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India lies on the Indian Plate

It is the seventh largest country in the world.

India is part of Asia

India is in the Eastern and Northern Hemisphere

Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, Valleys, and Deserts

The climate of India depends on the location in India, Thar Desert provides more of warmer climate, while the Himalayan region provides more cooler climates

The Latitude and Longitude of India is 20.5937° N, 78.9629° E

Animals of India include, Male Asian Elephant, Asiatic lion, Indian rhinoceros, and Lion-tailed Macaque.

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The government of India is known as Gol, it is the union government created by the constitution of India as the legislative, executive and judicial authority of the union of 29 states and seven union of a democratic republic, it is located in New Delhi, the capital of India.

The Law System is a common law system based on the English model; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts

The Council of States or Rajya Sabha (245 seats; 233 members indirectly elected by state and territorial assemblies by proportional representation vote, and 12 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms) and the House of the People or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 2 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)

The official name of India is republic of India or Bharut

The head of the government is Prime Minister Narendra MODI (since 26 May 2014)

The government of India is housed in the Secretariat Building, New Delhi

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India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries

Slightly less than half of the workforce is in agriculture, but services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for nearly two-thirds of India's output but employing less than one-third of its labor force

India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a major exporter of information technology services

India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain

The outlook for India's long-term growth is moderately positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economyIndian Rupee

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Population: 1,281,935,911

Languages spoken: Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%

Average age is 27.9 years

Age Structure:

0-14 years: 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)
15-24 years: 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)
25-54 years: 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)
55-64 years: 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)
65 years and over: 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.)

Population Growth Rate: 1.17% (2017 est.)

Death Rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Birth Rate: 19 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Population Distribution: with the notable exception of the deserts in the northwest, including the Thar Desert, and the mountain fringe in the north, a very high population density exists throughout most of the country; the core of the population is in the north along the banks of the Ganges, with other river valleys and southern coastal areas also having large population concentrations

Life Expectancy: 68.35 years (2015)

Literacy: total population: 71.2%
male: 81.3%
female: 60.6% (2015 est.)

Holidays Celebrated: Jan 22 | Monday | Vasant Panchami
Jan 26 | Friday | Republic Day
Jan 31 | Wednesday | Guru Ravidas Jayanti

Sports and Activities: Kabaddi: It is one of the most popular sports in India played by the people in villages as well as in small towns.

Kho-Kho: Kho-Kho is one of the most popular traditional sports in India.

Typical Meal in India: Rogan josh, also written roghan josh or roghan ghosht, is an aromatic lamb or goat meat dish of Persian or Kashmiri origin, which is one of the signature recipes of Kashmiri cuisine

Education: Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: central, state and local. Under various articles of the Indian Constitution, free and compulsory education is provided as a fundamental right to children between the ages of 6 and 14.

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Famous Leaders: Mahatma Ghandi, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, B. R. Ambedkar, Indira Gandhi, and Atal Behari Vajpayee

Major Wars: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Indian Rebellion of 1857, Kargil War, Indian annexation of Hyderabad, and Sino-Indian War

First Inhabitants: Indigenous tribes in India were not Dravidian but Australoid race.The Australoid race people are said to have arrived in India long before the Aryans and Dravidians.

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Location: Southern Asia, between China and India

Coordinates: 28 00 N, 84 00 E

Climate: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south

Natural Hazards: severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons

Animal Life: Bengal fox,Bengal tiger, clouded leopard, corsac fox, One horned rhinoceros, Asiatic elephant, marbled cat, Indian Pangolin, Chinese Pangolin, red panda, snow leopard, Tibetanfox, and Tibetan wolf.

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Official Name: Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

Government Type: federal parliamentary republic

Current Leader: Bidhya Devi Bhandari

Legal System: English common law and Hindu legal concepts

Citizenship: citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 15 years

Executive Branch: head of state: President Bidhya Devi BANDHARI (since 29 October 2015); Vice President Nanda Bahadar PUN (since 31 October 2015)
head of government: Prime Minister Khadga Prasad (KP) Sharma OLI (since 15 February 2018); deputy prime ministers (vacant); note - Prime Minister Sher Bahadur DEUBA resigned on 15 February 2018
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister; cabinet dominated by the CPN-UML and MC
elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by an electoral college of the Federal Parliament and of the state assemblies for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister indirectly elected by the Federal Parliament
election results: Bidhya Devi BHANDARI reelected president; electoral vote - Bidhya Devi BHANDARI (CPN-UML 39,275, Kumari Laxmi RAI (NC) 11,730

