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Social Media's Role in Sexual Assault (Padlet Update)

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Social Media's Role in Sexual Assault (Padlet Update)

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I noticed the "media" section of the weebly page didn't have many scholarly sources.

This article breaks down social media involvement in a sexual assault case in 2012. The article mentions that social media can play at a speed that the justice system can't even come close to , and that bystanders can act as reporters very easily due to this.

Fairbairn, J., & Spencer, D. (2018). Virtualized violence and anonymous juries: Unpacking Steubenville’s “Big red” sexual assault case and the role of social media. Feminist Criminology, 13(5), 477-497. doi:10.1177/1557085116687032

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1557085116687032
-Dan Schroeder

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I noticed that in the education section of this page that the only educational outlet we had was PSA's. While this is great there are a ton of other educational programs our there that are extremely beneficial to our movement.

This article shows that education on sexual assault is one of the biggest ways to prevent it from happening. This article looks at  parenting education classes, home-visiting programs, public education, training sessions for teachers, E-Learning Programs of the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research and the Centre for Child Protection, and measures the effectiveness of all of them.

Zollner, H., Fuchs, K. A., & Fegert, J. M. (2014). Prevention of sexual abuse: Improved information is crucial. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 8(1), 5-5. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-8-5

https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1753-2000-8-5

-Dan Schroeder

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The section on UN Women on the Weebly page did not have a scholarly source.

This source explains what the UN Women do and how they are going to spearhead the global movement for women's rights.

While some of the information in this article is already on the page, this source give the information peer-reviewed credibility.

Burki, T. (2010). UN women to spearhead new drive for gender equality. Lancet, the, 376(9739), 405-406. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61206-8

https://search.proquest.com/docview/743960221?pq-origsite=summon

-Dan Schroeder

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The part on the weebly page that talks about ending the stigma and thoughts behind rape myths needed a scholarly source.

This source makes a direct link between rape culture in the media and rapes in real life. After collecting data on rapes in the news between 2000 and 2013, it was found that rape culture in the media directly predicts rape prevalence and its path through the justice system.

Baum, M., Cohen, D., & Zhukov, Y. (2018). Does rape culture predict rape? evidence from US newspapers, 2000-2013. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 13(3), 263-289. doi:10.1561/100.00016124

- Dan Schroeder

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This study explores how Deconstructive strategies are used to try and deconstruct the masculine narrative and patriarchal nature of this country. This study sites an analyisis by a psychologist exploring the positive effect spreading and sharing victims stories can make in the movement. This paper shares how important it is for speak outs and media sources  to be used as outlets for sharing people's stories.

This article will contribute to our site well because it will support some of the popular research that suggests media, and sharing victims stories are powerful ways to get the movement's message across. -EMILY

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https://www.ipinst.org/2018/03/combating-sexual-harassment-in-the-united-nations#2

This article discusses so many different things that people should know as well has has many great types of videos to watch and learn about.

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https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/global-hr/pages/sexual-harassment-law-global.aspx

This article discusses so many resources, campaigns and steps people can take to stop sexual assault It is very knowledgeable and interesting to read ab out all the things being done to help stop and raise awareness.

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https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/prevention.html

This article has many different great stratagies to help prevent sexual assault and violence. ]

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https://www.rainn.org/safety-prevention

This site talks about how to stay safe and protect others. It has so many good resources on safety for sexual assault. It shows many different resources and explains a lot about what can be done to help with stopping sexual assault.

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Self defense and sexual assault (Padlet Update)

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Self defense and sexual assault (Padlet Update)

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The section on the weebly page that talks specifically about actions in Africa caught my interest. This is another source that can be used in that section

This article shows proof that when Kenyan girls were taught self defense, the prevalence of sexual assault dropped from 24% to 9%. The control group however did not drop at all, proving self defense knowledge can prevent sexual assault.

Sinclair, J., M.D., Sinclair, L., Otieno, E., Mulinge, M., Ph.D., Kapphahn, Cynthia, M.D., M.P.H., & Golden, N. H., M.D. (2013). A self-defense program reduces the incidence of sexual assault in kenyan adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(3), 374-380. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.008

-Dan Schroeder

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This article can be used as a part of this section to show proof that educational programming on sexual assault helps meet our movement's goals.

