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Dramatic irony: a literary technique, by which the full significance of a character's words or actions are clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character.                          Eg. in the land lady when Billy didn't realize that the land lady was a creep-oh and that he was going to be stuffed just like the land lady stuffed the animals and the two other couple who supposedly arrived there  and never wanted to leave .

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Dramatic irony: a literary technique, by which the full significance of a character's words or actions are clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character.                          Eg. in the land lady when Billy didn't realize that the land lady was a creep-oh and that he was going to be stuffed just like the land lady stuffed the animals and the two other couple who supposedly arrived there  and never wanted to leave .

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Situational Irony: irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected. Contemporary definitions for situational irony.Eg. in the happiness machine when Lena Auffman came out of the machine in tears of sadness instead of tears of joy "

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Situational Irony: irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected. Contemporary definitions for situational irony.Eg. in the happiness machine when Lena Auffman came out of the machine in tears of sadness instead of tears of joy "

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Verbal Irony:  when words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean. Verbal irony is often sarcastic.
Eg. In the Land lady Billy said "animals are usually a good sign in a placed like this". He thought it was a good sign that animals where at the hotel, accept they where stuffed animals and they where stuffed by the land lady.

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     Personification: The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

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     Personification: The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

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Eg. in happiness on page 2 the elderly gentleman describes him self "sitting at a humble table, and sleeping under a humble roof"

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Metaphor: a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.                                                       Eg. in the happiness machine leo Auffman says he would "sweat his sole out" to make a machine which produces happiness 

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Metaphor: a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.                                                       Eg. in the happiness machine leo Auffman says he would "sweat his sole out" to make a machine which produces happiness 

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Simile: a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid.
Eg. in the happiness machine Leo Auffman describes "bees, as big as teacups".

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an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly;  an indirect or passing reference.

E.g-
in the happiness machine the narrator says that the "children who where screaming horribly at each other fell silent, as if the red death had entered the chiming of the clock."

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point of view reefers to who is the narrator of the story. There is three different types of point of view.

First person point of view. First person is when “I” am telling the story. The character is in the story, relating his or her experiences directly.

E.g-
in Happiness by Jeff Taylor the point of view is first person

Second person point of view. The story is told to “you.” This POV is not common in fiction, but it’s still good to know (it is common in nonfiction).

the point of view in happiness by Steve Cutts is second Pearson

Third person point of view, limited. The story is about “he” or “she.” This is the most common point of view in commercial fiction. The narrator is outside of the story and relating the experiences of a character.

E.g-
in the land lady by Roald Dahl the point of view is Third Pearson limited

Third person point of view, omniscient. The story is still about “he” or “she,” but the narrator has full access to the thoughts and experiences of all characters in the story.

E.g- In the happiness machine the point of view is third person omniscient.

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the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual.

Eg. In Happiness the main character is Billy Weaver

he was described in the following paragraph
"Billy was seventeen years old. He was wearing a new navy-blue overcoat, a new brown trilby hat, and a new brown suit, and he was feeling fine. He walked briskly down the street. He was trying to do everything briskly these days. Briskness, he had decided, was the one common characteristic of all successful businessmen. The big shots up at the Head Office were absolutely fantastically brisk all the time. They were amazing."

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the pervading tone or mood of a place, situation, or work of art.

Eg. in don't stop on the motor way the atmosphere was one of anxiousness fear and worry.

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the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.

Eg.
in the painted door the painted door symbolizes Ann's longing for a change in her life and her relationship with john

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the place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place.

Eg. in the painted door the setting is on a small farm house in the Canadian parries during a snowstorm

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an author's use of vivid and descriptive language to add depth to their work. It appeals to human senses to deepen the reader's understanding of the work. Powerful forms of imagery engage all of the senses.

Eg. in Happiness on page 2 "Picture a world still in chaos, a tempest of mountains separating narrow ravines with rushing torrents. Not a plain anywhere, but immense crags of granite and undulations of earth covered with scrub or high forests of chestnut and pine. It's virgin soil, uncultivated, deserted, even though sometimes you see a village, looking like a pile of rocks at the summit of a mountain. No culture, no industry, no art. You never encounter a piece of worked wood, a bit of sculptured stone never encounter evidence of an ancestral taste for graceful and beautiful things however simple.

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set in a time earlier than the main story.

Eg. in Don't stop on the motor way the narrator gets a flashback to the time she read the news which told of a killer that was on the loose and warned women not to stop on the motorway no matter what

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a warning or indication of a future event.

Eg. In the happiness machine lena auffman says "If you died from overwork, what should I do today, climb in that big box down there and be happy?"  showing that this machine is unable to produce true happiness

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the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.

Eg.
The theme in Happiness machine  by ray bradbury is that
people are not always happy; is happiness lasted forever it wouldn't be happiness and that happiness can not be invented nor come from somewhere other than the present moment of your daily life

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language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. When a writer uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are.

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The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect

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a state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen.

Eg. Time from when the narrator *in never stop on the motorway* remembered that her friends gate could be closed till the time when she got there and it was open.

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the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.

Eg. In the Landlady billy is motivated to that in the bead and breakfast motel because it was cheap and it got him out of the rain.

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the main events of a play, novel, movie, or similar work, devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated sequence.

E.g-
The plot in Happiness by Steve Cutts is that the pressure for happiness or to ‘be happy’ can be overwhelming in today’s social media driven society. Yet our quest to experience this emotion at every moment has an unintended consequence, making us feel worse rather than better.