# data[].attributes.body
(terracotta warriors 221 BC – 207 BC)
- leather
- small plates stitched on the armor (eleven rows for middle ranking)
- Ordinary officers wear an unlaced armor coat

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What Are the Terracotta Warriors Wearing?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Qin terracotta warriors mostly wear headgear, gowns covered with armor, pants and shoes or boots, but officers and soldiers have different dressings.

# data[].attributes.body
(offensive and defensive)

# data[].attributes.body
-4th century B.C.
- bronze
-classical period
-chest plate, rendering of male torso

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bronze cuirass (body armor) | Greek, Apulian | Classical | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The cuirass was the major element of a Greek warrior's panoply. This one is considerably later than most of the objects in this gallery, as indicated by its articulation. It also illustrates how much body armor has in common with sculpture. The front and back plates of a cuirass typically provide sensitive renderings of the male torso.

# data[].attributes.body
- 5th–4th century B.C.
-  (56.5 cm, 0.7 kg)
- made of iron
- A kind of sword (Machaira)
- Also known as a kopis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2001. "One Hundred Thirty-first Annual Report of the Trustees for the Fiscal Year July 1, 2000 through June 30, 2001." Annual Report of the Trustees of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 131: p. 19.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Iron machaira (sword) | Greek | Classical | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2001. "One Hundred Thirty-first Annual Report of the Trustees for the Fiscal Year July 1, 2000 through June 30, 2001." Annual Report of the Trustees of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 131: p. 19.

# data[].attributes.body
- 4th–3rd century B.C.
- height 38.6 cm width 41.6 cm weight 663.4 g
- there are two (in a pair)
- bronze and laquer

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Pair of Dagger-Axes ( Ge ) | Chinese | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This pair of dagger-axes ( ge) represent a later developmental stage, in which the three principal elements-- yuan, hu, and nui--became longer and more slender in proportion, their edges describing both gentle curves and perfectly straight edges in a balanced juxtaposition.

# data[].attributes.body
-5th–4th century B.C.
- 46.7 cm length, 5.7 cm width, weight 734.3 g
- bronze
- incomplete state

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sword | Chinese | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In its complete state, this excavated bronze sword would have included an integral disk-shaped pommel positioned perpendicularly to the axis of the grip. The double-edged blade bears on one side an inscription that seemingly records the circumstances of the sword's manufacture.

# data[].attributes.body
- bronze crossbow
- found with the terracotta warriors
- buried in 210–209 BCE
- 2200 years old (from about 220 BC)
- 145 centimeter arc, bow string 130 centimeters long
- string is made from animal tendon

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In an astonishing find, archaeologists in China located a 2,200-year-old crossbow in pristine condition buried with the vast army of terracotta warriors at the excavation pit at Xi'an, Shaanxi province.

Reported by news site China.org to be the most complete crossbow found to date at the site, it has a 145 centimeter (57 inch) arch and, incredibly, the bow string remains intact and measures 130 centimeters (51 inches) long. Researchers believe the string is made of animal tendon rather than fabric, which would have degraded and disappeared long ago.

Many of the weapons that were buried with the terracotta army were, just like this one, fully functioning and military grade weapons at the time, as disclosed in an Ancient Origins report in 2017 .

The crossbow may have been first invented in ancient China . Some historians believe the Chinese had even already invented the first crude crossbows as early as 2,000 BC. This is based on certain bone, stone and shell artifacts that have been interpreted as crossbow triggers. More conclusive evidence of ancient Chinese crossbows, however, comes from around the 6th century BC, if not earlier.

Shen Maosheng, head of the archaeological team which made the discovery says that two wooden sticks, called Qing, were found alongside the crossbow. There Qing were thought to help maintain and transport the crossbows thousands of years ago, as noted in ancient records. Expert opinion could never be confirmed until now, with the discovery of the intact mechanisms.
The most complete ancient crossbow to date was discovered in the terracotta army pit one in Xi'an, Shaanxi province. Credit: Chinanews.com
Shen tells China.org, "When we dusted off the sticks, we found three holes equidistant from each other and concluded that they were probably used to hang up ropes that fastened the crossbows when they were not in use.