After completing the program, it was women were less likely to believe rape myths, increased risk detection, reduced the risk of completed and attempted rape, as well as decreased acceptance of non-consensual sexual contact.

Senn, C. Y., Eliasziw, M., Hobden, K. L., Newby-Clark, I. R., Barata, P. C., Radtke, H. L., & Thurston, W. E. (2017). Secondary and 2-year outcomes of a sexual assault resistance program for university women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 41(2), 147-162. doi:10.1177/0361684317690119

http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/doi/full/10.1177/0361684317690119?utm_source=summon&utm_medium=discovery-provider

-Dan Schroeder

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This scholarly source explains rape myths and the people who are most likely to adhere to them. It brings up factors such as gender, education, and alcohol use. Alcohol use seemed to be the highest contributing factor for adhering to rape myths.

I figured this could go along with the strategies in order to show that alcohol use leads to more rape culture. Alcohol use is something that we can easily control.

Hayes, R., Abbott, R., & Cook, S. (2016). It's her fault: Student acceptance of rape myths on two college campuses. Violence Against Women, 22(13), 1540-1555. doi:10.1177/1077801216630147

http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/doi/10.1177/1077801216630147#_i19

-Dan Schroeder

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This lipstick brand directly confronts those they believe need to be held accountable for sexual assault and uses it as a way to market their product and raise money for organizations that support victims, provide information for preventative measures, and promote safety in society. ( I repostedthis so it is easier to connect to this topic.)-Emily

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Beauty brand Lipslut is releasing a new shade of lipstick called F*ck Kavanaugh.

From now until Sunday, 100% of the proceeds will go to organizations fighting sexual assault.

The brand's founder, Katie Sones, said she felt compelled to act after the hearing on September 27 between Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford.

Since launching in January 2017, beauty brand Lipslut has used its lipstick shades to raise awareness for social and political causes. The brand went viral earlier this year for donating 100% of the proceeds from its F*ck Trump lipstick to organizations that help families separated at the border, and now it's turning its attention to those affected by sexual assault.

Following the hearing on September 27 between Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford, who accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault, Lipslut is releasing a new shade called F*ck Kavanaugh.

From now until Sunday, 100% of the proceeds will go towards organizations fighting sexual assault such as RAINN, NO MORE, National Alliance to End Sexual Violence, and End the Backlog. After Sunday, 50% of the proceeds will still go toward these organizations.

The brand's founder, Katie Sones, told Refinery29 that she felt compelled to act after watching how women's voices were treated during the hearing.

"While watching the hearing and the events leading up to it, I got so upset seeing women's voices being ignored, doubted, and flat-out denied," Sones said. "If the highest levels of government won't listen to us, who will? To me, this entire mess serves as a microcosm for how thousands of women's experiences and traumas are treated every day - we had to act."

The brand previously raised $100,000 during its most recent F*ck Trump campaign, beating its former record of $40,000 raised for victims of the violence in Charlottesville. Lipslut also previously launched a shade called F*ck Hollywood in an effort to raise awareness for the #MeToo movement.

F*ck Kavanaugh can be preordered for $19.95 on Lipslut's website and is expected to ship in six to eight weeks. It's described as a "cool, calm, and collected" shade of red.

A representative for Lipslut did not immediately reply to INSIDER's request for comment.

Anyone looking talk about sexual assault can visit RAINN's online hotline or call the National Sexual Assault Hotline at 800-656-4673.

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A lipstick brand released a new shade called F*ck Kavanaugh - and 100% of the proceeds go towards organizations fighting sexual assault

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From now until Sunday, 100% of the proceeds of Lipslut's new product will go to organizations fighting sexual assault. The brand's founder, Katie Sones, said she felt compelled to act after the hearing on September 27 between Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford.

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Many Videos, commercials, songs, are coming to light in response to the sexual assault epidemic. These tactics are successful in provoking emotion and eliciting responses from viewers.

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The organization UN Action brings together 12 UN groups that all have the ultimate goal of ending sexual assault. In order to bring about this change they have activities that include:

Country-level action: working within country teams and peacekeeping operations to build capacity at the country level.

