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MEZZOGIORNO
REGION
Mezzogiorno: A peripheral region
The Italian peninsula south of Rome + Sardinia & Sicily - 40% of
land area and 35% of pop but only 26% of GDP
High dependence on agriculture, high unemployment, low wages
(70% of north) and high emigration (9million in last 100yrs)
Physical: 85% is either mountainous or hilly, Apennines are
dominant mountain range, 40km to 200km wide... rugged &
steep. Thin soils & a narrow coastal plain.
2 areas of coastal lowlands Naples-Salerno and the Puglia
lowlands, most productive agricultural areas
Despite this they are poorly drained mudflats and marshes e.g.
Pontine Marshes south of Rome, mosquitos make them a health
hazard
Active volcanoes e.g. Vesuvius & Etna affect the area which is
also subject to earthquakes eg. Puzzuoli in Bay of Naples located
3.5km above a magma chamber.... 1983 chamber opened &
poured into harbour.
Deforestation & over grazing led to soil erosion.
Few Rivers as the area is limestone and the river quickly disappear underground
The Volturno flows into the Tyrrhenian sea and the Pescara flows into the Adriatic
Soils:
Most fertile soils found along the flanks of volcanoes and also along the existing river valleys and
their floodplains i.e. Volturno and Ofanto
Majority of soils thin and infertile and require irrigation and fertilisers
Terra Rossa soils cover much of the Mezziogiorno, formed by weathered limestone and have a
deep red colour(favoured by wine growers) but most affected by drought and overgrazing
Climate & Vegetation Mediterranean, hot dry summers.... 9 to 29°C
Azores High pressure belt brings clear skies and warm sunshine while the north east trade winds
bring drought from June to September
between 10 and 100mm rainfall pa. with regional variations. Summer the hot Sirocco winds
scorch the area.
Winters are mild and moist with rainfall varying from 500mm- 900mm pa in the west to 400mm
pa in the east. Summer the hot Sirocco winds scorch the area(blow from the Sahara)
Convectional Rain in summer causes downpours and often leads to mudslides increasing soil
erosion.
Climate strongly effects agric.
Plain of Campania around Naples most productive region.... Fertile ash soils from Vesuvius. Grow
wheat, maize & salad crops + pear, plum & peaches. Pressure on land & villages built on slopes.
Fishing on a small scale + limited forestry & some oil & gas make up the rest of the primary
sector.
Agriculture: Limited by climate, soil & terrain. Small farms, lack of mechanisation. Rely on wheat
& tree crops... limes, lemons, oranges, olives, figs & grapes. Roots bind well to soil & olive trees
roots extend to water table & release less moisture.
Winter wheat... mild moist winter & harvest early summer.
Sheep & goats on the hills
Primary Economic Activities
* Agriculture:
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Sheep Grazing upland, soil erosion
10% of workforce
Incomes 50% lower than EU average
High dependency on EU grants
Tree crops such as vines, olives etc
Until 1950 land was divided into estates called Latifundi and
plots rented by peasants called minifundia
- These labourers were called braccianti
- Average farm size was 3 ha so they were overcultivated and
overgrazed
- Production levels low as farmers didnt own land so no
incentive to improve them
* Forestry:
- Upland areas, limited rainfall
- Scrub vegetation
* Fishing:
- Small continental shelf, limited
- Pollution of Mediterranean
- Local tourist trade
* Mining:
- HEP production limited
- Natural gas piped from Algeria
Challenges facing agricultural
development
* Before 1950:
- Underdeveloped water supplies and drought
- Poorly educated
- Outmigration
- Poor use of technology with aging farmers
- Limited buying power in local market
- Unfair ownership of land, only 1 quarter owned
their farms
- Poor transport network
* Positive Effects of Cassa:
Land Reform - Estates bought by govt and redistributed
in 5 hectare farms
New Farming Techniques, Cash crops
Mechanisation investment
Irrigation schemes - Apulian Aqueduct
Co-operatives were formed to help sell produce in North
Improvements in Infrastructure - Autostrada del Sole
Malarial swamps drained - reclaimed marshes of
Metapontino
* Output increased tenfold
* Main producer of citrus fruits and olives in
Europe
* Negative Effects:
* Reforms mainly benefitted the coastal plains
* Widened gap between upland and lowland
* 200% increase in tomatoes led to seasonal