It was a great way to keep the arch and string in shape and thus maintain their power in the long run. Besides, Qing was practical to help fix the crossbows during transportation."
MORE An ancient terracotta warrior. Source: BigStockPhoto
The archaeological site was discovered by chance in 1974, and more than 8,000 life-size clay warriors were uncovered. The clay army lies in the greatest mausoleum in the world, and archaeologists theorize that it was meant to protect Emperor Qin Shi Huang in his journey after death. Each soldier was created with unique characteristics, given individual armor and weaponry, and was placed according to rank. Horses and other objects were also discovered.

In 2013, scientists from the University College London and the Terracotta Army Museum reproduced arrowheads from 200 B.C. when the Terracotta Army was built, and tested them with a crossbow of that period . The results showed that the arrows easily pierced through the armor used in second century B.C. in China, and would have been capable of inflicting a fatal blow.

"These crossbows were two millennia ahead of their time," said Mike Loades, historian and expert in ancient weapons.
A kneeling terra cotta archer, with hands posed to hold a bow. Juan Felipe Rubio/
University College London notes the producers of the UK documentary "Secrets of the Terracotta Warriors" wrote on the condition of the weapons as revealed through excavations. They wrote: "Amongst the many new findings, the film reveals the true extent of the site and number of warriors and that the weapons carried by the warriors were full military grade, rather than replicas: they were designed to kill as efficiently in the afterlife as in this one.

New insights into how the figures were made, including revolutionary 3D computer modelling of the warriors' heads, challenges the traditional explanation and changes our understanding of how sophisticated technology and society were in ancient China."

The well-preserved crossbow sheds light on ancient weaponry and warfare from thousands of years ago. Scientists are looking to fully examine the artifact and establish its shooting range.

As the site is nowhere near fully excavated, it is expected that other astonishing finds will be revealed about the terra cotta warriors and ancient China.
Featured image: Bronze crossbow similar to one recently excavated from the terra cotta army pit at Xi'an, Shaanxi province. This weapon was from a war chariot excavated from the Tomb of The First Emperor, Lintong, Shaanxi Province Qin Dynasty, circa 210 B.C. Representational image only. Credit: Oberlin College of Arts & Sciences
By Liz Leafloor

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Excellently preserved, complete crossbow from 2,200 years ago found at Terracotta Warrior site

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In an astonishing find, archaeologists in China located a 2,200-year-old crossbow in pristine condition buried with the vast army of terracotta warriors at the excavation pit at Xi'an, Shaanxi province. Reported by news site China.org to be the most complete crossbow found to date at the site, it has a 145 centimeter (57 inch) arch and, incredibly, the bow string remains intact and measures 130 centimeters (51 inches) long.

# data[].attributes.body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplite

# data[].attributes.body
- mid-4th–mid-3rd century B.C.
- south Italian adaptations of the Greek type known as Corinthian.
- bronze
- 19.7 cm Height, 20 cm width,
depth 26.7 cm

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Vogue Magazine. August 1992. Vogue, : p. 252.

Vogel, Carol. April 4, 1993. "Home Design." New York Times Magazine, : pp. 20-21.

Miller, Judith and Tim Clinch. 1998. Classic Style. p. 113, London: Mitchell Beazley.

Blass, Bill. 2002. Bare Blass, Cathy Horyn, ed. p. 136, New York: HarperCollins.

Milleker, Elizabeth J. and Dr. Seán Hemingway. 2004. "Recent Acquisitions: A Selection 2003-2004: Ancient World." Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 62(2): p. 7.

Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. "One Hundred Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the Trustees for the Fiscal Year July 1, 2003 through June 30, 2004." Annual Report of the Trustees of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 134: p. 19.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bronze helmet of South Italian-Corinthian type | Greek | Late Classical or Hellenistic | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Vogue Magazine. August 1992. Vogue, : p. 252. Vogel, Carol. April 4, 1993. "Home Design." New York Times Magazine, : pp. 20-21. Miller, Judith and Tim Clinch. 1998. Classic Style. p. 113, London: Mitchell Beazley. Blass, Bill. 2002. Bare Blass, Cathy Horyn, ed. p. 136, New York: HarperCollins. Milleker, Elizabeth J.

# data[].attributes.body
Helmets, shields
shows what greek helmets used to look like back then

# data[].attributes.body
(greek)

# data[].attributes.body
- ca. 500 B.C.
- inscription sacred to the Tyndaridai from the Heraeans
- made of bronze
- total length 16 5/8 in. (42.3 cm); length without socket 10 13/16 in. (27.5 cm)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Richter, Gisela M. A. 1939. "Newly Acquired Greek Bronzes." Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 34(6): pp. 146-47, fig. 3.

