the Watergate scandal (a June 1972 break-in to the Democratic National Committee headquarters led to an investigation that revealed multiple abuses of power by the Nixon administration.)
Lyndon B. Johnson
In the 1960 campaign, Lyndon B. Johnson was elected Vice President as John F. Kennedy's running mate. On November 22, 1963, when Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson was sworn in as the 36th United States President.

As president, Johnson initiated the "Great Society" social service programs; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law; and bore the brunt of national opposition to his vast expansion of American involvement in the Vietnam War.
John F. Kennedy (JFK)
John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States (1961-1963), the youngest man elected to the office. On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, becoming also the youngest President to die.

As president, Kennedy faced a number of foreign crises, especially in Cuba and Berlin, but managed to secure such achievements as the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty and the Alliance for Progress. He took vigorous action in the cause of equal rights, calling for new civil rights legislation.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Bringing to the Presidency his prestige as commanding general of the victorious forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower obtained a truce in Korea and worked incessantly during his two terms (1953-1961) to ease the tensions of the Cold War.
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman was Franklin Delano Roosevelt's vice president for just 82 days before Roosevelt died in 1945, and Truman became the 33rd president. In his first months in office, he dropped the atomic bomb on Japan, ending World War II. His policy of communist containment started the Cold War, and he initiated U.S. involvement in the Korean War. Truman left office in 1953 and died in 1972.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd American president (1933-1945). FDR, as he was often called, led the United States through the Great Depression and World War II, and greatly expanding the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal.

Roosevelt's social programs reinvented the role of government in Americans' lives, while his presidency during World War II established the United States' leadership on the world stage.

As the war drew to a close, Roosevelt's health deteriorated, and on April 12, 1945, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States (1929-1933), whose term was notably marked by the stock market crash of 1929 and the beginnings of the Great Depression. Hoover's policies could not overcome the economic destruction and despair that resulted, and he lost his reelection bid in 1932.

Before serving as America's 31st President, Herbert Hoover had achieved worldwide gratitude as "The Great Humanitarian" who fed war-torn Europe during and after World War I.
Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge was president of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Coolidge was known for his quiet demeanor, which earned him the nickname "Silent Cal."

Elected U.S. vice president in 1920, he became president following the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Calvin Coolidge demonstrated his determination to preserve the old moral and economic precepts of frugality amid the material prosperity which many Americans were enjoying during the 1920s era.
Warren G. Harding
Warren G. Harding was the 29th President of the United States (1921-1923). His term followed World War I and a campaign promising a "return to normalcy."

Though his term in office was fraught with scandal, including Teapot Dome, Harding embraced technology and was sensitive to the plights of minorities and women.
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson, a leader of the Progressive Movement, was the 28th President of the United States (1913-1921).

After a policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War I, Wilson led America into war in order to "make the world safe for democracy", negotiating the Treaty of Versailles and crafting the League of Nations, a precursor to the United Nations.

His legacy includes sweeping reforms for the middle class, voting rights for women and precepts for world peace. However, Wilson is also known for a dismal record on race relations.
William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States (1909-1913) . He was on track to be a career jurist, well on his way to his dream job of sitting on the Supreme Court, when President Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and by 1907 had decided that Taft should be his successor.

Taft finally achieved his dream of being appointed chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1921, becoming the only person to have served both as a chief justice and president.
Theodore Roosevelt
With the assassination of President William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, not quite 43, became the 26th and youngest President in the Nation's history (1901-1909). He brought new excitement and power to the office, vigorously leading Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy.

Known for his anti-monopoly policies and ecological conservationism, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his part in ending the Russo-Japanese War.
William McKinley
William McKinley was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination on September 14, 1901, after leading the nation to victory in the Spanish-American War and raising protective tariffs to promote American industry.

William McKinley is best known for being president when the United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.
Grover Cleveland
The 22nd and 24th President Grover Cleveland was the only President to leave the White House and return for a second term four years later (1885-1889 and 1893-1897), as well as the first to be married in the White House.

Grover Cleveland was a tough opponent of political corruption who fiercely guarded the integrity of the offices in which he served. He lost a second term as incumbent but won back the presidency four years later. He earned the nickname "guardian president" for his record-breaking use of veto power and strengthened the executive branch, ushering in the modern presidential era.
Grover Cleveland
The 22nd and 24th President Grover Cleveland was the only President to leave the White House and return for a second term four years later (1885-1889 and 1893-1897), as well as the first to be married in the White House.

Grover Cleveland was a tough opponent of political corruption who fiercely guarded the integrity of the offices in which he served. He lost a second term as incumbent but won back the presidency four years later. He earned the nickname "guardian president" for his record-breaking use of veto power and strengthened the executive branch, ushering in the modern presidential era.
Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893, was the grandson of U.S. President William Henry Harrison. Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, ousting Grover Cleveland.

One of the lasting legacies of Harrison's presidency was the expansion of the country to include the states of Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming and the Dakotas.
Chester A. Arthur
Chester A. Arthur was the 21st president of the United States (1881-85). He served as vice president at the time President James Garfield was assassinated, and acceded to the presidency thereafter.

As president, he supported the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), which provided for the open appointment and promotion of federal employees based on merit rather than patronage.
James Garfield
James Garfield was elected as the United States' 20th President in 1881, after nine terms in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Garfield's agenda of civil service reform and civil rights was cut short when he was shot by a disgruntled office seeker in July 1881.
Rutherford B. Hayes
As the 19th President of the United States (1877-1881), Rutherford B. Hayes oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War.
Ulysses S. Grant
In 1865, as commanding general, Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Armies to victory in the American Civil War. As an American hero, Grant was later elected the 18th President of the United States (1869-1877).

While he had some success during his time in office, including pushing through ratification of the 15th Amendment ( granting African-American men the right to vote), his administration's scandals rocked both of his presidential terms.
Andrew Johnson
With the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson became the 17th President of the United States (1865-1869). His lenient Reconstruction policies toward the South, and his vetoing of Reconstruction acts, embittered the Radical Republicans in Congress and led to his political downfall and impeachment, though he was acquitted.
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States (1861-1865) and is regarded as one of America's greatest heroes due to his role as savior of the Union and emancipator of slaves. His rise from humble beginnings to achieving the highest office in the land is a remarkable story.

Lincoln was assassinated at a time when his country needed him to complete the great task of reunifying the nation. His eloquent support of democracy and insistence that the Union was worth saving embody the ideals of self-government that all nations strive to achieve.
James Buchanan
James Buchanan was the 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). Serving as president during the run-up to the Civil War, Buchanan's inability to halt the southern states' drive toward secession has led most historians to consider his presidency a failure. Buchanan was the only U.S. president from Pennsylvania, and the only one to remain a lifelong bachelor.
Franklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce became 14th President of the United States at a time of apparent tranquility (1853-1857). By pursuing the recommendations of southern advisers, Pierce - a New Englander - hoped to ease the divisions that led eventually to Civil War.

As president, he signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, prompting a bloody conflict over Kansas' slavery status.
Millard Fillmore
Millard Fillmore, a member of the Whig party, was the 13th President of the United States (1850-1853) and the last President not to be affiliated with either the Democratic or Republican parties.

He became vice president under President Zachary Taylor, assuming the presidency after Taylor's death in 1850. As the 13th U.S. president, Fillmore was responsible for forcing open Japan to trade with the Treaty of Kanagawa.
Zachary Taylor
Known as a national war hero for his battles in the Mexican War, Zachary Taylor served in the U.S. Army for nearly 40 years before he was elected as the 12th president of the United States, serving from March 1849 until his sudden death in July 1850. He led the nation during its debates on slavery and Southern secession.
James K. Polk
James Polk was the 11th and youngest (at the time) president of the United States (1845-1849). Polk's annexation of Texas led to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), and the U.S. victory thereby led to the acquisition of large territories in the Southwest and along the Pacific coast, which in turn led to the establishment of the Department of the Interior. The northern border of the United States was also established under Polk
John Tyler
John Tyler became the tenth President of the United States (1841-1845) when President William Henry Harrison died in April 1841. He was the first Vice President to succeed to the Presidency after the death of his predecessor. Opponents dubbed President John Tyler the "Accidental President" and "His Accidency."
William Henry Harrison
William Henry Harrison, an American military officer and politician, was the ninth President of the United States (1841). Elected at age 67, he was then the oldest man to take the office, and became the first U.S. president to die in office. His one-month tenure was the shortest.

His father, Benjamin, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and his grandson, also Benjamin, became the 23rd president.
Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren was the eighth President of the United States (1837-1841). While the country was prosperous when the "Little Magician" was elected, less than three months later the financial panic of 1837 punctured the prosperity.

His shrewd dealings laid the foundations for the Democratic Party and the modern political machine,but his policies were unpopular and he failed to win a second term .
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Known as the "people's president," Jackson destroyed the Second Bank of the United States, founded the Democratic Party, supported individual liberty and instituted policies that resulted in the forced migration of Native Americans.
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams was the eldest son of President John Adams and the sixth president of the United States from 1825 to 1829. In his pre-presidential years, Adams was one of America's greatest diplomats ; in his post-presidential years, he conducted a consistent and often dramatic fight against the expansion of slavery.

Though full of promise, his presidential years were difficult, as he failed to develop the political relationships needed-even among members of his own party-to effect significant change.
James Monroe
James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers.

He is remembered for expanding U.S territory via the acquisition of Florida from Spain, as well as for the Monroe Doctrine. This policy stated that the Americas should be free from future European colonization and that any interference with independent countries in the Americas would be considered a hostile act toward the United States.
James Madison
James Madison, America's fourth President (1809-1817), made a major contribution to the ratification of the Constitution by writing The Federalist Papers, along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In later years, he was referred to as the "Father of the Constitution." Madison initiated the War of 1812 and served two terms in the White House.
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson, a spokesman for democracy, was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the third President of the United States (1801-1809).

Jefferson stabilized the U.S. economy and defeated pirates from North Africa during the Barbary War. He was responsible for doubling the size of the United States by successfully brokering the Louisiana Purchase. He also founded the University of Virginia.
John Adams
John Adams, a remarkable political philosopher, served as the second President of the United States (1797-1801), after serving as the first Vice President under President George Washington.

John Adams was a direct descendant of Puritan colonists from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
George Washington
George Washington was a Virginia plantation owner who served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolutionary War, and later became the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797.

Get Ready for your Final Task !

Election project: Let's Debate ! On the occasion of presidential elections in the United States, you are invited to a talk show to discuss the pros and cons of the Electoral College in U.S. politics and whether or not the Electoral College should be abolished.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
(TERM ) THE RACE TO THE WHITE HOUSE : THE AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECT

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Who will be elected President of the United States ? Axe 8 : Territoire et Mémoire Axe 8 : Territoire et Mémoire The Race to the White House : What role does the Electoral College play in the U.S presidential election ? How does the Electoral College work ?

# data[].attributes.body
In my opinion, above all, a president should know how to listen and demonstrate integrity. He shouldn't be thinking about what is good for him but what is good for the country. He should be open-minded and respect equality. I think he shouldn't distinguish between genders and races and, on the contrary, He should know how to bring people together. Finally, I strongly believe that a president must have a solid character: not everyone will agree with his decisions but he must be firm so that order is respected. I think being president is a lot of pressure, you have to know how to make choices and sometimes question yourself. He should therefore behave like a leader and above all gain the trust of the people.

# data[].attributes.body
3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Electing a US President in Plain English

# data[].attributes.headline
How the president of the United States is elected

# data[].attributes.subject
How the president of the United States is elected

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Start with the Constitution. The basic process of selecting the President of the United States is spelled out in the U.S. Constitution, and it has been modified by the 12th, 22nd, and 23rd amendments. Many additional steps have been added over the years, by custom and by state law -- the process has changed quite a bit over time.

Who Can Run? The President and Vice-President are elected every four years. They must be at least 35 years of age, they must be native-born citizens of the United States, and they must have been residents of the U.S. for at least 14 years. (Also, a person cannot be elected to a third term as President.)