overproduction and dramatic fall in prices
Secondary Activities
* 24% of people employed in Secondary
* 17% were in Mezzogiorno prior to Cassa
* Mezzo was bypassed because:
- Workforce poor and uneducated
- Poor local markets and upland terrain
- Peripheral location
- Lack of natural resources
- Limited food processing industries
- Long distance from eu markets
- Little local capital
- Brain drain
Cassa
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1957onwards focused on Secondary
Varoni plan invested 2.3billion between 1965-1970
300,000 jobs created
Grants, subsidies and tax relief
40% of new state companies had to be in south
Industrial estates and transport subsidies
International Airport at Calabria
Autostrada del Sole - 1000km
Heavy Industries accounted for 60% of investment in
south
* Growth pole of Bari-Brindisi-Taranto triangle
Cassa several growth poles
They focused on steel, shipbuilding, auto manufacture, oil refining and chemicals
(Bari, Brindisi & Taranto industrial triangle and Naples for chemicals, oil refining and
car manufacture) in response to the poor level of manufacturing. By 1962 60% of
Cassa's budget was in manufacturing.
Created 300,000 jobs in industry
Tax concessions, grants, loans given to companies to set up.
Alfa Romeo... assembly plant at Naples
Fiat... components & assembly plants employing 44,500.
Petro-chemical industry... oil refineries & petro-chemical plants e.g. at Brindisi &
Taranto.
Steel plants... Taranto & Palermo
Set up port industries like oil refining, chemicals, shipbuilding (Bari), engineering.
Deep water ports were developed at Catania and Ragusa on the east coast of Sicily
State owned companies spent over 40% of their investment in the region.
Taranto:
Pop - 210,000
Located in Puglia
Long maritime tradition, location on the Med, natural deep water harbour, improved rail and
motorway linkage to northern italy
Also an important naval base and the area is strongly fortified
Port 3rd biggest in Italy and handles 36million tonnes of freight annually
Imp steel works located there but employment dropping due to increase competition from low
cost producers
Further expansion is limited by: distance from markets and shortage of skilled labour
Finsider Steelworks, Taranto
* Most successful state owned investment
* Italys biggest Steel works
* Taranto port handled 36million tonnes of freight in
2002
*
*
*
*
1970's cassa focused on labour intensive industries
Cassa disbanded in 1984
EU structural funds gave 13billion between 1989-1993
Current worfforce is 1.4m and outmigration has
lessened
Problems:
Capital intensive industries (oil refining) providing small number of jobs.
Town planning & industrial development needed to be integrated.
Lack of training & skill shortage.
Continued out-migration from rural areas.
Industries not suited to their specific location.
1970's these issues addressed. EEC funds, state owned companies spend
80% of their investment in the Mezz.
Emphasis on environmental protection, integrate tourism industry &
labour intensive food processing, sourced locally.
Programme ended in 1984. Corruption (mafia) led to embezzled funds.
Privatisation of state companies reduced investment in the region. By
2000 unemployment still at 20% in some areas.
Negative Cassa
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Heavy Industry created very little spin off industry
Oil refineries - capital intensive and very little jobs
Environment not a priority - polluted water
2m jobs in agri lost due to mechanisation
Over reliance on state investment
Unemployment still high at 20%
Not an equal spread - naples a beneficiary
Infant mortality 4 times higher than northern Italy
Housing is substandard
24 % of children leave education after primary school
Foregin companies nervous of mafia influence
Infastructure still lags behind the north
Limited Success
* Most factories were capital intensive - provided little
employment
* Many workers were part time farmers which lowered
production
* Large Industries failed to attract other industries
* Industrial jobs created failed to match those lost in
agriculture
* Workers not properly trained
* Town planning and industrial development not
coordinated so often built far apart
* Over reliance on state investment
* Privatisation of industry has allowed a lot of them to
move back north
* Cassa finished up in 1984
Tourism
67% or 17million Tourists
*Rich Culture... Greek, Roman & Arabic historical mix
*Climate - sun guaranteed