Advocating for action: raising public awareness and engendering political will to address sexual violence.

Knowledge hub: creating knowledge and evidence to promote an effective response by the UN and its partners.

Citation: Sexual Violence. (2015, September 21). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/violence/sexual_violence/en/

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Sexual violence is a serious public health and human rights problem with both short- and long-term consequences on women's physical, mental, and sexual and reproductive health. Whether sexual violence occurs in the context of an intimate partnership, within the larger family or community structure, or during times of conflict, it is a deeply violating and painful experience for the survivor.

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Article Noting Ways to End Sexual Assault on a Global Scale

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Article Noting Ways to End Sexual Assault on a Global Scale

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This article discusses women not only as victims but as worldwide activists. Women are active all around the globe so they are able to help create a better system to thwart sexual assault.

The article goes on to mention how this has been successful in ways such as the creation of international treaties, most notable at the 1979 United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women which asked governments to "change discriminatory practices and laws, including those that permit early marriage, bar women from inheriting property or relegate them to a secondary status."

A primary issue, common in most articles I read, is that sexual assault is likely related to women not having equal rights, so organizations are focused on lobbying governments and politicians for equal rights as well as changing social attitudes. Women need to be freed from their belief that they are inferior and also be taught that they, too, have legal rights.

An organization in Uganda called the Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention has volunteers who perform on the streets to create awareness and build support for local laws on violence against women.

The NGO Kivulini in Tanzania uses meetings, drama clubs, traditional music forms like drumming/singing/dancing all to create a discussion between people on violence against women.

"In Guinea, public education efforts bring together local NGOs and imams to explain that Islam does not condone the abuse of women."

Citation: Kimani, M. (2007, July). Taking on Violence Against Women in Africa | Africa Renewal Online. Retrieved November 1, 2018, from https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/july-2007/taking-violence-against-women-africa

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This article shows the effects of sexual assault training on college students. When compared to the group that went through school before the training was implemented, the trained group reported fewer sexual assaults. In all meaning sexual assault prevalence went down.

Rothman, E., & Silverman, J. (2007). The effect of a college sexual assault prevention program on first-year students' victimization rates. Journal of American College Health, 55(5), 283-90. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/10.3200/JACH.55.5.283-290

https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/sociology/docview/213019442/55A3863EDAAE447BPQ/3?accountid=39473

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This article is shows the changes that rape legislation reform had in Canada. The three goals of the reform was to increase reporting, decrease reports classified as unfounded, and increase the number of cases with charges. So far, only the first goal has been met. This is a great achievement to start helping our movement.

Roberts, J. V., & Gebotys, R. J. (1992). Reforming rape laws: Effects of legislative change in canada. Law and Human Behavior, 16(5), 555-573. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/10.1007/BF01044623

https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/psycarticles/docview/914687311/77CC9DB18E3C4754PQ/2?accountid=39473

Dan Schroeder

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The World Health Assembly endorses the global plan of action on violence against women and girls

WHO has established The global plan of action which was adopted with a resolution that was co-sponsored by 44 Member States including: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Georgia, Guatemala, Iceland, India, Mexico, Norway, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, United States of America, Uruguay, Zambia, and the European Union.

The global plan of action provides a strong mandate to address violence against women and girls as a global and urgent public health problem. The plan provides guidance for Ministries of Health to accelerate the implementation of the health sector’s contribution within multi-sector efforts to end violence against women and girls.

Citation: The World Health Assembly endorses the global plan of action on violence against women and girls, and also against children. (2016, December 21). Retrieved October 16, 2018, from http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/violence/action-plan-endorsement/en/

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The World Health Assembly endorses the global plan of action on violence against women and girls, and also against children

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With 1 in 3 women globally experiencing intimate partner violence and/or sexual violence by a non-partner, the global plan of action provides a strong mandate to address violence against women and girls as a global and urgent public health problem.

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UN Women currently works in 85 countries, including in many ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states) countries, to prevent violence in the first place, to end impunity for these crimes, to increase access to justice and to expand essential services to survivors.

Through their GLOBAL, regional and national programs, they support the development of laws, national action plans and policies, and training programs. They provide funding to NGOs and civil society, contribute to advocacy and awareness-raising efforts, and support local initiatives.

