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The Seljuq Turks defeated Byzantine armies at the battle of Manzikert (now Malazgirt, Turkey) in 1071 and extended their control over most of Asia Minor (now in Turkey). The control of Jerusalem was sized by them from the Muslim authority there. The previous rulers allowed Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy City, but the Turks, who were converts to Islam, were not allowed to visit. They also persecuted Christians and attacked Christian holy places and etcetera.

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Alexius Comnenus, the Byzantine emperor, sent a plea for aid to Pope Urban II at Rome as the Turks power increased. The council the Pope called took place at Clermont, France, in 1095. Using an impending speech he urged his audience to undertake a Crusade, since the Holy Land needed rescue. Filled with religious zeal, both knights, and common people shouted, “God wills it!”

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First an army of peasants led by Peter the Hermit (a French priest and key leader of the Crusades) set off for the Holy Land. They were massacred by the Turks. An army of knights followed, led by Godfrey of Bouillon (Frankish knight and another leader of the first Crusades), which massacred Muslims and captured Jerusalem in 1099. The Crusaders massacred the Muslims until, it was said, the streets ran red with blood.

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King Louis VII of France invaded the Holy Land, but was defeated at Damascus.

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In 1187, the Muslim ruler Saladin had recaptured Jerusalem. The Crusaders (who included King Richard I of England) captured the port of Acre. But they quarreled, and failed to capture Jerusalem. On the way home, Richard was kidnapped and held ransom until February 1194 when the English paid for his release.

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The Pope wanted to unite western and eastern Christians under his authority. He diverted this Crusade, with the help of Venice, and captured Constantinople in 1204. Christians fought Christians.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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An army of young people set off on Crusade. They were kidnapped and sold as slaves.

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1217‒1250 AD/Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Crusades

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1217‒1250 AD/Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Crusades

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All failed.

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Battle of Nicopolis sometimes called the 'last' Crusade/1396

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Battle of Nicopolis sometimes called the 'last' Crusade/1396

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An army of French and Hungarian knights were massacred. Some historians refer to it as the 'last' Crusade.