*Scenery + Etna & Vesuvius
*Historical sites... Pompeii
*Coast... Amalfi coast, Apulian Coast
*Good infrastructure... ferry, airports & motorway.
*Adriatic coast has a lot of Greek and Roman influence
*Cheaper and less crowded than other alternatives
*(Cassa spent 15% of budget on tourism developing 25 locations by
upgrading acc and providing grants for facilities)
*
*
*
*
Growth of Tourism began in 1950's
Package holiday, cheap flights and paid holdiays from work
Limited to coastal regions due to accessibility
15% of cassa budget spent on Tourism
- Improved hotels and self catering facilities
- Communications
- Airport at Calabria, Ferry links to Siciliy and Sardinia
- Developed 25 tourist areas
- These increased demand for local farm produce
- 2/3 of tourists from northern Italy
- Failed to attract lucrative foreign market
- Employment seasonal as no skiing option in winter
- Environmental pollution and inflated land prices
- Strained water supply
- International tourism coming- Ryanair fly London-Bari
- Starting to develop skiing in Apennines
* Transport:
- 2.5 Million euro of Cassa Autostrada
- Ports Taranto,Sicily, Gioia Tauro, 1995 employed
1000 people
GDP per capita
Unemployment
Hospital beds per
1000
North of Italy
25,527
4.2%
4.4
Mezzogiorno
13,028
15.0%
3.9
Human Processes:
Life Expectancy Improving - men 76 + women 82
13.2 births per 1000 (high) but decreasing due to education
Population density varies
Low fluctuation stage
Hilltop villages, humidity, Malaria, protection
Naples 1.2million, 3rd largest city
People descended from Greeks, Romans & Arabs. Influence of
different cultures. Area a crossroad for Mediterranean trade & many
invaders.
Result: Sallow skin, dark haired & smaller than northern Italians.
Arabs introduced oranges, lemons & sugar cane to the area.
Language: Italian, Catalan, Spanish, Sard & Arabic. Local dialects of
Sicilian & Neapolitan.... reflecting past history.
Population: 21million (36% of Italy). Overall reduction in family
size due to education, rise in living standards, & decline of
Catholic church influence.
Death rate below the birth rate so overall a slight natural increase
in pop.
Migration: Outward. Major factor in pop. change in the area. Move
to North of Italy & USA 1951 to 1971 total 4 million.
Inward: Balkan refugees & African.
Pop. density & distribution varies greatly due to relief, land system
& migration.
Sicily: Invaded by Greeks, Romans, Arabs & Normans. Unified
under Italy in 1860's. Led to a mistrust of outside rule. Resulted in
Mafia & corruption.
Major Problems that threaten improvement
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Organised Crime
Political corruption
Outward migration
High unemployment
Slow economic development
Low literacy levels
High dependency ratio
Poor healthcare system
Port of Gioia Tauro
* New container port in Calabria opened in 1995
* Second largest container port in the Med
* Gioia Tauro is now a transport hub for transhipment
to 12 countries around the Med
* Since 1998 its the southern terminal of rail routeway
that allows quick shipping to North sea coast -
journey of 2500km to rotterdam takes 42hrs
* Employs 1000 and local town of 18,000 is
experiencing growth
Naples
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*
*
*
*
Founded by the Greeks in 600BC
Largest city in Mezzogiorno and 3rd in Italy
City pop is 1.2 but total urban pop is 3m
Located in beautiful bay near Vesuvius
Naples reputation is one of crime, gridlock
and the Mafia
* City and infrastructure benefitted from Cassa
but unemployment still 20%
* Informal economy is strong i.e. They dont pay
taxes e.g. Clothing, footwear etc
* Tourism is very big, Pompeii, Herculaneum
and the Isle of Capri
* Urban renewal has given the city a facelift and
modernised it
* Neapolitans have deep mistrust of
government and political leaders and look to
themselves to develop economically
Sicily
* Centre of Med where shipping lanes pass so
colonised for centuries
* Greek, Roman Aran and Norman influences
* Reunited with Italy in the late 19th C
* Distrust of outside ruler which led to mafia in
18th C
* Mafia offered protection to Islanders from
foreign rulers for a price
* Sicilian Provinialism led to continuation of Mafia
after unification
* Omerta - Code of silence - very hard to break the
Mafia
* Local politicians have strong links with the Mafia
* Public prosecutors targeted by mafia
* Many convictions overturned on technicalities by a
judge later convicted of membership

