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How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power?  

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How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power?  

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Raising money was crucial in its contribution to the wealth of an empire and its expansion and power dominance through the surrounding regions. The possible methods in which revenue was generated was tax farming, tribute systems, and other general collection practices of increased taxing. Tax farming described a system in which the taxes were imposed on the peasantry, resulting in the increased wealth and corruption between the tax farmers or collectors who were usually local officials and other individuals of higher status in society. This occurred in the Ottoman and the Mughal Empires. The tributary system was most notably established in China where the emperor required tributes from neighboring states in regard of his power, authority, and dominance. This showed the deep reverence and submission of the region to the Chinese emperor. Other tax collecting systems also appeared in China and Russia that was known as taxation.

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How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power? 

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How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power? 

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Trade and economic relationships contributed to the stability of many land-based empires. Russian empires established state owned industries but their attempt at industrialization, failed. The previous taxes on land were converted to taxes on individuals. This in turn led to the severe oppression of peasants. For the Ottoman and Mughal empires there was peasant levied taxes, tax farming. This eventually led to their economic downfall. The Ming Dynasty focused on land taxes and taxes on goods. The high imperial spending and repression of rebellions led to the dynasty’s bankruptcy. They forced other empires to pay tributes which demanded recognition of power and authority from them.

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Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power: 

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Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power: 

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The Protestant  Reformation broke with existing Christian Traditions. Both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity. The political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the effects of the split between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims. Sikhism developed in South Asia as a result of interactions between Islam and Hinduism.

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3. Explain how land-based empires utilized monumental architecture to maintain power:               

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3. Explain how land-based empires utilized monumental architecture to maintain power:               

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Monumental structures and their ties to religion and belief were built to display the divinity in the monarch or leader’s rule and its legitimacy. These structures were a show of the authority and power the rule had and that he can receive anything he will it be. This has been a common practice in most empires as a way in which the ruler can manage their power over a long period of time. An example is the Taj Mahal that was built during Mughal India by King Shah Jahan as a tomb and tribute to his late wife. Another example is St. Petersburg that became another capital apart from Moscow and a significant port city while presenting the manifestation of Peter’s will and determination in establishing a dedicated capital.

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Describe how land-based empires utilized military professionals to maintain power:

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Describe how land-based empires utilized military professionals to maintain power:

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Rulers of land-based empires used bureaucratic elites and military professions to create centralized control over populations and resources. They also controlled trade, enriching the rulers who created cultural monuments and stronger militaries. The idea of the Divine right of kings also was used as leverage to maintain power over the people. Since the government was viewed as having godlike power, citizens wanted to obey the state as much as they did the church.

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Describe how land-based empires utilized military professionals to maintain power: Many land-based empires utilized military professionals to maintain power. One of the most common uses was some variant of a secret police. They tended to be highly trained, but their success was due less to their training and more to the fear and mistrust they sewed around them. Being secret meant people never new when they could be talking to one, keeping anyone from talking about matters such as rebellion for fear they were talking to a secret operative. This tactic allowed empires to topple rebellions before they started. An example of this was in the Ottoman Empire where they took young Christian boys--Janissaries--and forced them into service, brain washing them and creating firm loyalty. This along with sheer military might allowed empires to use military to maintain power.

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How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power?

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How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power?

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In Russia, Peter tried to advance industrialization by establishing new industries and bringing Western European naval engineers to build ships; when this didn’t generate enough revenue for the military, he raised taxes and compelled workers to work in the shipyard. The Ottoman and Mughal used tax farming to back up their powerful militaries. Tax farmers, local officials and private tax collectors grew wealthy, but corrupt as they took taxes. In Ming China, land taxes made up majority of taxes and rates were low, collected in forms of grains, then later silver. The state also collected taxes on other goods, leaving a surplus of goods to be stored, leaving the dynasty in bankruptcy. Other empires in China would use tributes, a way of demanding authority and power (in the form of respect) from other states to generate revenue and maintain power.

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Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power:

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Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power:

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The Ottomans converted to Islam, and when their empire grew to Mecca, they became the Caliphate or guardians of that faith. This made conquering the Middle East easier because the minds and the hearts of the region were already molded to that faith. The Roman/Byzantine basilica style architecture that was predominant in the region would help glue the people’s minds together with familiarity.

The Russians used Byzantine style architecture as seen in the Red Church near the Kremlin. Instead of Islam, they converted to Orthodox Christianity. This again glued the people’s minds together to the symbols of the old Roman Empire. The word Tzar means Caesar in Russian.

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1. Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power: Throughout history religion has been a large factor in obtaining and maintaining power within an empire. Kings of empires often would say they were given the right to rule by god this dissuaded many from questioning their rule. But possibly the most common tactic that utilized religious belief was devotion to the church. This means they made it clear that they were devoted to god and in his good graces. A common way they would do this was to donate large amounts of money or have statues build of them in conjuncture of the church. This has an effect on the human brain, to see a something so much larger and grander than you in association with something you hold in such high regard (religion) it makes that person seem untouchable, massively important, and endorsed by god.