Legislative Branch: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the National Assembly (59 seats; 56 members, including at least 3 women, 1 Dalit, 1 member with disabilities, or 1 minority indirectly elected by an electoral college of state and municipal government leaders, and 3 members, including 1 woman, nominated by the president of Nepal on the recommendation of the government; members serve 6-year terms with renewal of one-third of the membership every 2 years) and the House of Representatives (275 seats; 165 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 110 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: first election for the National Assembly held on 7 February 2018 (next to be held in 2024); first election for House of Representatives held on 26 November and 7 December 2017 (next to be held in 2022)

Judicial Branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and up to 20 judges)
judge selection and term of office: the Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, a 5-member,high-level advisory body headed by the prime minister; other judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Council, a 5-member advisory body headed by the chief justice; the chief justice term of office is 6 years; judges serve until age 65

Government Building: Ministry of Defense

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Overview: Nepal is among the least developed countries in the world, with about one-quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Nepal is heavily dependent on remittances, which amount to as much as 30% of GDP. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for almost two-thirds of the population but accounting for only one-third of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products, including pulses, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain.

Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower, with an estimated 42,000 MW of commercially feasible capacity. Nepal and India signed trade and investment agreements in 2014 that increase Nepal’s hydropower potential, but political uncertainty and a difficult business climate have hampered foreign investment.

Nepal was hit by massive earthquakes in early 2015, which damaged or destroyed infrastructure and homes and set back economic development. Political gridlock in the past several years and recent public protests, predominantly in the southern Tarai region, have hindered post-earthquake recovery and prevented much-needed economic reform. Additional challenges to Nepal's growth include its landlocked geographic location, persistent power shortages, and underdeveloped transportation infrastructure.

Occupations: agriculture: 69%
industry: 12%
services: 19% (2015 est.)

Currency:

Trade: Nepal is the 150th largest export economy in the world. In 2015, Nepal exported $909M and imported $6.61B, resulting in a negative trade balance of $5.7B. In 2015 the GDP of Nepal was $21.2B and its GDP per capita was $2.46k.

The top export destinations of Nepal are India($561M), the United States ($94.8M), Germany($37.4M), the United Kingdom ($28.8M) and China($20.7M). The top import origins are India ($3.81B), China ($930M), the United Arab Emirates ($264M), Germany ($142M) and Switzerland ($137M).

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Population: 29,384,297 (July 2017 est.)

Ethnic Groups: Chhettri 16.6%, Brahman-Hill 12.2%, Magar 7.1%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.8%, Newar 5%, Kami 4.8%, Muslim 4.4%, Yadav 4%, Rai 2.3%, Gurung 2%, Damai/Dholii 1.8%, Thakuri 1.6%, Limbu 1.5%, Sarki 1.4%, Teli 1.4%, Chamar/Harijan/Ram 1.3%, Koiri/Kushwaha 1.2%, other 19%
note: 125 caste/ethnic groups were reported in the 2011 national census (2011 est.)

Religion: Hindu 81.3%, Buddhist 9%, Muslim 4.4%, Kirant 3.1%, Christian 1.4%, other 0.5%, unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)

Birth Rate: 19.5 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death Rate: 5.6 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Life Expectancy: total population: 71 years
male: 70.4 years
female: 71.6 years (2017 est.)

Average School Duration: total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 13 years (2015)

Language: Nepali (official) 44.6%, Maithali 11.7%, Bhojpuri 6%, Tharu 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.2%, Magar 3%, Bajjika 3%, Urdu 2.6%, Avadhi 1.9%, Limbu 1.3%, Gurung 1.2%, other 10.4%, unspecified 0.2%

Literacy Rate: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 63.9%
male: 76.4%
female: 53.1% (2015 est.)

National Holidays: Jan 28 | Saturday | Sonam Losar (Tamang New Year)
Jan 29 | Sunday | Martyr's Memorial Day
Feb 18 | Saturday | National Democracy Day

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Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north

Coordinates: 30 00 N, 70 00 E

Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north

Terrain: divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain in the center and east, and the Balochistan Plateau in the south and west

Land Use: agricultural land: 35.2%
arable land 27.6%; permanent crops 1.1%; permanent pasture 6.5%
forest: 2.1%
other: 62.7% (2011 est.)