They work together with UNICEF and UN Habitat on the Safe Cities program to promote the safety of women and girls in public spaces. They now work in over 20 cities around the world, and this number continues to rise.

UN Women also administers the UN Trust Fund to End Violence against Women. This is a leading global fund exclusively dedicated to addressing violence against women and girls. To date, the UN Trust Fund has delivered more than USD 86 million to 351 initiatives in 128 countries and territories, often directly to women’s organizations.

UN Women’s COMMIT initiative has garnered new commitments by 58 Governments to prevent and end violence against women and girls.

Citation: It is time for action to end violence against women: A speech by Lakshmi Puri at the ACP-EU Parliamentary Assembly. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2018, from http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2013/6/it-is-time-for-action-to-end-violence-against-women-a-speech-by-lakshmi-puri

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Date: Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Speech by Acting Head of UN Women Lakshmi Puri on Ending Violence against Women and Children at the ACP-EU Parliamentary Assembly on 18 June 2013, in Brussels
Good morning.

Honourable Co-Presidents of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly Ms. Joyce Laboso (congratulations on this new important role) and Mr. Louis Michel,
Honourable Members of Parliament,
Ladies and Gentlemen,

I thank you for inviting me to address you at this ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly on a matter that concerns all of us, all 79 African, Caribbean and Pacific nations and 27 European Union Member States represented in this forum, and ALL nations of the world.

It is one of the most pervasive violations of human rights in the world, one of the least prosecuted crimes, and one of the greatest threats to lasting peace and development.

I am talking about violence against women and children. I am honoured to be here, at your request, to address this urgent matter as you join together to advance human rights, democracy and the common values of humanity.

We all know that we have to do much more to respond to the cries for justice of women and children who have suffered violence. We have to do much more to end these horrible abuses and the impunity that allows these human rights violations to continue.

When we started UN Women two-and-a-half years ago, we made ending violence against women and girls one of our top priorities.

I think we can all agree that the time for complacency is long gone, has passed and belongs to another era. The silence on violence against women and children has been broken and now. Now is the time for stronger action.

It is time for action when up to 70 per cent of women in some countries face physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime.

When one in three girls in developing countries is likely to be married as a child bride; when some 140 million girls and women have suffered female genital mutilation; when millions of women and girls are trafficked in modern-day slavery; and when women's bodies are a battleground and rape is used as a tactic of war - it is time for action.

This violence against women and children has tremendous costs to communities, nations and societies-for public well-being, health and safety, and for school achievement, productivity, law enforcement, and public programmes and budgets.

If left unaddressed, these human rights violations pose serious consequences for current and future generations and for efforts to ensure peace and security, to reduce poverty and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and the next generation of development goals we are discussing .

The effects of violence can remain with women and children for a lifetime, and can pass from one generation to another. Studies show that children who have witnessed, or been subjected to, violence are more likely to become victims or abusers themselves.

Violence against women and girls is an extreme manifestation of gender inequality and systemic gender-based discrimination. The right of women and children to live free of violence depends on the protection of their human rights and a strong chain of justice.

Countries that enact and enforce laws on violence against women have less gender-based violence. Today 160 countries have laws to address violence against women. However, in too many cases enforcement is lacking.

For an effective response to this violence, different sectors in society must work together.

A rape survivor must have rapid access to a health clinic that can administer emergency medical care, including treatment to prevent HIV and unintended pregnancies and counseling.

A woman who is beaten by her husband must have someplace to go with her children to enjoy safety, sanity and shelter.

A victim of violence must have confidence that when she files a police report, she will receive justice and the perpetrator will be punished.

And an adolescent boy in school who learns about health and sexuality must be taught that coercion, violence and discrimination against girls are unacceptable.

As the Acting Head of UN Women, I have the opportunity to meet with representatives from around the world, with government officials, civil society groups and members of the business community.

I can tell you that momentum is gathering, awareness is rising and I truly believe that long-standing indifference to violence against women and children is declining.

A recent study published in the American Sociological Review finds that transformation in attitudes are happening around the world.