Richter, Gisela M. A. 1953. Handbook of the Greek Collection. pp. 68, 209, pl. 49h, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Bodel, John P. and Stephen Tracy. 1997. Greek and Latin Inscriptions in the USA : A Checklist. p. 192, Rome: American Academy in Rome.

Cook, Brian. 1998[1987]. Greek Inscriptions. p. 55, fig. 51, London: Trustees of the British Museum.

Picón, Carlos A. 2007. Art of the Classical World in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: Greece, Cyprus, Etruria, Rome. no. 99, pp. 91, 424, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Hemingway, Seán and De Abramitis. 2015. "The Use of Inlays in Early Greek Bronzes." Artistry in Bronze : The Greeks and Their Legacy : XIX International Congress on Ancient Bronzes, Jens M. Daehner, Dr. Kenneth Lapatin, and Ambra Spinelli, eds. p. 120, figs. 14.7-.8, Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bronze spear-butt | Greek | Archaic | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Richter, Gisela M. A. 1939. "Newly Acquired Greek Bronzes." Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 34(6): pp. 146-47, fig. 3. Richter, Gisela M. A. 1953. Handbook of the Greek Collection. pp. 68, 209, pl. 49h, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Bodel, John P. and Stephen Tracy. 1997.

# data[].attributes.body
- helmets and weapons shown
- shows what greek helmets used to look like back then
- H 47 cm 51.4 cm
- ca. 490 B.C (archaic period)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Richter, Gisela M. A. 1910. "Department of Classical Art: The Accessions of 1909. III. Vases and Terracottas." Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 5(6): p. 144, fig. 9.

Richter, Gisela M. A. 1946. Attic Red-Figured Vases: A Survey. p. 67, fig. 67, New Haven: Yale University Press.

Richter, Gisela M. A. 1953. Handbook of the Greek Collection. pp. 72, 213, pl. 53d, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Richter, Gisela M. A. 1958[1946]. Attic Red-Figured Vases: A Survey, Revised Edition, 2nd edn. p. 67, fig. 67, New Haven: Yale University Press.

Beazley, John D. 1963[1942]. Attic Red-figure Vase-painters, Vols. 1 and 2, 2nd ed. p. 185, no. 36, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Beazley, John D. 1971. Paralipomena: Additions to Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters and to Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters [2nd edition]. p. 340, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). 1986. Vol. 3: Atherion-Eros. "Diomedes I," p. 400, no. 20, pl. 286, Zürich: Artemis Verlag.

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). 1988. Vol. 4: Eros-Herakles. "Glaukos V," pp. 275-75, no. 2, Zürich: Artemis Verlag.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Attributed to the Kleophrades Painter | Terracotta calyx-krater (bowl for mixing wine and water) | Greek, Attic | Archaic | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Richter, Gisela M. A. 1910. "Department of Classical Art: The Accessions of 1909. III. Vases and Terracottas." Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 5(6): p. 144, fig. 9. Richter, Gisela M. A. 1946. Attic Red-Figured Vases: A Survey. p. 67, fig. 67, New Haven: Yale University Press. Richter, Gisela M.

# data[].attributes.body
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B7%AA%E5%B0%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E4%BF%91/699409

# data[].attributes.body
Arrows cowardly for greece
presentations of weapons and actual weapons - difference
- hoplite (look into detail)
- chinese arrow person?

# data[].attributes.body
- terracotta warriors
- model helmet (not a real helmet, but one part of the sculptures)
-  Qin dynasty (221–206 B.C.)
- limestone
- Height 38 cm, Width 21 cm

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Model Helmet | China | Qin dynasty (221-206 B.C.) | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This model helmet replicates the iron headgear that began to supplant bronze examples in the late Warring States period (475-221 B.C.). All of the First Emperor's terracotta warriors wear suits of armor, but none wears a helmet. The reason for this may be the nature of the terracotta army's function: to simulate a funerary procession for their ruler.

# data[].attributes.headline
representations of weapons and warriors in vases and sculptures

# data[].attributes.subject
representations of weapons and warriors in vases and sculptures

# data[].attributes.body
How do the designs of both offensive and defensive weapons in ancient cultures correspond to their ancient history... fighting styles... mythology... just compare??
representations?
what do the design of offensive/defensive tells us about ancient warfare?
-helmets
-shields
-spears
-teracotta, ajax
- Han dynasty- Qin dynasty
- Protective gear and attacking gear
- Archaic period
- 500-200 BC