Natural Hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)

Environment Issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural freshwater resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Animal Life: Markhor, Lahore Pigeon, Fishing Cat, Aisatic Black Bear, Mugger Crocodile, Indus River Dolphin, Aisatic Cobra, and Snow Leapords

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Official Name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Legal System: common law system with Islamic law influence

Citizenship: citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent: at least one parent must be a citizen of Pakistan
dual citizenship recognized: yes, but limited to select countries
residency requirement for naturalization: 4 out of the previous 7 years and including the 12 months preceding application

Executive Branch: chief of state: President Mamnoon HUSSAIN (since 9 September 2013)
head of government: Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan ABBASI (since 1 August 2017); Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF resigned 7/28/17
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of the prime minister
elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the Electoral College consisting of members of the Senate, National Assembly, and provincial assemblies for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); election last held on 9 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister elected by the National Assembly

Legislative Branch: description: bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (104 seats; members indirectly elected by the 4 provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 70 members - 60 women and 10 non-Muslims - directly elected by proportional representation vote; all members serve 5-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held on 5 March 2015 (next to be held in March 2018); National Assembly - last held on 11 May 2013 (next to be held by 2018)

Judicial Branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court of Pakistan (consists of the chief justice and 16 judges)
judge selection and term of office: justices nominated by an 8-member parliamentary committee upon the recommendation of the Judicial Commission (a 9-member body of judges and other judicial professionals), and appointed by the president of Pakistan; justices can serve until age 65

Current Leader: Mamnoon Hussain

Buildings: Supreme Court of Pakistan

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Overview: Decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment have led to underdevelopment in Pakistan. Pakistan has a large English-speaking population. A challenging security environment, electricity shortages, and a burdensome investment climate have deterred investors. Agriculture accounts for one-fifth of output and two-fifths of employment. Textiles and apparel account for more than half of Pakistan's export earnings; Pakistan's failure to diversify its exports has left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Pakistan’s GDP growth has gradually increased since 2012. Official unemployment was 6% in 2017, but this fails to capture the true picture, because much of the economy is informal and underemployment remains high. Human development continues to lag behind most of the region.

Trade: Pakistan's exports continue to be dominated by cotton textiles and apparel. Imports include petroleum and petroleum products, edible oil, chemicals, fertilizer, capital goods, industrial raw materials, and consumer products.

Agriculture: cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs

Industries: textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, surgical instruments, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

Occupation: agriculture: 42.3%
industry: 22.6%
services: 35.1% (FY2015 est.)

Currency: Pakistani Rupee

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Population: 204,924,861 (July 2017 est.)

Ethnic Groups: Punjabi 44.7%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.4%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Balochi 3.6%, other 6.3%

Language: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashto (alternate name, Pashtu) 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%

Religion: Muslim (official) 96.4% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2010 est.)

Birth Rate: 21.9 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death Rate: 6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Life Expectancy: total population: 68.1 years
male: 66.1 years
female: 70.1 years (2017 est.)

Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 57.9%
male: 69.5%

Education: total: 8 years
male: 9 years

Sports: Cricket, Field Hockey, Squash, and Polo

Holidays: Sunday | June 17 | Eid-ul-Fitr Holiday
Tuesday | August 14 | Independence Day
Wednesday | August 22 | Eid ul-Azha Day 1
Thursday | August 23 | Eid ul-Azha Day 2

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First Prime Minister: Bhimsen Thapa

First People: Mongolian people—the Kiratis—arrived in the Himalayan territory, across the Tibetan plateau.

Major Wars: Battle of Pauwa Gadhi against Captain Kinloch- 1767 AD.

Gorkha Sikkim War (1771 - 1776) (History of Sikkim),

Sino-Nepalese War/First Nepal-Tibet War (1788-1792)

Second Nepal-Tibet War (1792-1792)

Gurkha-Sikh War, March 1809.

Anglo-Nepalese War or Gurkha War (1814–1816) ...

Third Nepal-Tibet War (1855-1856)

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First Prime Minister: Liaquat Ali Khan

First Inhabitants: Aryans traveled to the Indus Valley around 1500-500 BC

Wars:  Kargil War, Indo-Pakistani 1947-1971(3 wars between India and Pakistan took place in this time period), Bangladesh Liberation War, and the Kashmir Conflict