How Do the Political Parties Choose Their Candidates? That's up to the political parties. Most political parties hold conventions, which are large meetings attended by "delegates." Some delegates are selected by state "primary" elections, some are selected by state caucuses (very much like primaries, except with public voting instead of secret ballots), and some are chosen for their prominence in the party. A majority of delegate votes is needed to win the party's nomination. In most cases, the delegates let their chosen presidential candidate select a vice-presidential candidate.

Candidates for President and Vice-President Run Together. In the general election, each candidate for President runs together with a candidate for Vice-President on a "ticket." Voters select one ticket to vote for; they can't choose a presidential candidate from one ticket and a vice-presidential candidate from another ticket.

The Electoral College. The national presidential election actually consists of a separate election in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia; in these 51 elections, the voters are really voting for "electors" pledged to one of the tickets. These electors make up the "Electoral College." (In most cases, the names of the electors aren't written on the ballot; instead the ballot lets voters choose among "Electors for" each of the tickets, naming the presidential and vice-presidential candidates each slate of electors is pledged to.)

Each state has the same number of electors as it has senators and representatives (there are two senators from each state, but the number of representatives depends on the state population in the most recent census). The District of Columbia, although it isn't a state, also participates in presidential elections -- it currently has three electors.

The People in Each State Vote for Electors in the Electoral College. In most of the states, and also in the District of Columbia, the election is winner-take-all; whichever ticket receives the most votes in that state (or in D.C.) gets all the electors. (The only exceptions are Maine and Nebraska. In these states, just two of the electors are chosen in a winner-take-all fashion from the entire state. The remaining electors are determined by the winner in each congressional district, with each district voting for one elector.)

The Electoral College Votes for the President. The Electoral College then votes for President and for Vice-President, with each elector casting one vote; these votes are called electoral votes. Each elector is pledged to vote for particular candidates for President and Vice-President. In most elections, all the electors vote in accordance with the pledge they made; it is not clear what would happen in the unlikely event that a large number of electors violated their pledge and voted differently.

Normally, one of the candidates for President receives a majority (more than half) of the electoral votes; that person is elected President. That candidate's vice-presidential running mate will then also receive a majority of electoral votes (for Vice-President), and that person is elected Vice-President.

If There's No Electoral College Winner, the House of Representatives Chooses the President. In the rare event that no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, then the President is chosen instead by the House of Representatives, from the top three presidential vote-getters in the Electoral College; each state delegation in Congress casts one vote. (The Vice-President would be chosen from the top two vice-presidential vote-getters by the Senate.)

This is bizarre! Does it really work this way? Yes. There are many arguments pro and con the Electoral College, but this system does guarantee that the person elected President has substantial support distributed throughout the U.S. The Electoral College has also been a major factor in the United States' long-term political stability.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How the President of the U.S. Is Elected

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Start with the Constitution. The basic process of selecting the President of the United States is spelled out in the U.S. Constitution, and it has been modified by the 12th, 22nd, and 23rd amendments. Many additional steps have been added over the years, by custom and by state law -- the process has changed quite a bit over time.

# data[].attributes.body
answer key

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How America Votes Find out how Americans choose their leaders.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about the presidential election process, including the Electoral College, caucuses and primaries, and the national conventions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Where Biden and Trump stand on key issues

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Nov. 3 election between President Donald Trump and Joe Biden will give American voters a choice between two candidates with divergent approaches to tackling some of the biggest issues facing the country. Take a look at their policies in key areas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The world's attention is turning increasingly to the US with just a week to go before the presidential election.

Read on for all you need to know on all the key dates, who's who, and how it works.

When is it?

The next US presidential election takes place on 3 November.

Who's running?
REPUBLICANS
The incumbent Republican president is Donald Trump. He will be running alongside his vice president Mike Pence.

Mr Trump has proved one of the most divisive presidents in recent US history, after his controversial 2016 run that saw him switch from being a reality TV star and businessman to an outspoken campaigner who appealed to a particular "base" with his nationalistic, pro-American rhetoric.

He quickly courted disquiet with a move to ban immigrants from Muslim countries, but won plaudits for a tax-cut package that many commentators say boosted the US economy.

His "America First" policies have angered many on the international stage, particularly China, which Mr Trump sees as benefiting unfairly from an unbalanced world trade system, and have caused concern on the markets, and his withdrawals from the Paris climate accord, the Iran deal and other agreements have drawn many critics.

Many doubted whether he would last the full four-year term - particularly as he faced an impeachment trial over allegations he solicited the investigation by Ukraine of his rival Joe Biden, and previously faced a special counsel probe by Robert Mueller. But he survived and came back fighting.

His running mate Mr Pence has remained relatively in the background while his boss has taken the limelight, but has taken some flak for heading up the White House Coronavirus Task Force in a country that has seen some of the worst rates of infection and death in the world.
DEMOCRATS
The party's nominee is Joe Biden. He has chosen California senator Kamala Harris as his pick for VP.

Mr Biden was Barack Obama 's vice president between 2009 and 2017, and had better approval ratings for his time as number two in the White House than Mr Pence.

He was a long-time senior US politician before he was chosen by Mr Obama - and the ex-president trusted Mr Biden with overseeing a number of negotiations over budgeting and financial issues on Capitol Hill.

He has previously run for nomination twice before, in 1988 and 2008, but said in October 2015 he would not seek the presidency in 2016.

His decision to run this time came amid one of the most sought after tickets for the nomination in years, with dozens of potential Democratic candidates seeking the position, which he eventually breezed, despite several allegations from women of inappropriate physical contact and one of sexual assault.

If elected, he would become the oldest president to take office, at the age of 78.

Ms Harris, the first woman of colour on a vice presidential ticket, was also a contender in the Democratic primaries to choose a challenger to Mr Trump.

Like Mr Biden, the senator is on the moderate wing of a party that also saw many progressives - most notably the Vermont senator Bernie Sanders - among those also vying to be chosen. She is much younger at 55.

How does it work?

Nearly 139 million people voted in the 2016 presidential election - a turnout of 55.5%.

Each state is allocated a set number of electors, who make up what is known as the US electoral college.

Rather than voting directly for a president, voters are allocated electors from the electoral college, depending on the number of votes for each candidate.

In most states, if voters choose one party over another, electors back that party's candidate.

The candidate that gets the support of at least 270 electors wins.

Who's ahead?

Even at the start of his presidency, Mr Trump was less popular than any president since the Second World War.

Although his approval rating has improved slightly since it hit its lowest point in December 2017, it is still below that of most modern presidents by the same stage of their first term, apart from George HW Bush and Jimmy Carter - both of whom lost.

With Mr Trump's approval ratings being so low, many observers say he will struggle to recover enough to win a second term.

At the same time as people are voting for a president, they will also be voting for some members of the House of Representatives and Senators . The Republicans have some way to catch up after the last national election - the US midterms - which saw the Democrats take 40 seats from them in the House of Representatives.

But their success in the House came at the expense of victory in the Senate, where they actually lost ground due to results in the third of seats that were contested.

The national polls have put Mr Biden consistently ahead since he emerged as presumptive challenger.

FiveThirtyEight, a national poll data analysis organisation which crunches all the numbers and has been correct on a number of occasions in the past, says Mr Biden is the favourite to win.

But Mr Trump has demonstrated that he loves a challenge and is a capable campaigner.

What are the big issues?

According to a poll carried out by Pew Research in early August, the economy remains firmly the most important issue for voters, as it was two years before.

But Pew found a wide divergence among voters with different voting intentions.

Trump supporters were more likely to rate the economy as important, whereas Biden supporters viewed health care and the coronavirus response as being most relevant to their selection.

Likewise, race and ethnic inequality provoked a widely divergent range of opinion, with 76% of likely Biden voters saying it was very important to their voting intentions, compared to 24% of Trump voters.

With coronavirus having had such a major impact on the US economy - despite recent stock market recoveries - and with the Black Lives Matter movement making such an impact on national politics, it is difficult to see how these priorities will play out, considering how little is known about how important all the factors are to Americans of all leanings.

Climate change remains important for Biden supporters, but is almost completely unimportant to Trump backers. The environment has been overridden by the COVID-19 pandemic this year, while gun control - which was a huge issue under Obama - is of only moderate concern to both sets of voters.

Two-term presidents

While Mr Trump was less popular after two years than Mr Obama and Bill Clinton were, the president no doubt took heart from the fact that he was not far behind where they were at the same stage.

Mr Obama saw his popularity rating dip consistently in the first three years of office, until it began to rise again before he fought his second election. He eventually won 332 electoral votes to 206.

At an earlier stage, Mr Clinton had actually been even more unpopular than Mr Trump was at the midpoint and yet still went on to win a second term easily.

Significantly, there were other presidents who had approval ratings lower than Mr Trump's.

Harry Truman saw his popularity plunge to 33% a year-and-a-half into his presidency following a wave of strikes. As the economy and international sphere became more important, his ratings improved in time to win a second term.

Due to other matters, however, he ended up one of the most unpopular presidents in US history.

When will the result be known?

Although the election takes place on 3 November, because the US covers so many time zones, it is not until the following day that the last polls close.

Traditionally, the result is often known by the time polls close on the West Coast - about 11pm EST and 4am GMT.

It can be complicated working out when the winner has crossed the finish line because of the electoral college system, which allocates different numbers of votes depending on a state's share.

But this year could be different.

There has been a lot of concern expressed in the last few months about postal voting - which is expected to be considerably more important this time around because many people will prefer to mail in their ballot paper rather than visit a polling station in the middle of the ongoing pandemic.

Mr Trump has already said he has concerns that there could be voter fraud as a result.

But critics of the president have claimed he is falsely stoking concerns, perhaps because he is preparing to challenge the result - assuming he loses - and may even refuse to leave office.

If that were to happen, a legal challenge would be inevitable - with the conservative-leaning Supreme Court likely to make the ultimate call.

Whoever is victorious, assuming any challenge can be dealt with quickly, the winner would be expected to be approved by 6 January and inaugurated 14 days later.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
US election - a simple guide to the 2020 presidential race

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world's attention is turning increasingly to the US with just a week to go before the presidential election. Read on for all you need to know on all the key dates, who's who, and how it works. The next US presidential election takes place on 3 November.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
President Donald Trump and his Democratic rival, former Vice President Joe Biden, disagree on many of the issues facing the country. In this feature, the Review-Journal compared the two major-party candidates on a number of issues, from health care to gun rights to foreign policy.