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MEZZOGIORNO REGION Mezzogiorno: A peripheral region The Italian peninsula south of Rome + Sardinia & Sicily - 40% of land area and 35% of pop but only 26% of GDP High dependence on agriculture, high unemployment, low wages (70% of north) and high emigration (9million in last 100yrs) Physical: 85% is either mountainous or hilly, Apennines are dominant mountain range, 40km to 200km wide...

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Gníomhaíochtaí Treasacha – imchuach Páras

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A Presentation made for Junior Cert Geography on the topic of urbanisation in the developed and developing world. Contains some past Junior Cert exam questions.

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Junior Cert Geography Climate PPT, Contains some past exam questions and some questions from the New Geo Workbook

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An Chaoi a Chuireann Daoine a gCultúr in Iúil go Laethúil

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Amy

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Níl mé críochnaithe leis seo go fóill...

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Níl mé críochnaithe leis seo go fóill...

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Hello guys! So, predictions. To repeat the soul-crushing words of every teacher ever, "be careful of predictions." Simply put, there is no guarantee that predictions will come up, and you need to be prepared for all scenarios.

That said, time doesn't grow on trees during the Leaving Cert, and it is wise to prioritise certain likely topics. Make sure you know the likely questions very well, so that you are be able to ace them if they come up. Being real, the probability that a certain amount of your predictions will come up is high. With this in mind, cover your predictions the night before the exam and know them as well as you possibly can.

In addition to predictions, I would advise to cover most, if not all of the Geography course at some point. Make sure to have a general knowledge of everything so that if you have to do a question that you haven't learned, you won't be totally screwed! If you know predictions very well, and the rest of the course well, you will fly the exam.

Another thing to be aware of in the Geography exam is manipulating answers and thinking on the fly. It's likely that you will have to make up at least one answer from scratch in the exam. If this is the case do not panic, use information you already know to form an answer. Use all possible info you have that's relevant to the question and you should pick up marks. Remember that the only question where structure matters is the essay at the end, so in the other questions, you can have SRPs (significant relevant points) in virtually any order and not lose marks.

Secondly, timing. The Geography exam is probably as time-tough an exam as you will ever sit (including English and Irish Paper 2), so be aware of the time allocation for every question and do not exceed it.

Anyways, after that tangent, back to predictions. Before I crack on, recap on the rules of predictions:

1. Be aware that predictions are not guarantees

2. Cover other course material well also, so that you're covered

3. BUT know your predictions very well, know them better than other material and make sure to revise them well the weeks before and the night before the exam. Prioritise predictions.

Without further ado:

Physical Geography

Measurement and effects of earthquakes

A rock type - will definitely come up (none in '18 or'17) - Sedimentary, but know all, metamorphic or metamorphic with one of the other two rocks is a possibility

Erosion and/or Deposition, know both

Constructive Plate Boundaries

Human interaction with surface processes

Landforms of folding and faulting

Isostacy came up last year, but it's a common question either in shorts, longs or as a part A, so know it

Processes shaping the formation of landforms in a karst region

Formation of volcanic landforms

Rock type producing a distinct landscape

Regional Geography

The European Union - dearly always comes up - do all EU

Interaction of economic, cultural and political regions

Human Processes - Irish Region

Tertiary Activities - Irish Region

Urban Centre - Irish Region

Climatic Region

Regions of Industrial Decline

Sketch Maps - Do all three, but most likely is sketch of Irish Region

Secondary Activities in a European Region

Human Processes - European Region

Primary Economic Activities in a continental/subcontinental region

Elective Option One: Patterns and Processes in Economic Activities

Graph Drawing

Factors influencing location of industry

Colonisation

Development of financial services/footloose industries/transport/tourism in developed country - came up last year but it tends to come up many years in a row, may be put in as a surprise

European Union

Globalisation

Elective Option Two: Patterns and Processes in the Human Environment

Land Use Models

Central Place Theory - all but particularly hinterland and hierarchy

Impacts of Migration - do impacts on both developed and developing regions

Pre-historic and historic settlement on an OS Map

Overpopulation - Do both causes and effects, particularly causes

Plan all OS Map long questions ... e.g explain why...

Population distribution and density

Urban land use zones

Site and Settlement

Population Distribution and Density

NOTE: I will not give any predictions for the final 80 mark question as there are a large number of options and many are hard to predict.

However, for G eoecology, I would advise students to do all of the biomes section, do it really well and some of the more common soil questions e.g soil characteristics or soil formation processes or a soil type as a back up. Focus on Biomes and have a soil backup.