The study looked at women's attitudes about intimate partner violence in 26 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. It found that during the first decade of the 2000s, in almost every one of these countries, women became more likely to reject intimate partner violence.

The surveys found growing female rejection of domestic violence in 23 of the 26 countries. It found that "women with greater access to global cultural scripts through urban living, education, or access to media were more likely to reject intimate partner violence."

The study's author concludes that domestic violence is increasingly viewed as unacceptable due to changes in global attitudes. Yet even with this rising rejection, in nearly half of the countries, 12 of the 26 - more than half of women surveyed - still believe that domestic violence is justified. So even though attitudes are changing, we still have a long way to go to achieve the changes in attitudes that are necessary to end violence against women and children.

I witnessed this myself at the 57th Commission on the Status of Women at United Nations Headquarters in New York this past March. The agreement reached at the Commission on preventing and ending violence against women and girls was hard-won and tensions ran high throughout the final week of the session.

There were many times when it was unclear whether the Commission would end in deadlock, as it did 10 years before on the same theme, or if Member States were going to decide on a groundbreaking agreement.

In the end, thanks to the tireless work of civil society advocates and negotiations into the wee hours of Government delegates and UN Women colleagues, agreement was reached on a historic document that embraces the call of women around the world to break the cycle of violence and to protect the rights of women and girls.

The landmark agreement provides an action plan for Governments. It breaks this down into the four P's: Protection of human rights, Prosecution of offenders, Prevention of violence, and Provision of Services to survivors.
Protecting human rights
When it comes to protecting rights, Governments are called on to review national legislation, practices and customs and abolish those that discriminate against women. Laws, policies and programmes that explicitly prohibit and punish violence must be put into place, in line with international agreements, and you as Members of Parliament can play a key role.

Based on findings from UN Women's 2011-2012 Progress of the World's Women report "In Pursuit of Justice ", out of all the ACP countries, 37 have legislation against domestic violence, 34 have legislation against sexual harassment, and just nine have legislation against marital rape.

Providing services

When it comes to providing services, the agreement calls for strong action to improve the quality and accessibility of services so that women have prompt access to services regardless of their location, race, age or income.

These include: health-care services including post-rape care, emergency contraception and abortion where legal; immediate and effective police responses, psychological support and counselling; legal advice and protection orders; shelter, telephone hotlines, and social assistance.

Responses must be timely and efficient to end a culture of hopelessness and impunity and foster a culture of justice and support. In almost all of the ACP countries comprehensive multisectoral services need to be put in place and made accessible to all.
Prosecuting offenders
When it comes to the prosecution of offenders, we know that ending impunity means that laws must be enforced.

Women must have access to the police to file a criminal report and receive legal advice and protection orders. The response to violence must be immediate, coordinated and effective so that crimes are punished and justice is secured. This is true for times of peace and conflict. There can be no lasting peace when women suffer sexual violence.

Courts and the justice system must be accessible and responsive to criminal and civil matters relating to violence against women. Women must be informed of their legal rights and supported to navigate the legal system.

And for this, we need more women police officers, prosecutors and judges, because we know that women serving on the frontlines of justice strengthen justice for women and children.
Preventing violence against women
When it comes to preventing violence, we must address the root causes of gender inequality and discrimination.

Evidence shows that where the "gender gap" is greater-in the status of women's health, participation in the economy, education levels, and representation in politics- women are more likely to be subjected to violence. Especially important is economic empowerment as a prevention strategy

This means that we need to take a long-term, systemic and comprehensive approach that recognizes and protects women's and children's full and equal human rights.

We must promote a culture of equality between men and women through institutional and legal reform, education, awareness-raising and the full engagement of men and boys.

Honourable MPs,

Ending violence against women is one of UN Women's key priorities and a critical part of UN Women's mission to achieve gender equality and women's empowerment.

Having said that, I would like to take this opportunity to tell you about UN Women's role in ending violence against women and some of our achievements.

A top priority right now is working with countries to implement the recent agreement from the Commission on the Status of Women.

I am very pleased that UN Women and the EU have agreed to work on this together. We hope, with your support, to collaborate with more regional and cross-regional bodies and groupings such as the African Union, the Latin American and Caribbean States and the Pacific Forum to follow up on the agreement from the Commission on the Status of Women to end violence against women and girls.