President Donald Trump
Coronavirus and health care
- Signed $2 trillion CARES Act

- Created a Coronavirus Task Force to unify government response

- Signed economic relief and medical response packages

- Believes governors and mayors make decisions on measures to prevent spread

- Free tests

- Advocates in person classes at public schools

- Developed Operation Warp Speed for fast approval, manufacture and distribution of a vaccine

- Opposes a national mask mandate

- Promised a health care plan that still has not been released
Abortion
- In 1999, said he was "very pro-choice," but by 2016, he proclaimed he was "pro-life" and pledged to nominate only "pro-life judges" to the U.S. Supreme Court

- In January, became the first president to address the March for Life in person

- Withheld federal funds from family planning organizations that provide or refer women to abortion clinics

- Reinstated the "global gag rule" that withholds foreign aid to organizations that offer abortion services
Guns
- Endorsed by NRA

- Signed Fix NICS Act law in 2018 that strengthened background check system

- Says there is no political appetite for an assault-weapons ban

- In wake of Oct. 1, 2017, shooting in Las Vegas, signed executive order banning bump stocks
Immigration
- Campaigned on pledge to build a wall at the U.S.-Mexico border; more than 300 miles built

- Vowed to end President Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrival program that gave temporary legal status to qualified undocumented immigrants who came into the country as minors

- In September 2017, terminated DACA, but was overturned by the Supreme Court in July

- Opposes sanctuary cities, has threatened to withhold federal funding from them

- Imposed policy that denies green cards to non-citizens likely to become "public charges"
Foreign policy
- As a candidate, promised to avoid "endless wars" and withdraw U.S. troops from global hot spots

- Recognized Jerusalem as capital of Israel and moved U.S. embassy there

- Canceled the Trans Pacific Partnership

- Replaced North American Free Trade Agreement with USMCA (United States Mexico Canada Agreement)

- Withdrew from international peace pact with Iran

- Met with North Korean strongman Kim Jong Un in failed attempt to reach a peace deal

- Brokered establishment of diplomatic relations between Israel and United Arab Emirates and Israel and Bahrain
Yucca Mountain
- First budget contained $120 million to restart licensing for Yucca Mountain; Congress rejected the idea

- Changed positions in July 2018, tweeting that "my Administration is committed to exploring innovative approaches - I'm confident we can get it done!"
Taxes
- Signed Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that cut marginal personal tax rate and corporate taxes

- Signed order for a withholding tax holiday to boost economy during COVID; wants to make it permanent next year

- Would enact 10 percent middle-class tax cut
Climate change
- Calls climate change a "hoax"

- Withdrew from Paris Climate Accord
Criminal justice, violence in America and racial equity
- Signed First Step Act to reform federal sentencing terms and allow for the early release of thousands of federal inmates

- Criticized Biden for pushing crime bill that instituted harsh federal mandatory minimum sentences

- Said antifa and left-wing groups are bigger threat to public safety than white supremacists

- Said he does not see reparations for slavery happening

---

Former Vice President Joe Biden
Coronavirus and health care
- Create Pandemic Testing Board to get more tests to Americans for free

- Create a National Contact Tracing Workforce at least 100,000 strong

- Governors and mayors make decisions on what opens

- Premium pay for health care workers and paid leave for those infected with COVID and their caregivers

- Provide resources to schools "to safely reopen"

- Called for three-month nationwide mask mandate in August, but said in September he wasn't sure president had that authority

- Wants to build on Affordable Care Act by offering more choice and increase health insurance coverage to 97 percent of population
Abortion
- Supports abortion rights and taxpayer funding of abortion

- Would rescind "global gag rule" that withholds aid from international organizations that offer information on abortion

- Would restore Affordable Care Act's designation of birth control as an essential service
Guns
- Opposed by NRA

- Supports an assault weapons ban

- Would require current owners of so-called assault weapons to sell their firearms to federal government or register them under National Firearms Act

- Proposes one gun per person per month purchase limit
Immigration
- In March, committed to halting deportations for 100 days and said his administration would deport only undocumented immigrants convicted of felonies

- Would end funding for Trump's border wall and redirect that money to other border enforcement efforts

- Would reinstate DACA

- After opposing sanctuary cities as a presidential candidate in 2007, now supports local law enforcement not turning undocumented immigrants over to federal authorities

- Opposes family separation of undocumented migrants at the border

- Would reverse Trump's "public charge" rule
Foreign policy
- Denounced Trump's move of U.S. embassy to Jerusalem as "short-sighted and frivolous" but would not move it back to Tel Aviv

- Recently told CNN Trump's USMCA was better than NAFTA

- Supports Iran nuclear deal that he argues would keep Iran from developing a nuclear weapon

- Voted to authorize military force in Iraq in 2002, which he later said was a bad judgment call based on misplaced trust in then-President George W. Bush
Yucca Mountain
- Opposes Yucca Mountain nuclear storage facility
Taxes
- Would repeal Trump's tax cuts for high income earners

- Would raise top tax rate to 39.6 percent for income of more than $400,000

- Would apply Social Security withholding taxes on wages up to $400,000

- Would increase corporate income tax to 28 percent
Climate change
- Would recommit United States to Paris Climate Accord

- Said Green New Deal is "not my plan" but his campaign website calls it an essential framework for greenhouse gas reduction
Criminal justice, violence in America and racial equity
- Driving force behind the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which instituted harsh mandatory minimum sentences

- During first debate, said antifa "is an idea not an organization"

- Told Washington Post he supports a commission or other mechanism to determine what form reparations could take

Contact Debra J. Saunders at dsaunders@reviewjournal.com or at 202-662-7391. Follow @DebraJSaunders on Twitter.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Trump, Biden compare on coronavirus, gun rights and other issues

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
President Donald Trump and his Democratic rival, former Vice President Joe Biden, disagree on many of the issues facing the country. In this feature, the Review-Journal compared the two major-party candidates on a number of issues, from health care to gun rights to foreign policy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Electoral College is a process, not a place. The Founding Fathers established it in the Constitution, in part, as a compromise between the election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens.

What is the process?

The Electoral College process consists of the selection of the electors, the meeting of the electors where they vote for President and Vice President, and the counting of the electoral votes by Congress.

How many electors are there? How are they distributed among the States?

The Electoral College consists of 538 electors. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President. Your State has the same number of electors as it does Members in its Congressional delegation: one for each Member in the House of Representatives plus two Senators. Read more about the allocation of electoral votes.

The District of Columbia is allocated 3 electors and treated like a State for purposes of the Electoral College under the 23rd Amendment of the Constitution. For this reason, in the following discussion, the word "State" also refers to the District of Columbia and "Executive" to the State Governors and the Mayor of the District of Columbia.

How are my electors chosen? What are their qualifications? How do they decide who to vote for?

Each candidate running for President in your State has their own group of electors (known as a slate). The slates are generally chosen by the candidate's political party in your State, but State laws vary on how the electors are selected and what their responsibilities are. Read more about the qualifications of the electors and restrictions on who the electors may vote for.

What happens in the general election? Why should I vote?

The general election is held every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. When you vote for a Presidential candidate you are actually voting for your candidate's preferred electors. Learn more about voting for the electors.

Most States have a "winner-take-all" system that awards all electors to the Presidential candidate who wins the State's popular vote. However, Maine and Nebraska each have a variation of "proportional representation." Read more about the allocation of electors among the States.

What happens after the general election?

After the general election, your State's Executive prepares a Certificate of Ascertainment listing the names of all the individuals on the slates for each candidate. The Certificate of Ascertainment also lists the number of votes each individual received and shows which individuals were appointed as your State's electors. Your State's Certificate of Ascertainment is sent to NARA as part of the official records of the Presidential election.

The meeting of the electors takes place on the first Tuesday after the second Wednesday in December after the general election. The electors meet in their respective States, where they cast their votes for President and Vice President on separate ballots. Your State's electors' votes are recorded on a Certificate of Vote, which is prepared at the meeting by the electors. Your State's Certificate of Vote is sent to Congress, where the votes are counted, and to NARA, as part of the official records of the Presidential election.

Each State's electoral votes are counted in a joint session of Congress on the 6th of January in the year following the meeting of the electors. Members of the House and Senate meet in the House Chamber to conduct the official count of electoral votes. The Vice President of the United States, as President of the Senate, presides over the count in a strictly ministerial manner and announces the results of the vote. The President of the Senate then declares which persons, if any, have been elected President and Vice President of the United States.

The President-elect takes the oath of office and is sworn in as President of the United States on January 20th in the year following the general election.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Electoral College is a process, not a place. The Founding Fathers established it in the Constitution, in part, as a compromise between the election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens. What is the process? The Electoral Col…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please Note: NCSL does not have the names of the individual presidential electors in each state, nor does NCSL have their contact information. You must contact either your state's election officials or political parties for information.
Overview

The Electoral College is a unique method for indirectly electing the president of the United States. It was established by Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution and modified by the and 23rd Amendments.

The Electoral College consists of a total of 538 members, one for each U.S. senator and representative, and three additional electors representing the District of Columbia. Each state has a number of electoral votes equal to the combined total of its congressional delegation, and each state legislature is free to determine the method it will use to select its own electors.

Currently, all states select electors through a popular vote (although how that vote works can differ), but that was not always the case throughout American history. In many states, the state legislature selected electors, a practice which was common until the mid-1800s.

The Electoral College in 2020

The following is a summary of how the Electoral College will work in the 2020 presidential election:

Spring and Summer 2020: Nomination of Electors. The political parties in each state nominate their electors. Parties and states have different ways of going about this, but a party's presidential electors are generally loyal or consistent party members. The parties want to be sure they can rely on their electors to cast their votes for the party's nominee for president.

Nov. 3, 2020: Election Day, when voters in each state will select their presidential electors. The names of electors are not on the ballot in most states. Rather, when a voter casts a vote for a presidential candidate, s/he is also casting a vote for the electors already selected by the party of that candidate. If a majority of voters in a state vote for the Republican candidate for president, the Republican slate of electors is elected. If a majority vote for the Democratic candidate, the Democratic slate of electors is chosen.

Dec. 8, 2020: Deadline for Resolving Election Disputes. All state recounts and court contests over presidential election results must be completed by this date. (3 U.S.C. § 5). For the majority of states the date of certification is the same as for all contests, but in eight states there is a deadline that either directly references 3 USC §5 or uses similar language, requiring that disputes surrounding the selection of presidential electors be resolved in time to meet the "safe harbor" deadline: Indiana, Iowa, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. For detailed information on state post-election processes, please visit this page.

Dec. 14, 2020: Meeting of the Electors. The electors meet in each state and cast their ballots for president and vice president. Each elector votes on his or her own ballot and signs it. The ballots are immediately transmitted to various people: one copy goes to the president of the U.S. Senate (who is also the vice president of the United States); this is the copy that will be officially counted later. Other copies go to the state's secretary of state, the National Archives and Records Administration, and the presiding judge in the district where the electors meet (this serves as a backup copy that would replace the official copy sent to the president of the Senate if it is lost or destroyed).

Dec. 23, 2020: Deadline for Receipt of Ballots. The electors' ballots from all states must be received by the president of the Senate by this date. There is no penalty for missing this deadline.

Jan. 6, 2021: Counting of the Electoral Ballots. The U.S. Congress meets in joint session to count the electoral votes.

Jan. 20, 2021: Inauguration Day. The president-elect becomes the president of the United States.

Nomination of Electors

The U.S. Constitution does not specify procedures for the nomination of candidates for presidential elector. The two most common methods the states have adopted are nomination by state party convention and by state party committee. Generally, the parties select members known for their loyalty and service to the party, such as party leaders, state and local elected officials and party activists. In some states, the electors' names appear on the ballot along with the names of the candidates for president and vice president. However, in most states, electors' names are not printed on the ballot. When a voter casts a vote for a candidate for President of the United States, s/he is in actuality casting a vote for the presidential electors who were selected by that candidate's party.

Awarding Electoral Votes

All 50 states and the District of Columbia use one of two methods for awarding their electoral votes:

The Winner-Take-All System

In 48 states and the District of Columbia, when a candidate for president wins a state's popular vote, that party's slate of electors will be the ones to cast the vote for president of the United States in December. For example, Florida has 29 electoral votes. If President Donald Trump wins the state's popular vote on Nov. 3, the 29 electors nominated by the Republican Party in Florida will be selected. These 29 people will gather on Dec. 14 to cast their votes for president of the United States.

The District System

Maine and Nebraska are the only states that do not use a winner-take-all system. Instead, in these two states, one electoral vote is awarded to the presidential candidate who wins the popular vote in each congressional district, and the remaining two electoral votes are awarded to the candidates receiving the most votes statewide. This is known as the district system. It is possible under the district system to split the electoral vote for the state. This happened in 2008 in Nebraska: Barack Obama won the electoral vote in the congressional district including Omaha, while John McCain won in the state's other two districts and won the statewide vote as well, securing the state's two at-large votes. Thus, when the Nebraska presidential electors met in December 2008, there were four Republican electors and one Democrat. That election was the first time Nebraska's electoral vote was split.

Proposed Changes to the Electoral College

In the years since the highly controversial 2000 presidential election, bills have been introduced in every state in the country to change the process for selecting electors. During the period of 2001-2006, most Electoral College reform bills proposed switching to the district system. None of these bills passed. In the years since, attention has largely shifted to the National Popular Vote (NPV). This is an idea that would allow states to bypass the Electoral College without amending the U.S. Constitution. When a state joins the NPV Compact, it promises that it will give all of its electoral votes to the party that wins the national popular vote, rather than the party that wins the state popular vote. For instance, if the Democratic candidate won the popular vote in California, but the Republican candidate won the popular vote nationwide, California would be required to send the Republican slate of electors to the meeting of the electors. The NPV has not yet taken effect; states with a total of at least 270 electoral votes must join before it can function. Read more about the National Popular Vote.