Aerial Photographs

Sketch Maps - of both OS Maps and Aerial Photographs

Weather systems and weather maps

Fluvial, Glacial and Coastal Processes for shorts

Do ALL the short questions and look over your mistakes

Short Q Notes

REMEMBER: This is only a rough guide of important questions. Consult your teachers for their predictions and know the rest of the course as well. However, I would know these topics well, as they are good bets to study!
Photo by Ellen Auer on Unsplash

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Hello guys! So, predictions. To repeat the soul-crushing words of every teacher ever, "be careful of predictions." Simply put, there is no guarantee that predictions will come up, and you need to be prepared for all scenarios. That said, time doesn't grow on trees during the Leaving Cert, and it is wise to prioritise certain likely topics.

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OF DIFFERENT KINDS VII CLASS S.St. BY M. PADMA LALITHA SHARADA M. Phil (Edn.) Under guidance of S M T. C . B . N I R M A L A Dy. Ednl. Officer Nampally Mandand...

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The Templeshannon Regeneration Strategy sets out Wexford County Council's ambitious regeneration proposals for the Templeshannon area of Enniscorthy over the next 15-20 years.

The Strategy is intended to provide an urban design footprint for the Templeshannon area that future development proposals can take inspiration from, and integrate with. The main objective of the Strategy is "to enhance the public realm and improve traffic management in the Templeshannon area and develop a plan that would outline the urban renewal development opportunities for the Templeshannon area going forward".

The Strategy proposes to regenerate the area by tackling issues such as poor pedestrian environment, traffic congestion and dereliction. It also proposes to encourage further private investment and development in Templeshannon by increasing the attractiveness of the area through the provision of significant public realm improvement works.

The Strategy includes a number of key infrastructural projects:

Implementation of Enniscorthy Flood Defence Scheme and the associated Traffic Management Plan, including a proposal within the traffic plan to make Templeshannon one way from the Shannon to the Old Bridge;

Improvement of the public realm and streetscape of the Templeshannon area including the the widening of footpaths, enhanced public lighting, undergrounding of services, paving etc;

Improving accessibility and linkages from the Templeshannon area to the rest of Enniscorthy, including the provision of a new pedestrian bridge from Slaney Street to Templeshannon;

The progressive transformation of the Waterfront Leisure Centre private car park to create a new civic spaces and a public car park;

Improvement of the Enniscorthy Railway Station arrival area with emphasis on its connection to Templeshannon and the rest of Enniscorthy.

The preparation of designs for the streetscape works and the new pedestrian bridge projects will commence in the coming months and these projects are expected to be completed by mid 2019 and mid to late 2020 respectively. Both projects will include a comprehensive public consultation and planning processes.

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Wexford County Council unveils ambitious regeneration plans for Templeshannon, Enniscorthy | Enniscorthy & District Chamber

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The Templeshannon Regeneration Strategy sets out Wexford County Council's ambitious regeneration proposals for the Templeshannon area of Enniscorthy over the next 15-20 years. The Strategy is intended to provide an urban design footprint for the Templeshannon area that future development proposals can take inspiration from, and integrate with.

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Enniscorthy real-time road traffic news - ViaMichelin

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Check the traffic news for Enniscorthy on ViaMichelin: Enniscorthy real-time traffic news, road closures, accidents, traffic jams...

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Traffic Flow survey - GCSE Geography - Marked by Teachers.com

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See our example GCSE Essay on Traffic Flow survey now.

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Coimhlint Grúpaí Cultúrtha Stáit Náisiúin1

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https://studyclix.ie/Blog/Show/how-to-get-a-h1-in-the-leaving-cert-geography-exam

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Leaving cert & Junior cert Exam Revision | Studyclix makes exams easier

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Studyclix, Leaving Cert, geography, study, exams, project, leaving, cert

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reiligiun mar thascaire culturtha (1) (Elaine Nic Réamoinn)

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We support and empower the next generation of geographers, by creating and curating powerful, inspiring geography learning videos for secondary school students and teachers. Geography is so much more than a school subject or academic discipline. It defines our everyday lives. From the moment we are born, a journey of interactions with people and places begins.

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Twice as long - life expectancy around the world

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This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entry on Life Expectancy.

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