The idea of abolishing the Electoral College and instead electing the president by direct popular vote comes about every few years. Abolishing the Electoral College requires an amendment to the US Constitution. There are two ways to do that:

Congress can propose an amendment by a two-thirds vote of both chambers. The amendment then has to be ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the states. All existing amendments to the Constitution were made in this manner.

The legislatures of two-thirds of the states can petition Congress to convene a Constitutional Convention. At a Constitutional Convention, any part of the Constitution could be amended; action is not restricted to the sections governing the Electoral College or any other part of the Constitution. Again, any proposed amendment would have to be ratified by three-fourths of the states. This method has never been invoked.

Faithless Electors

There is no federal law or constitutional provision requiring electors to vote for the party that nominated them, and over the years a number of electors have voted against the instructions of the voters. In 2004, a Minnesota elector nominated by the Democratic Party cast a ballot for John Edwards, the vice presidential running mate of John Kerry--thought to be an accident. Electors generally are selected by the political party for their party loyalty, and many are party leaders, and thus not likely to vote other than for their party's candidate.

In 2016, there were seven faithless electors, the most since 1972-three Democratic electors from Washington state cast their votes for Republican Colin Powell, instead of Democrat Hillary Clinton; one Democratic elector from Washington state cast his vote for Faith Spotted Eagle, a woman who is a member of the Yankton Sioux Nation; one Democratic elector from Hawaii cast his vote for Bernie Sanders, instead of Hillary Clinton; one Republican elector from Texas cast his vote for John Kasich, instead of Donald Trump; and one Republican elector from Texas cast his vote for Libertarian Ron Paul. The last time an elector crossed party lines was in 1972, when an elector nominated by the Republican Party cast his ballot for the Libertarian ticket.

Some states have passed laws that require their electors to vote as pledged. These laws may either impose a fine on an elector who fails to vote according to the statewide or district popular vote, or may disqualify an elector who violates his or her pledge and provide a replacement elector. In July 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it is constitutional for states to enact this type of law. The states with laws that attempt to bind the votes of presidential electors are below:

Alabama (Ala. Code §17-14-31)

Mississippi (Miss. Code Ann. §208.46)

Alaska (Alaska Stat. §15.30.090)

Montana (Mont. Code Ann. §13-25-307)

Arizona (Ariz. Rev. Stat. §16-212)

Nebraska (Neb. Rev. Stat. §32-714)

California (Cal. Elec. Code §6906)

Nevada (Nev. Rev. Stat. §298.075)

Colorado (Colo. Rev. Stat. §1-4-304)

New Mexico (N.M. Stat. Ann. §1-15-9)

Connecticut (Conn. Gen. Stat. §9-176)

North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. §163-212)

Delaware (Del. Code Ann. tit. 15, §4303(b))

Oklahoma (Okla. Stat. tit.26 §10-102)

District of Columbia (D.C. Code §1-1001.08)

Ohio (Ohio Rev. Code §3505.40)

Florida (Fla. Stat. §103.021)

Oregon (Or. Rev. Stat. §248.355)

Hawaii (Haw. Rev. Stat. §14-28)

South Carolina (S.C. Code Ann. §7-19-80)

Indiana (Ind. Code §3-10-4-1.7)

Tennessee (Tenn. Code Ann. §2-15-104)

Iowa (Iowa Code §54.8)

Maine (Me. Stat. tit.21-A, §805)

Vermont (Vt. Stat. Ann. §2732)

Maryland (Md. Code Ann. §8-505)

Virginia (Va. Code Ann. §24.2-203)

Massachusetts (Mass Gen. Laws ch.53, §8)

Washington (Wash. Rev. Code §29A.56.090)

Michigan (Mich. Comp. Laws §168.47)

Wisconsin (Wis. Stat. §7.75)

Minnesota (Minn. Stat. §208.46)

Wyoming (Wyo. Stat. Ann. §22-19-108)

Most of the laws cited above require electors to vote for the candidate of the party that nominated the elector, or require the elector to sign a pledge to do so. Some go further: Oklahoma imposes a civil penalty of $1,000; in North Carolina, the fine is $500, the faithless elector is deemed to have resigned, and a replacement is appointed. In South Carolina, an elector who violates his or her pledge is subject to criminal penalties, and in New Mexico a violation is a fourth degree felony. In Michigan, a candidate who fails to vote as required is considered to have resigned, and a replacement is appointed.

Additional Resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
national conference of state legislatures

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Please Note: NCSL does not have the names of the individual presidential electors in each state, nor does NCSL have their contact information. You must contact either your state's election officials or political parties for information. The Electoral College is a unique method for indirectly electing the president of the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
I want your Opinion ! Now it's your turn ! What qualities do you think  a President should have ?                    (80 words)  Attention : Votre réponse devra contenir  SHOULD / SHOULDN'T / des ADJECTIFS travaillés dans la leçon / au moins une expression d'opinion.

# data[].attributes.body
In my opinion, a president should be fair. He must be loyal to his people. He should know how to make the best decisions for his country, even if they are complex decisions to make. Being president is a lot of responsibilities and it's a very difficult job. I must admit that a president should have a strong and powerful character but he mustn't fall into despotism.
I consider that a president must be humble and he should work with a team, for the best of his country. He must listen to people. A president shouldn't be selfish, and he should be able to question himself and be honest. As far as I'm concerned, I strongly believe that honesty is the best way to gain people's trust. To conclude, a president should have a big heart, and he should do his best to represent his people and minorities.

# data[].attributes.body
I strongly believe that a president should be very smart and not bad because he’s going to have to make a lot of the key decisions for the country. Moreover I think that a good president should be humble and honest to represent a country and become a role model for all people. In addition he should be positive and joyful but in the same time serious. From my point of view a president shouldn’t be selfish, not helpful or sexist because it would prove that he would not be a good president.

Consequently for me a good president must have only good qualities.

# data[].attributes.body
According to me, a president should have a great sense of responsibilities because he represents above all the nation.
In my point of view, he should have enormous knowledge in the sector  economic, politic, legal and military in order to makes the best decisions at national, european an global level.
Nevertheless, he should have a perfect command of english and a good eloquence on account of he'll have to speak publicly many times.

A president shouldn't be egotistical and solitary, his role is to work with others because his amount of work is too important.
He shouldn't be arrogant, mocker or coarse and conduct a policy of acceptance of all and peace.

To conclude being a president is an hard work which requires a good acceptance of critics but also a good job which can make a better society.

# data[].attributes.body
According to me a president must be serious. I can imagine how much is complicated to be a figurehead for a nation. Also he/she should not be sexist or use any kind of discrimination. In terms of communication and foreign affairs a president must be convinced and true. That is a key to keep a good opinion of citizens and neighbours countries. In a other hand his way of working should be a model for children. Be president must be an inspiration to people in general.

# data[].attributes.body
From my point of view, a president should always be honest and fair with his citizens, he should be able to help his citizens and he should also always be serious and positive. We should keep in mind that a president is an example for everyone. I strongly believe that a president should not be selfish, sexist and should simply not be a bad person for his country. He should be empathetic and humble. As for me, I think these are the qualities that a president should have.

# data[].attributes.body
From my point of view,I think a president should be a good person more precisely a role model for everyone regardless of our origin ,our gender and  our way of thinking.
Futhermore a President should be honest with people and humble.He must know how to put himself in the people’s place and listen, understand them.President should be grateful but  also empathetic.

We must not forget it is a difficult jobs even more actually because it is an awful time in  the  world, the pandemic forced us to rethink how we do things especially for President.Therefore he should have crisis management skills and he should able to have the courage to make unpopular decisions.

As for as I am concerned,I am a young woman and I think it is important that a President shouldn’t be sexist and he fights for equality between men and women and that he encourages  access to politics for more women.
I take as an example Joe Biden the new President of the United States who appointed Kamala Harris the first woman Vice President of the United States
That is one small step for A man, one giant leap for equality between women and men
To conclude anyone can become president, you just have to want it and love helping people.
I  would like end by saying believe in your dreams..

# data[].attributes.body
As far as I’m concerned, I strongly believe that a president should be caring, a man close of people. He must listen to them and make decisions according to what they want. Nevertheless, the president should keep in mind that he is the president and he should act the best way to make his country better, even if people don’t agree with him. He should have broad shoulders, presidency requires to be serious and truthful. The head of state should not come out in corruption cases or any other cases because he is a fair and not selfish man.

Besides, we should not forget that a president is also usually a father. He is before anything else his family’s father but he is also his people’s father. In my view, as father and president, he should be a good and generous person, moreover, by his status he should embody the role model of the loving and protective father. The president is a public figure thus he should be charismatic to reflect a good image of him at first sight. Furthermore, he must have the sense of diplomacy to treat with every country in the world.

I would like to end by saying that we should keep in mind that even if a president seems to be an ideal, nobody is perfect and to err is human. A president is above all a human being, he has qualities and faults like everyone in this world. But in presidential elections, do we vote for a human being or for a manifesto ?

# data[].attributes.body
From my point on view, a president should be honest and serious because he represents a contry worlwide. He his a role model. I think he should respect any person, despite his color or origins,he shouldn’t be sexist, he can’t be selfless with the news of his contry and the problems. In my view to be a good president, should be listening and shouldn’t be selfish think about everyone, with each difficulty about people. I strongly believe it is necessary he must be truthful and not hide the truth to the population

# data[].attributes.body
From my point of view a president should have a certain political experience, he should not be more than 65 years old, he still needs a president who can still have contact with young people... I think a president should have a great sense of priorities, he should be thinking first of the people first, but a president should have a sense of reponsibility, too. A president should be very cordial and very kind and should keep is cold blood in all circumstances he shouldn't let himself be reduced by the presidents of other countries in order not to be the rise of the world

# data[].attributes.body
Philippe B TG2

As for me, a President should be intelligent. He must to know how find a solution about the each issues in his country. He shouldn't be selfish. He should be just when he makes a choices.  I have a feeling that  altruism is a  necessary, qualitie to be a good President. I think that it is also important for him to be open mind.  He does a good job when he makes people lives better and defends every citizen. Finally, we should keep in mind that a President needs to be truthful and loyal. I would like to end by saying : I can't see all those qualities in D. Trump but I can see them very well in J. Biden!

# data[].attributes.body
First of all I think that a president should have character but also intelligent with a great capacity for work.  He must dress elegantly and express himself well.
In addition, a president must also have an ability not to lie to himself by remaining honest.
However, a president should not be sexist, selfish or arrogant because he should nurture peace among every citizen.
Finally, in my opinion, a good president must know how to work in a team but decide alone without doing so according to his own interests or personal grudges.

# data[].attributes.body
I believe that a good president should be modest, charismatic, well mannered and good diplomat . He should’t be corrupt, sexist or betraying the persons who have vote for him. i consider that a good president must be fair for is people and protect the values of his country at all cost and must keep improve the quality of life of his people’s contry. it would be perfect if he choose to defend egality and the liberty for all of us

# data[].attributes.body
We hear the word president and immediately we have high expectations of this person.  After me the word president immediately evokes a person who should dress elegantly because appearance plays a very important role in a person's image.  First of all he should have a strong character with a great capacity for work.  He should speak fluently and flawlessly in front of thousands of people.  He should have well developed knowledge in a lot of fields like education and finance.  Working as a team is the key to success, but you will have to decide on your own and you will not have to do it according to your interests and thinking of the traces of these actions.  To err is human and recognize its mistakes and a great quality worthy of a president.  So after me that's a perfect president but perfection does not exist so no president will have all these qualities.

# data[].attributes.body
For me, a good president needs to advocate peace,he must ensure that every community respect each other,he should watch over the poorest and shouldn’t be denigrant . He shouldn’t be too authoritarian,he must be good, communicative, diplomat and involved and he must be able to question himself without hesitation,it must avoid any form of discrimination. I think he should not forget equality and equity, so he must not be racist, sexist, or privileged to anyone . Honesty is fundamental. Then he must not be mentally unstable, without it he would makeirrational decisions that would lead to the end of the country. To finish i believe that his key words must be tolerance,respect, recognition,sociability, culture, determination, openness, andpeace

# data[].attributes.body
First ofall, the president should be serious in front of any situation, since he is responsable of citizen’s Life. He also has to be organized because he is at origins of all decisions which concerns the country and sometimes relations between states.
Moreover, he should be bilingueal in order to cooparate with foreign countries. He shouldn’t be fixed on his own opinions he has to have multidimensional perception in order to satisfates all citizens. He should understand  the political life for the great evolution of his country

# data[].attributes.body
In my opinion, a president should be just to his people. He should have respect for his country, he have to help people in need. People want an optimistic leader that’s why the president should be hopeful. A president should have a strong vision for the country’s future so he can recognize a good opportunity for the well-being of his country , on the contrary he shouldn’t be close-minded . He shouldn’t loose his cool because of different crisis situation. I think that being president is a big task  that’s why he must have a personality to lead well the country .

# data[].attributes.body
To begin with this topic, a president is the main person in a country, he represents his country so he must have a lot of qualities.

First of all, I strongly believe that he should  be nice and kind to everyone without exception. It means that he wouldn't be sexist nor racist.

To continue with this topic, I think that he should be listening to every single person in his country, like every opinion matters.

And last but not least, he shouldn't be selfish at all and say what people need to hear. Without any lies.

To sum up, a good president shouldn't be sexist, racist or selfish but should be listening to everyone and do what is fair for everyone.

# data[].attributes.body
As for me, a president shouldn't be selfish, he should take count of all the citizens when making a decision . A good president should be fair to all people , and not be biased by the colour of the skin or by the home nationality of someone . He should be truthful and helpful to the people who made him sit in the White House. Finally, the president of a big country shouldn't be childish, he should accept his fate when the time comes.

# data[].attributes.body
ysé arnould

We must nor forget that a President should have several qualities, because he’ll be representing an entire country.

As far as I am concerned, I think that a President should be selfless and thruthful. On my opinion, he should be a grow model, especially for youth because they need an exemple, someone to refer to. Futhermore, young people are easily influenced, which is why he should be fair to all of the people, honnest, respectfull and raise awarness about human rights.

To sum up, a president need to be almost irreproachable, and a good leader.

# data[].attributes.body
According to me , becoming president is a big responsability so a president need to he need to answer at many qualities. Firstly I believe that a president should be an good citizen , he is an example for people. In my view a president should be over 25 years because he need to have political experiencies an life experienses to take good decisions. It is realy imprtant that a president should'nt be sexist or racist, all citizens must be treated in the same way. To conclude , for me a president should be humble, fair and selfless.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hugo travaille sur la caricature (bcp de devoir pas le temp de recopier sorry)

# data[].attributes.subject
Hugo travaille sur la caricature (bcp de devoir pas le temp de recopier sorry)

# data[].attributes.headline
(VIDEO 1 ) HOW TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

# data[].attributes.subject
(VIDEO 1 ) HOW TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

# data[].attributes.body
COMPTE RENDU EN FRANCAIS (TYPE BAC)

# data[].attributes.headline
(VIDEO 1 ) HOW TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

# data[].attributes.subject
(VIDEO 1 ) HOW TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

# data[].attributes.body
COMPTE RENDU EN FRANCAIS  (TYPE BAC)

# data[].attributes.body
ANSWER KEY

# data[].attributes.body
Cette vidéo vient du site kids.gouv, elle est donc destinée aux enfants pour leurs expliquer comment fonctionnent les élections présidentielles.
Le ton utilisé est assez optimiste et la voix off est une voix féminine.
La première chose qui est dite est que beaucoup de personnes rêvent de devenir le président des États-unis mais pour cela il faut absolument être un citoyen naturalisé depuis 35 ans et habité aux États-unis depuis 14 ans.
Il existe deux partis politiques, les républicains et les démocrates.
L’élection s’effectue sous trois étapes:
Il y a tout d’abord les primaires et le choix des comités électoraux c est à dire que dans le pays il y a une élection du parti électoral qui représentera cet état et par la suite les comités électoraux débattrons et voteront pour le meilleur candidat du parti. Dans les primaires les membres du parti voteront pour qui les représenteront lors de l’élection.
Il y a par la suite les conventions nationales et l’élection générale qui se déroulent après les primaires et le choix des comités électoraux, ils choisissent alors les deux partis et établissent une convention pour choisir le président. Le président choisit alors sont vice-président et ils répondent à des questions que la population peut poser.
Le jour de l’élection la population de chaque état donne leur vote.
Et pour finir il y a le collège électoral, quand la population donne ses votes, elle vote pour un groupe de personnes appelés électeurs. Le nombre d’électeurs par état est 10, 2 sénateurs et 8 membres de la maison représentative. Il y a au total 538 électeurs. Un électeur représente 1 vote.
Le candidat qui a 270 votes ou plus gagne l’élection présidentielle!
Le nouveau président élu et son vice-président sont inaugurés le 20 janvier et prennent alors leurs fonctions.

# data[].attributes.headline
Romane Tg1 ( meme production que celle de Julie ???????) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Romane Tg1 ( meme production que celle de Julie ???????) 

# data[].attributes.body
Cette vidéo vient du site kids.gouv, elle est donc destinée aux enfants pour leurs expliquer comment fonctionnent les élections présidentielles.
Le ton utilisé est assez optimiste et la voix off est une voix féminine.
La première chose qui est dite est que beaucoup de personnes rêvent de devenir le président des États-unis mais pour cela il faut absolument être un citoyen naturalisé depuis 35 ans et habité aux États-unis depuis 14 ans.
Il existe deux partis politiques, les républicains et les démocrates.
L’élection s’effectue sous trois étapes:
Il y a tout d’abord les primaires et le choix des comités électoraux c est à dire que dans le pays il y a une élection du parti électoral qui représentera cet état et par la suite les comités électoraux débattrons et voteront pour le meilleur candidat du parti. Dans les primaires les membres du parti voteront pour qui les représenteront lors de l’élection.
Il y a par la suite les conventions nationales et l’élection générale qui se déroulent après les primaires et le choix des comités électoraux, ils choisissent alors les deux partis et établissent une convention pour choisir le président. Le président choisit alors sont vice-président et ils répondent à des questions que la population peut poser.
Le jour de l’élection la population de chaque état donne leur vote.
Et pour finir il y a le collège électoral, quand la population donne ses votes, elle vote pour un groupe de personnes appelés électeurs. Le nombre d’électeurs par état est 10, 2 sénateurs et 8 membres de la maison représentative. Il y a au total 538 électeurs. Un électeur représente 1 vote.
Le candidat qui a 270 votes ou plus gagne l’élection présidentielle!
Le nouveau président élu et son vice-président sont inaugurés le 20 janvier et prennent alors leurs fonctions.

.

# data[].attributes.body
Le document proposé est une vidéo explicative pour permettre aux enfants de comprendre le mode de fonctionnement des élections. C’est une femme qui parle tout au long de cette vidéo .

Au État-Unis le processus électoral est morcelé en plusieurs parties dans un premier temps pour pouvoir être candidat il faut avec plus de 35 ans et être naît dans le pays et vivre depuis plus de 14 ans sur le territoire d’après la constitution américaine. On sait que de nombreuses personnes rêvent de devenir président. Par la suite chaque partis politique va devoir choisir le candidat qui va les représenter pour cela il va y avoir les primaires et le « caucuse » les candidats vont donc faire campagne dans le pays pour pouvoir être choisi comme le représentant du parti . C’est lors du « caucuse » que les membres du parti vont donc choisir leur candidat avec plusieurs votes . Par la suite une convention va se tenir pour avec le candidat de chaque parti qui lors de cet événement va devoir choisir son vice-président. Il y a deux partis principaux les démocrates et les républicains. Les candidats vont devoir ensuite mener une campagne à travers les États pour avoir la ferveur des citoyens pour cela ils vont organiser des meetings et communiquer avec la population avec des interviews.

Vient enfin les élections général c’est donc le moment où les gens vont voter pour des grands électeurs chaque état a un nombre d’électeurs défini en fonction de son nombre d’habitants et de son nombre de districts. Au total il y a 538 électeurs. Pour gagner les élections il faut obtenir la majorité absolue et donc avoir 270 électeurs. Le candidat gagnant et son vice-président vont donc être en possession de leur fonction le 20 janvier

# data[].attributes.body
Le document est un documentaire vidéo fait par le gouvernement américain pour les enfants (kids.gov).Il parle des élections américaines et de comment se faire élire
Il y a une femme qui parle calmement et le plus clairement possible pour que les enfants comprennent.
Pour commencer, elle explique qu'il y a 3 prerequis pour être président: Être née aux états unis, avoir 35 ans et avoir vécu au moins 14ans aux usa.
Ensuite, elle dit comment s'organise un parti.
Premièrement, les gens avec les mêmes idées se regroupent dans un parti (Les 2 majeurs sont les républicains et les démocrates).Après, il y a une petite élection pour élire le représentant du parti et donc le candidat pour l'élection présidentielle. Ainsi il y a une campagne au sein de partis. Une fois que celui ci est choisi, il sera présenté lors d'un meeting et devras choisir son vice president. Ils commenceront alors la campagne présidentielle lors de meetings etc.
Et enfin, elle présente comment s'organise l'élection.
pour débuter, elle dit que les gens, lorsqu'ils votent, votent pour des grands électeurs et non pas pour un candidat. Chaque état possède un nombre différent de grands électeurs en fonction de sa population (Grands électeurs sont composés du nombre de sénateurs plus les représentants de la chambre des députés). Au total il y a 538 grands électeurs répartis dans tout les états des USA. Tout ceci est appelé le collège électoral. Ensuite, les grands électeurs votent pour le candidat et, lorsque qu'un candidats atteint 270 grands électeurs il remporte l'élection et prendra ses fonctions lors de l'inauguration le 20 janvier.

# data[].attributes.body
Tout d'abord le document présenté est une vidéo provenant du site USA.gov, comme nous pouvons le voir à la fin de l'enregistrement.
La vidéo explique aux enfants comme aux adultes le déroulement des élections présidentielles au Etats-Unis.

La première phrase qui apparait sur la vidéo est " How to Become President of the United States", on nous explique ensuite les trois conditions fondamentale afin de devenir président qui sont les suivantes:
-Etre né aux Etats-Unis.
-Avoir au minimum 35ans.
-Avoir vécus au minimum 14ans aux Etats-Unis

Ensuite les primaires et caucus  commencent, les personnes qui ont les mêmes attentes et idées politique font partis du même partis. Il y a 2 partis principaux  aux Etats-Unis qui sont les Républicains (représenté par un éléphant) et les Démocrates (représenté par un âne).

De nombreuses campagnes sont organisés par des participants à travers le pays ayant pour but de devenir président. Les caucus sont ensuite mis en place afin que les membres du même partis choisissent des délégués qui désigneront le candidat à la course aux présidentielles. Le Vice-Président est élus par la suite.

Suivis  après du jour des élections présidentielles , les citoyens Américain vont voté pour un groupe de personnes nommé électeurs . Le nombre d'électeurs dans chaque Etats  est égal au nombre de sénateurs plus le nombres de représentant du congrès.  Il y exactement 538 électeurs repartis dans tout les Etats et chaque électeur représente un vote présidentielle. Il faut un total de 270 votes afin que le president soit élus. C'est donc un système de vote indirect qui a était mis en place au Etats Unis  pour élire le future Président.

En résumé il y a au totale 3 étapes pour les élections présidentielles au Etats-Unis. Ces étapes nous on était  décrites par une voix féminine de façon pédagogique et simple  grâce a son ton de voix qui est plutôt lent est articulé ainsi que de nombreux dessins et schémas. Ce document dans un but informatif est donc adaptés pour un publique large, que ce soit des enfants ou des adultes. Il permet la compréhension des élections présidentielles aux Etats-Unis.

# data[].attributes.body
Pour commencer cette vidéo est une vidéo faite par le gouvernement américain pour les enfants d’où le nom du site (Kids.gov) l’interlocuteur est une femme qui parle d’une manière simple afin d’expliquer correctement au enfant comment se déroule les élections présidentielles au état unis. Dans cette vidéo elle explique tout d’abord que pour devenir président il faut être née au état unis, avoir plus de 35 ans et habiter au état unis depuis au minimum 14 ans. L’es élection commence par des primaire ,caucus l’es hommes politique ayant les meme idée, projet se retrouve dans le même parti politique les plus populaire sont :
-les démocrates
-l’es républicain
Après cette répartition des hommes politique dans les
diffèrent partie politique il y a les caucus tout les hommes vote pour l’homme du leur partie qui va se présenter au élection le vice président est aussi élue.
Le jour des élections l’es citoyens vote pour des  grand électeur de leur état leur nombre et différent selon le nombre d’habitant dans l’état c’est grand électeur sont l’es sénateur et les représentant du congré dans tout le pays il y a au total 538 électeur chacun de ses électeur représente 1 votes pour les élections présidentielles il faut donc au total 270 vote
pour devenir président. Une fois le président élue il prendra ses fonction lors de l’inauguration le 20 janvier à la Maison Blanche.

# data[].attributes.body
Le document étudié est une vidéo de kids.gov dont le sujet principal est le déroulement d'une élection présidentielle américaine

Dans un premier temps une personne voulant être candidate à ces élections doit posséder 3 exigences écrite dans la constitutions américaine (section 1, article 2) :
Il doit être né en Amérique
Avoir 35 ans minimum
Être résident américain depuis 14 ans au moins
Chaque citoyen américain possède des idées différentes et un parti politique différent
En Amérique 2 parties s'affrontent : Les Républicains et les Démocrates

Puis, durant les élections "primaire"
10 électeurs sont voté dont 2 sénateurs et 8 membres de la maison représentative
Il y a en tout 538 électeurs en Amérique, 1 électeur représente 1 voix durant les élections présidentielles,
Les candidats à l’élection nomment leurs vice président qui les accompagneront durant leur mandat  le premier candidat a avoir 270 votes gagne cette élection et sera inauguré, mis en fonction le 20 janvier prochain

Pour finir, cette vidéo a pour but  de montrer l’intérêt et le fonctionnement politique en Amérique aux enfants afin de les inciter à faire partie de la vie politique et devenir de bon citoyen en votant ou en devenant candidat dans leurs futurs

# data[].attributes.body
Tout d'abord le document proposé est une vidéo informative expliquant aux enfants le déroulement des élections présidentielles au Etats-Unis.C’est une femme qui parle d’une manière simple afin que les enfants comprennent le mieux possible.

Pour commencer,elle explique que pour être président,il y a 3 conditions qui sont les suivantes:Être né aux Etats-Unis,avoir 35 ans et avoir vécu au moins 14 ans sur le territoire d’après la constitution américaine.

Par la suite, il va y avoir les primaires et les causus.Les candidats vont donc faire campagne dans le pays pour pouvoir être choisi comme le représentant du parti . Il y a 2 partis principaux  aux Etats-Unis qui sont les Républicains (représenté par un éléphant) et les Démocrates (représenté par un âne).

C’est lors du causus que les membres du parti désigneront le candidat choisi pour chaque parti présidentiel.Une fois celui-ci choisi il devrai choisir son Vice-président.

Ainsi,les candidats vont devoir mener une campagne à travers les états ,afin d’influencer le choix des citoyens.

Pour cela ils vont organiser des mettings,et des interviews pour mieux communiquer avec la population.

Enfin,lors du jour des élections présidentielles américaines,les citoyens vont voter pour un groupe de personne nommé électeurs. Chaque état a un nombre d’électeurs défini en fonction de son nombre d’habitants et de son nombre de districts.Il faut un total de 270 vote pour que le président soit élu,soit plus de la majorité car au total il y a 538 électeurs.

# data[].attributes.body
L’enregistrement étudié est une vidéo provenant du site kids.gouv. Celle-ci présente aux enfants le processus de l’élection présidentielle américaine du début jusqu’à la fin. Une voix off féminine à l’accent américain explique d’un ton calme et clair que beaucoup de personnes rêvent de devenir président des États-Unis, mais que pour y parvenir il faut remplir les trois critères de base établis par la constitution américaine.

En effet il faut être né au U.S, avoir au moins 35 ans et être un résident des États-Unis depuis plus de 14 ans.

Elle continue en disant que les personnes qui partagent des idées similaires appartiennent à un même parti politique. Les deux majeurs partis au U.S sont les Républicains et les Démocrates. Ils font des campagnes électorales partout dans leur pays pour essayer de gagner la nomination de leur parti. Pour certaines occasions, les membres d’un parti se rencontre, discute et vote pour ce qu’ils pensent être le meilleur candidat du parti.

Pendant les primaires, les membres du parti vont voter le représentant de cet état et ensuite les plus importants partis, les Démocrates et les Républicains, vont tenir une convention pour sélectionner le président potentiel.

Suite à cela le président du parti annonce le choix de son vice-président et part faire des campagnes présidentielles pour gagner le support de la population.

Le jour de l’élection la population de chaque état vote pour un groupe de personnes appelés électeurs. Leurs nombres peut varier entre chaque états.

Au total il y a 538 électeurs du collège électoral et chacun d’entre eux représentes un vote électoral.

Le candidat qui arrive à 270 votes ou plus gagne. Le nouveau président élu et son vice-président seront alors inaugurés le 20 Janvier.

# data[].attributes.body
RESULTS

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Quizinière : création et partage d'exercices pédagogiques en ligne

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Pour vos évaluations, créez des exercices en ligne simplement et gratuitement à l'aide de textes à trous, QCM, dessins, vidéos, sons, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
PART 1

# data[].attributes.body
PART 2

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
US Election GLOSSARY (PART 2) Flashcards | Quizlet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English/French Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.

# data[].attributes.body
CORRECTION

# data[].attributes.body
SCRIPT

# data[].attributes.headline
(VIDEO N°2 : STEP 2) ORAL TASK  (GROUP 2)

# data[].attributes.subject
(VIDEO N°2 : STEP 2) ORAL TASK  (GROUP 2)

# data[].attributes.body
As a U.S political expert, you have been invited to a  give a TED TALK about the  Electoral College  and its controversial role in the US election process .   Get ready for your  talk Use what you have learned in  STEP 2 for your presentation .
( Concession/ Opposition  ) No notes allowed! (5 -10  minutes)  ATTENTION : Link to the Video to be posted  on PADLET  (January 5 = deadline!!!!=)

# data[].attributes.headline
HOW TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

# data[].attributes.subject
HOW TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to Become President of the United States

# data[].attributes.body
OPPOSITION / CONCESSION

# data[].attributes.headline
(VIDEO N°2 : STEP 2) ORAL TASK  (GROUP 1)

# data[].attributes.subject
(VIDEO N°2 : STEP 2) ORAL TASK  (GROUP 1)

# data[].attributes.body
As a U.S political expert, you have been invited to a  give a TED TALK about the  Electoral College  and its controversial role in the US election process .   Get ready for your  talk Use what you have learned in  STEP 2 for your presentation .
( Concession/ Opposition  )  No notes allowed! (5 -10  minutes)  ATTENTION : Link to the Video to be posted  on PADLET  (January 5 = deadline!!!!=)

# data[].attributes.body
TWEETS

# data[].attributes.body
Oyez, oyez, bonnes gens !

Après dur labeur, voicy finablement mon œuvre preste.
Ne point prester attention à mien malaise, il sembla que les murs eussent des oreilles et cela me causa bien du tort, et moult  sursaults de désarroi.
Trêve de caquetages, voyez donc le fruit de mien labeur : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PQv3Bnw_mLgaLa20vjkYO3xvH0whO42K/view?usp=sharing
D'une pierre deux coups, je vous souhaite une bonne nouvelle année et tous mes meilleurs vœux en cet an de grâce 1421, et vous espère espargné par cette misérable
peste !

Bien à vous, Monsieur Claude, preux chevalier Françoys.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Talking about Pros & Cons in English [Advanced English Conversation Skills]

# data[].attributes.headline
THE PROS AND CONS OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE

# data[].attributes.subject
THE PROS AND CONS OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE

# data[].attributes.body
WHY WE SHOULD KEEP THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Best Argument for KEEPING The Electoral College

# data[].attributes.body
WHY WE SHOULD ABOLISH  THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Best Argument for ABOLISHING the Electoral College

# data[].attributes.body
https://youtu.be/0K8tPShpVF4
Voici le lien de la vidéo
ysé arnould

# data[].attributes.body
SHOULD /  'D BETTER / OUGHT TO / NEED / NEEDN'T

# data[].attributes.body
CORRECTION

# data[].attributes.body
CORRECTION ( 2 VIDEOS)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Home > iCivics Election Headquarters iCivics Election Headquarters The best way to strengthen our democracy is to teach it. Presidential elections provide one of the most visible teachable moments for civic education. By discussing the election, the processes surrounding it, and the role of the people, we have the opportunity to build young people’s confidence […]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Do Celebrity Endorsements Matter in Elections?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ask students: What historic examples does the piece include regarding celebrity endorsements? When did Taylor Swift endorse Vice President Kamala Harris for president?

# data[].attributes.body
VOIR LES WORKSHEETS TELECHARGES SUR GOOGLE DRIVE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
We’re currently checking your connection. This shouldn’t take long.If you keep getting this page, check if there’s a problem with Canva.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Will celebrity endorsements affect 2024 election results?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From New York City to Hollywood, celebrities are often asked to use their influence for political campaigns. But can they affect election outcomes?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
World famous as entertainers, celebrities are not usually relied on for their political expertise.

Yet candidates across the political spectrum in 2024 have been keen on highlighting star power at their campaign events.

Musical performances by Megan Thee Stallion, Quavo, and Bon Iver brought crowds to their feet during recent Kamala Harris rallies.

Last month, musician Kid Rock and model Amber Rose were among the celebrities featured at the Republican National Convention.

It turns out, a new study finds, that celebrities do more than merely generate online buzz - they can actually influence elections.

According to the research by Harvard University's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, there is "rigorous evidence that [celebrity] voices are incredibly powerful" in promoting civic engagement and altering polling numbers.

Megan Thee Stallion performs at a campaign event for Democratic presidential candidate and Vice President Kamala Harris at a campaign rally at the Georgia State Convocation Center, July 30, 2024, in Atlanta.

Megan Varner/Getty Images

"Right now, young voters have relatively low levels of trust in a lot of leaders and institutions, including traditional news media -- but celebrities are often a rare exception," Ashley Spillane, the study's author and a civic engagement and political expert, told ABC News.

Published on Friday, the study discusses how America falls behind other highly developed democratic nations in terms of the number of eligible voters who actually cast votes.

Spillane noted that "despite record-breaking voter participation levels in recent elections, the United States still ranks 31st out of 50 developed nations in terms of eligible voter participation."

She says lack of motivation and mobilization is one of the main reasons behind that ranking, and celebrities could be key in addressing the lack of participation.

Spillane said the culture surrounding civic engagement needs to change.

"Voting should be the trendy, cool thing to do," she said. "And the study shows there is evidence that when people feel this way about voting, they participate."

In terms of shifting this culture, celebrities are "uniquely positioned to empower everyday Americans," the study said. Online voter registration and poll worker volunteer rates were found to increase when a celebrity promoted them.

"What the study finds is that sharing information that allows people to take action (a registration link, a way to find your polling place, when Election Day is!) can have the most impact," Spillane added.

Taylor Swift performs at Wembley Stadium as part of her Eras Tour, June 21, 2024, in London.

Scott A Garfitt/Invision/AP, FILE

Back in 2018, Taylor Swift encouraged her fans to register to vote by posting a simple Instagram story, resulting in 250,000 new Vote.org registrants in 72 hours.

In a similar fashion, Kylie Jenner utilized Instagram to urge her followers to vote in 2020, and "the site to which she linked reported a 1,500% increase in traffic compared to the day before -- and an 80% increase in total users registering to vote," the study said.

Actress Kerry Washington communicated outside her fanbase and recruited other celebrities to promote civic engagement. The study referenced $32 million in organic earned media coverage, as well as one billion online engagements as a result of her efforts.

Ariana Grande, David Dobrik, Hailey Bieber, Billie Eilish, Trevor Noah were among other celebrities studied. Offline engagements such as television, movies, and merchandise were included in the research set as well.

The study also emphasized how "authenticity moves the needle on civic engagement," making it crucial for celebrity efforts to align with their public interests and overall platform in order to be effective.

Although some celebrities remain wary of "potential backlash and 'canceling,'" the study found that those who encourage voter participation believe it is "good for democracy" and "good for their brands."

Kerry Washington speaks with Rev. Al Sharpton in the panel "The Power of our Vote" onstage during the National Action Network 2023 Convention at the Sheraton Times Square Hotel, April 12, 2023, in New York.

Selcuk Acar/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images, FILE

As seen throughout the current election cycle, celebrities have even inspired civic engagement without their explicit knowledge or intention.

For example, Swifties for Kamala represents a group of Taylor Swift fans promoting Harris' campaign. Their X account currently has over 57,000 followers.

Swift has yet to comment on the group created in her namesake, or on the election itself.

Though the Harvard study did not explicitly focus on such sub-groups, Spillane told ABC News that "fan communities getting involved in civic engagement enables them to be a part of something collaborative, which helps build trust in the democratic process and motivation to participate."

Just this past month, British hyperpop artist Charli XCX posted, "Kamala IS brat," on X, amassing over 54.5 million views and catalyzing millions of memes and video edits. This one celebrity post inadvertently contributed to the Harris campaign's digital success and Gen-Z outreach.

"Charli XCX's post is a great example of a celebrity's ability to garner media coverage, attract large crowds, reach their fans, and influence conversation," Spillane observed.

Gen-Z and millennial groups are of particular importance given that they will comprise the majority of voters by 2028, the study confirmed. In addition to the significant screen time that both groups average each day on social media, such platforms were also found to be their primary source of news.

Given such findings, a close eye is likely to follow celebrity voices throughout the remainder of this historic and tumultuous election cycle.

"The evidence is clear that, using their powerful platforms, these influential figures can encourage and empower more everyday Americans to use their voices and exercise their civic rights," Spillane said.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Celebrities do have an impact on elections, Harvard study finds

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The research shows they promote civic engagement and affect poll numbers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Will Taylor Swift’s Endorsement Actually Affect the Election?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
What the research says about celebrity endorsements — and what might make this one different.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Sept 13 (Reuters) - Global pop star Taylor Swift's support for Kamala Harris may have boosted the Democratic vice president's hopes of attracting young voters, but the question remains: Will the celebrity endorsement make a difference on Election Day?

Locked in a tight White House race, both Harris and her rival, Republican former President Donald Trump are doing all they can to lure voters on Election Day Nov. 5 and in early voting starting next week.

For his part, Trump dismissed Swift's Tuesday night endorsement of Harris, saying he was "not a Taylor fan."

With voter registrations down among young people in a country where 18 is the voting age, the first challenge for either campaign may be getting them to register to vote at all.

Young voters played a decisive role in Democratic President Joe Biden's victory over the then-incumbent Trump in 2020. Biden captured about 61% of the vote to Trump's 36% of voters between the ages of 18 and 29, according to data from Tufts University.

A July 2024 analysis by Tufts University's youth civic engagement group, CIRCLE, found that voter registrations have dropped significantly since then in 36 states among those aged 18-29. Harris launched her campaign on July 21 after Biden withdrew.

"Registering youths remains a major task in the months ahead," the analysis said.

Most US states show a drop in voter registration.

Enter Swift, an artist so successful she tied hip-hop star Beyonce's record of 30 lifetime awards at the MTV Video Music Awards on Wednesday night. A 2023 Morning Consult poll found that 55% of self-described Swift fans were Democrats and 45% were millennials aged 28 to 43.

"I'm voting for @kamalaharris because she fights for the rights and causes I believe need a warrior to champion them," Swift wrote on Tuesday to her 284 million Instagram followers, urging them to register to vote and make their own choice.

Her post drew 10.4 million "likes." The vote.gov website received 405,999 visitors in the 24 hours after Swift shared a custom URL with followers, a U.S. government spokesperson said.

Harris aides say they would love for Swift to actively campaign, such as by appearing at a rally in her native Pennsylvania, a battleground state that could well decide the election.

But the campaign itself was not involved in Swift's decision to back Harris.

The vice president's aides said they learned of Swift's support only when the entertainer, 34, posted it on Instagram minutes after the vice president stepped off the debate stage in Philadelphia on Tuesday night.

A QUESTION OF INFLUENCE What difference does a celebrity endorsement make?

A 2008 Northwestern University report found Oprah Winfrey's endorsement added a million votes to Barack Obama's tally.

But a 2010 North Carolina State University report found celebrity endorsements by George Clooney and Angelina Jolie did little to move the political needle.

Margaretha Bentley, a professor at Arizona State University whose class studies Swift's social importance, is unsure whether the pop singer will have an impact. She asked her students earlier this year whether a Swift endorsement would matter.

Some said they would follow Swift's lead and others said it would prompt them to do more research. "Some students told me they listen to celebrities when it comes to, like, what coffee they would drink, not politics," Bentley said.

A Swift fan at the VMA awards on Wednesday, Morgan Paris, said: "It's good that she said what she feels. And I mean, I feel like her politics and her music are two separate things, so you can't really combine them."

Ashley Spillane wrote in a study published last month by Harvard's Kennedy School that non-profits found "higher rates of online voter registration or poll worker sign-ups when a celebrity promotes these calls to action."

"While some polling shows that people claim they aren't influenced by celebrity voices when it comes to politics, more rigorous evidence indicates that these voices are incredibly powerful," Spillane said.

SWIFT ACTION ON BEHALF OF HARRIS

The Harris campaign and their supporters are building on the endorsement, announcing pre-orders for its latest campaign wear: Swift fan-inspired friendship bracelets.

The progressive group MoveOn.org is selling Swift T-shirts that play on Swift's ongoing Eras concert tour. The shirt, reading "In My Voting Era," is the fastest selling item the group has sold this year, spokesperson Britt Jacovich said.

Voters of Tomorrow, which seeks to boost the youth vote, is teaming up with the informal group "Swifties for Harris" on a phone bank on Saturday to target college students in Georgia and Wisconsin, both battleground states like Pennsylvania.

Swift "is one of the most influential people of our generation, and we're definitely excited to see how we can take her message and turn that into more political action and get more people involved," said Jessica Siles, a spokesperson for Voters of Tomorrow.

Sign up here.

Reporting by Jarrett Renshaw; Additional reporting by Stephanie Kelly, Hussein Awaaile and Alicia Powell; Writing by Heather Timmons; Editing by Howard Goller

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles., opens new tab

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Will Taylor Swift's Harris endorsement influence the U.S. election?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global pop star Taylor Swift's support for Kamala Harris may have boosted the Democratic vice president's hopes of attracting young voters, but the question remains: Will the celebrity endorsement make a difference on Election Day?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Could Taylor Swift’s endorsement of Kamala Harris make a difference? 19% of young people admit a celebrity’s OK might influence them

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
While celebrities are unlikely to decisively shift whom many people choose to vote for, their endorsement of a political candidate can still help shape an election.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Do Celebrity Presidential Endorsements Matter?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It’s hard to empirically determine whether they drive voters to the polls. But they might have less measurable effects.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Megan Thee Stallion is among the latest celebrities to urge voters to line up behind Kamala Harris

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Taylor Swift effect is small but may just swing it for Kamala Harris | Kamala Harris | The Guardian

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Singer’s backing could sway undecided voters in key states, but Tay Tay should beware – political endorsement can backfire

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
US election: The celebrities backing Donald Trump or Kamala Harris

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Beyonce, Taylor Swift, Jennifer Lopez, Bruce Springsteen and even The Avengers have come out in support of Kamala Harris, while Donald Trump has the likes of Elon Musk, Kid Rock and Hulk Hogan supporting him.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The 2024 presidential election will come to an end in a matter of days.

Vice President Kamala Harris and former President Donald Trump remain locked in a dead heat in national and battleground state polls, with all eyes on who will clinch the Electoral College.

Here is what to know about the process before Nov. 5.

What is the Electoral College?

As laid out in Article II of the Constitution, the president of the United States is elected by the Electoral College -- not the popular vote.

Under the system, each state is allocated a number of electoral votes determined by the size of its congressional delegation. The states with the largest number of electoral votes include California (54) and Texas (40).

Experts said the founders debated who should be trusted to choose the nation's leader, with some urging Congress or state legislatures to decide and others advocating for a more democratic vote.

"When they designed our system, they came up with the Electoral College not because they thought it was perfect but as a way to get the Constitution passed, and it satisfied the concerns of both the very populous states and lower populous states," Rachael Cobb, a political science professor at Suffolk University, told ABC News.

Though it's not a direct election of the president, they noted.

"It's really 51 separate elections," Barry Burden, the director of the Elections Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, told ABC News. "Every state and the District of Columbia has its own rules for running the election. Then each state awards its electors separately, and it's up to candidates to win a majority of those electors to be elected president."

How do electors work?

To win the presidential election, a candidate needs to capture 270 of the 538 total electoral votes.

Many states have a winner-takes-all approach, meaning that whichever candidate wins the most votes statewide receives all its electoral votes. Two states, however, split their electoral votes: Nebraska allocates three of its five electoral votes by district and Maine allocates two of its four votes by district.

Electors are usually selected by the state's political parties.

While the Constitution doesn't bind electors to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state, many legislatures have laws in place to prevent an elector from rogue -- or what's called a "faithless elector."

In 2020, some Republican allies of Trump tried to submit fake slates of electors to Congress to undermine President Joe Biden's victory. Several people were prosecuted for their role in the scheme.

Why is it so crucial to this election?

Polls ahead of Election Day show a razor-thin race between Harris and Trump.

It will likely all come down to just a handful of swing states: Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

Some of those states were decided by just 10,000 to 20,000 votes in 2020, and the margins are expected to be just as close in 2024.

Pennsylvania is considered crucial to the outcome of the race, as it boasts the most electoral votes (19) of any of the battlegrounds. The state cemented President Joe Biden's victory in 2020, flipping blue after going red for Trump in 2016.

If Harris wins Pennsylvania along with Michigan, Wisconsin and a single electoral vote in Nebraska (all of which Biden won in 2020) she would reach 270 electoral votes even if she were to lose the remaining four swing states.

If Trump wins Pennsylvania, and holds all the states he won in 2020, he would need to also flip Georgia to win.

What if there is an Electoral College tie?

A 269-269 tie is not outside the realm of possibility, though it's unlikely.

It's happened only once under the current rules of the Electoral College: the 1824 presidential election.

In that case, as the Constitution requires, Congress carried out a "contingent election" to decide the winner. A contingent election requires the House of Representatives to select the winner, with each state having one vote. A candidate would need support from 26 of the 50 states to be elected.

538 has analyzed the different scenarios in which a tie could result between Vice President Harris and former President Trump.

Cobb called the possibility of a tie a "real concern" this year and explained what would likely happen next.

"The House of Representatives is controlled by Republicans and so the likely outcome in this election, should it be a tie and should it go to the House of Representatives, is that the Republican nominee would win," Cobb said.

What about the popular vote?

"It's a symbolic victory to win the popular vote, but it's not required," Burden said. "And twice in the last five elections, we've seen the popular vote go one direction and the Electoral College go the other. That could well happen this time as well."

Candidates who lost the popular vote but won the Electoral College are John Quincy Adams in 1824, Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, Benjamin Harrison in 1888, George W. Bush in 2000 and Trump in 2016.

After the 2016 election, when Hillary Clinton eclipsed Trump in the popular vote by nearly 3 million but lost the Electoral College, debate sparked about whether the system should change.

Pros and cons of the Electoral College, according to experts

Those in favor of the Electoral College generally note its written into the nation's founding document and has largely worked since then.

"Many aspects of the Constitution have not been changed since 1789 and are still in place. The Electoral College is still mostly operating the way it was originally intended. So why mess with success?" Burden said.

Burden and Cobb noted it also forces campaigns to focus on traveling from state to state to meet voters. Without the need to win electors, presidential contenders would instead likely run a more nationalized campaign and focus on highly-populated cities while ignoring smaller, rural communities.

The main reasoning against the Electoral College is that it means not every vote is equal, as a handful of key swing states usually determine the winner of an election.

"Another argument is that, essentially, it has disproportionate influence," Cobb said. "That smaller states have a disproportionately higher number of electoral votes relative to their population, meaning that individual votes in these states carry more weight than in those larger states."

"The one person, one vote idea has really taken hold in the United States over time, and the Electoral College does not meet that," said Burden. "Votes are unequal. Some voters matter a lot more, and others matter less. And that's inconsistent with really every other kind of election in the United States."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What you need to know about the Electoral College as 2024 race nears end

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Here's everything you need to know about the Electoral College as the 2024 presidential race nears its end

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Do celebrity endorsements matter? A look at the role of pop stars in modern politics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The 2024 presidential election is, as best as anyone can tell from the inexact art of polling, essentially a toss-up. No one knows who is going to win on Tuesday (and we probably won't know for a while afterwards, for that matter). In lieu of any definitive edge in numbers, both prognosticators and casual observers are resorting to vibes - that amorphous, indefinable and personal sense of who has the momentum, where the energy is shifting, what feels true. And for the candidates, one guaranteed way to assert a vibe - albeit maybe not the one they intended - is to recruit arguably the defining element of modern American politics: celebrity.

In the past two weeks alone, both Trump and Harris have assembled their respective famous avengers (including in Harris's case, the actual Avengers), to stump for their campaign. Harris, unsurprisingly, boasts far more and higher-profile endorsements, including but not limited to: Taylor Swift, LeBron James, George Clooney, Jennifer Aniston, Julia Roberts, Marc Anthony, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Tyler Perry, Usher, Lizzo, Eminem and the Puerto Rican superstar Bad Bunny, who released a video this week rebuking the racist comments made by the comedian Tony Hinchcliffe during Trump's rally at Madison Square Garden. During the final weeks of the campaign, Harris was joined on the trail by Beyoncé, Bruce Springsteen, Stevie Wonder, Maggie Rogers, Willie Nelson, Jennifer Lopez and Oprah, among others.

Beyoncé and Kelly Rowland campaign for Kamala Harris in Texas - video

What to make of the roster? On the one hand, it suggests a level of popular enthusiasm for Harris in strong contrast to Trump, who has trotted out his usual stable of ex-wrestlers and a handful of actors. Celebrities joining the Trump campaign in the past month include Kid Rock, Elon Musk, Hulk Hogan, Dennis Quaid, Zachary Levi, the rapper Kodak Black, Dr Phil, the former NFL quarterback Brett Favre and country singer Jason Aldean. Celebrity endorsements are one way to measure the vibes in an election whose polls are too close - and, for a large swath of the electorate either scarred or delighted by 2016, too untrustworthy - to reasonably make out the frontrunner, and on the level of star power, Harris certainly has the edge.

But a bulwark of celebrity support also presents what Shamira Ibrahim, writing for the Guardian just after Swift's much-coveted endorsement in September, called a "double-edged sword" of Hollywood glitz. Endorsements may gin up enthusiasm among a star's fanbase, but they also play into Republicans' arguments that Democrats are the party of the coastal elites. (It should be noted, however, that Trump, a celebrity by trade, has not shied away from any semi-famous endorsement, even posting an AI deepfake Swift endorsement that she later condemned.)

It also gives the impression of desperation - either on behalf of the campaign or the celebrities - for relevancy in an election that has been relatively light on substantive issues (again, an unfair double standard for the Trump campaign, but a complaint lodged by many in Harris's own party). As Harris has stumped for her expanded child tax credit, building back the middle class, restoring reproductive freedoms and "not going back", many headlines have focused on her guests - the beatific presence of Beyoncé chief among them, giving uncanny flashbacks to the final self-satisfied days of Clinton's campaign in 2016.

Bruce Springsteen performs at a Harris-Walz campaign rally in Philadelphia Photograph: Nathan Morris/NurPhoto/Rex/Shutterstock

All this celebrity speechifying, while there is still little evidence to support the notion that celebrity endorsements make much of a difference. The gold standard example of celebrity influence remains Oprah supporting Barack Obama in 2008 - her first presidential endorsement, credited with bringing in about 1m votes for the then-Illinois senator. But that was during the Democratic primary, when engaged Democratic voters were largely deciding between Obama and Clinton, not the general election between Obama and John McCain. For general elections, celebrity effect remains difficult to quantify, and more or less minor. According to a recent YouGov survey, only 11% of Americans report that a celebrity has caused them to reconsider their stance on a political issue, and only 7% say an endorsement has led them to vote for a certain candidate. Democrats are far more likely to say that celebrities weighing in on politics helps democracy, though still less than half of them do - 41% compared with 12% for independents and 7% for Republicans.

Where celebrities can make a difference is in attracting fundraising, attention and participation, if not necessarily shifting a vote. After Swift posted her endorsement of Harris in September, 406,000 people clicked her link to Vote.gov, which directs people to state voting websites (though it's unknown how many followed through and actually registered). A 2024 study by the Harvard Kennedy School found that celebrities can increase voter registration or poll worker signups with their platforms, particularly for younger voters disillusioned with older voices or institutions. One cited example was when Kylie Jenner posted a non-partisan voter registration link in 2020; the site later reported a 1,500% increase in traffic compared with the day before and an 80% increase in total users registering to vote. As David Paleologos, director of the Suffolk University Political Research Center, put it to CBS 58: "Overall, celebrities would like to think they could influence voter behavior, but they are more valuable as fundraising tools and door-opening opportunities to their followers."

Usher speaks in support Kamala Harris during a campaign rally in Atlanta. Photograph: Erik S Lesser/EPA

Registering to vote is, while not nothing, also not the same as actually going to vote, let alone voting for a celebrity's preferred candidate. But when the election may come down to a handful of counties in a few states, in an election projected to feature record voter turnout from gen Z, the vibe is urgent. There's a sense of desperation, trying to get every single voter over the finish line - maybe a Maggie Rogers fan in Michigan, or a Beyoncé fan in Houston, or a secretly Harris-leaning woman moved by Julia Roberts's ad, although it's admittedly hard to fathom how a voter either undecided or tuned out would 1) pay attention to just the rally with said celebrity or 2) seriously reconsider not voting for Trump because of it. (In reverse, it's hard to imagine the Hogan or Quaid diehards on the fence, but maybe they exist!)

In the end, given the lack of evidence - yet - on a celebrity actually getting people to vote their way, the meaning of all these endorsements goes back to vibes. Maybe Harris's overwhelming advantage in celebrity firepower feels like an actual advantage, maybe it feels ominously out of touch. Whether you view the endorsements as a good thing or an omen is, in these final days of the campaign, really just how you feel.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
From JLo to Beyoncé: the double-edged sword of celebrity endorsements

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Kamala Harris has pulled out a string of A-listers as her campaign peaks, but will it make a difference for voters?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
'Do not despair': Kamala Harris delivers concession speech - watch in full

Kamala Harris made her concession speech before a crowd of supporters in Washington DC. Earlier in the day, she conceded to Donald Trump in a phone call Here's Harris's speech in full:
Good afternoon. Good afternoon. Good afternoon, everyone, good afternoon. Good afternoon. Good afternoon.

Thank you all. Thank you, thank you. Thank you, thank you. So let me say, and I love you back, and I love you back. So let me say, my heart is full today. My heart is full today, full of gratitude for the trust you have placed in me, full of love for our country and full of resolve.

The outcome of this election is not what we wanted, not what we fought for, not what we voted for, but hear me when I say, hear me when I say, the light of America's promise will always burn bright, as long as we never give up and as long as we keep fighting.

To my beloved Doug and our family, I love you so very much. To President Biden and Dr Biden, thank you for your faith and support. To Governor Walz and the Walz family, I know your service to our nation will continue.
Harris voters mourn loss after sobering concession speech: 'There's nothing left'
And to my extraordinary team, to the volunteers who gave so much of themselves, to the poll workers and the local election officials. I thank you. I thank you all.

I am so proud of the race we ran and the way we ran it. Over the 107 days of this campaign, we have been intentional about building community and building coalitions, bringing people together from every walk of life and background, united by love of country, with enthusiasm and joy in our fight for America's future and we did it with the knowledge that we all have so much more in common than what separates us.

Now, I know folks are feeling and experiencing a range of emotions right now. I get it, but we must accept the results of this election. Earlier today, I spoke with President-elect Trump and congratulated him on his victory. I also told him that we will help him and his team with their transition and that we will engage in a peaceful transfer of power.

A fundamental principle of American democracy is that when we lose an election, we accept the results.

That principle, as much as any other, distinguishes democracy from monarchy or tyranny, and anyone who seeks the public trust must honor it. At the same time, in our nation, we owe loyalty not to a president or a party, but to the constitution of the United States and loyalty to our conscience and to our God.

My allegiance to all three is why I am here to say, while I concede this election, I do not concede the fight that fueled this campaign. The fight - the fight for freedom, for opportunity, for fairness and the dignity of all people. A fight for the ideals at the heart of our nation, the ideals that reflect America at our best. That is a fight I will never give up.

I will never give up the fight for a future where Americans can pursue their dreams, ambitions and aspirations, where the women of America have the freedom to make decisions about their own body and not have their government telling them what do.

We will never give up the fight to protect our schools and our streets from gun violence, and, America, we will never give up the fight for our democracy, for the rule of law, for equal justice and for the sacred idea that every one of us, no matter who we are or where we start out, has certain fundamental rights and freedoms that must be respected and upheld.

We will continue to wage this fight in the voting booth, in the courts and in the public square, and we will also wage it in quieter ways, in how we live our lives, by treating one another with kindness and respect, by looking in the face of a stranger and seeing a neighbor, by always using our strength to lift people up to fight for the dignity that all people deserve.

The fight for our freedom will take hard work, but like I always say, we like hard work. Hard work is good work. Hard work can be joyful work. And the fight for our country is always worth it. It is always worth it.

To the young people who are watching, it is OK to feel sad and disappointed, but please know it's going to be OK. On the campaign, I would often say, when we fight, we win.

But here's the thing - sometimes the fight takes a while. That doesn't mean we won't win, that doesn't mean we won't win. The important thing is, don't ever give up. Don't ever give up. Don't ever stop trying to make the world a better place. You have power. You have power. And don't you ever listen when anyone tells you something is impossible because it has never been done before.

You have the capacity to do extraordinary good in the world.

And so to everyone who is watching, do not despair. This is not a time to throw up our hands. This is a time to roll up our sleeves. This is a time to organize, to mobilize and to stay engaged for the sake of freedom and justice and the future that we all know we can build together.

Look, many of you know, I started out as a prosecutor, and throughout my career, I saw people at some of the worst times in their lives, people who had suffered great harm and great pain, and yet found within themselves the strength and the courage and the resolve to take the stand, to take a stand, to fight for justice, to fight for themselves, to fight for others.

So let their courage be our inspiration. Let their determination be our charge.

And I'll close with this: there's an adage, an historian once called it a law of history, true of every society across the ages. The adage is: "Only when it is dark enough can you see the stars."

I know many people feel like we are entering a dark time, but for the benefit of us all, I hope that is not the case. But here's the thing, America: if it is, let us fill the sky with the light of a brilliant, brilliant, billion of stars. The light, the light of optimism, of faith, of truth and service, and may that work guide us, even in the face of setbacks, toward the extraordinary promise of the United States of America.

I thank you all, may God bless you and may God Bless the United States of America. I thank you all.
Read more of the Guardian's 2024 US election coverage . US elections 2024

The vice-president and Democratic nominee publicly concedes the election to Trump after stunning loss

{{#ticker}}

{{/ticker}}

{{heading}}

{{#paragraphs}}

{{.}}

{{/paragraphs}}{{highlightedText}}
{{#choiceCards}}

{{/choiceCards}}

We will be in touch to remind you to contribute. Look out for a message in your inbox in . If you have any questions about contributing, please contact us.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
'Sometimes the fight takes a while': Kamala Harris concession speech - in full

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The vice-president and Democratic nominee publicly concedes the election to Trump after stunning loss