Today UN Women is working in 85 countries, including in many ACP countries, to prevent violence in the first place, to end impunity for these crimes, to increase access to justice and to expand essential services to survivors.

Through our global, regional and national programmes, we support the development of laws, national action plans and policies, and training programmes. We provide funding to NGOs and civil society, contribute to advocacy and awareness-raising efforts, and support local initiatives.

We work together with UNICEF and UN Habitat on the Safe Cities programme to promote the safety of women and girls in public spaces. We now work in over 20 cities around the world, and this number continues to rise. Let me share with you a few exciting examples.

In Kigali, Rwanda, a Safe City Campaign was launched by the mayor's office and other partners. The city is advocating for reforms to an existing law on gender-based violence to include measures on sexual harassment and violence in public spaces.

In Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, bylaws on local markets now include articles which address women's safety. Women vendors are returning to the markets following the first phase of physical and social infrastructure improvements, and a focused awareness campaign is underway on sexual harassment and sexual violence.

UN Women also administers the UN Trust Fund to End Violence against Women. This is a leading global fund exclusively dedicated to addressing violence against women and girls. To date, the UN Trust Fund has delivered more than USD 86 million to 351 initiatives in 128 countries and territories, often directly to women's organizations. The results have demonstrated many good practices that can, and should be, expanded.

Another global programme administered by UN Women is the Secretary-General's UNiTE Campaign to End Violence against Women. Through strong advocacy, the campaign is mobilizing communities across the globe.

In Africa, the UNiTE Campaign organized the Kilimanjaro Climb hosted by Tanzania under the auspices of the President. This raised awareness of violence against women to the highest levels resulting in strengthened national commitments throughout Africa.

In the Pacific Region, the campaign succeeded in securing the "Pacific Members of Parliament UNiTE statement" - the first of its kind in the region, tabled at the Pacific Island Forum Leaders meeting in the Cook Islands.

In the Caribbean, 15 high-profile local artists produced a series of creative materials as part of the "Caribbean Artists, united to end violence against women" initiative, developed in the framework of the UNiTE Campaign. These materials were officially presented by the Secretary-General of CARICOM, Irwin LaRocque, last year during the gathering of CARICOM Heads of Government. This has contributed to give high visibility and strategically position the issue of violence against women in the region.

And UN Women's COMMIT initiative has garnered new commitments by 58 Governments to prevent and end violence against women and girls. I applaud the ACP and EU member countries, and the European Union itself, for making commitments and encourage other countries to join them.

We must work together to seize the moment and move quickly so that the momentum is not lost. UN Women stands ready to assist Member States with other UN partners. We have already identified the key priorities and strategies we will be focusing:

First, Getting the Evidence: Data on Violence against Women
Despite some progress in this area, there is still an urgent need to strengthen the evidence base as many countries still lack reliable and meaningful data. Actually, earlier this morning the European Women's Lobby Centre on Violence against Women presented the findings from the 2013 Barometer focusing on rape in the EU.

In cooperation with our UN partners, we plan to build capacity in regions and countries to increase skills in data collection, analysis, dissemination and use, using the UN Statistical Commission Guidelines for obtaining data for the nine core indicators for violence against women.

Second, Strengthening Multi-sectoral Services for Survivors
To this end, UN Women is working to devise globally agreed standards and guidelines on the essential services and responses that are required to meet the immediate and mid-term safety, health, and other needs of women and girls subjected to violence. I am very pleased that we are now working in partnership with UNFPA and other UN agencies to deliver this initiative.

Third, Preventing Violence against Women and Girls
To this end, we will advocate for and work towards a shared understanding at the global level about what works, and provide guidance to States and other stakeholders on how to develop an holistic framework to prevent violence against women and girls; including by working systematically and consistently with male leaders and men and boys at all levels and by further strengthening women's economic and political participation.

Fourth, Strengthening Partnerships
We will continue to engage civil society and the private sector in ending violence against women and girls, working with survivors to empower them, making sure their experiences are taken into consideration in the development of responses; and working with those women and girls who suffer multiple and intersecting forms of violence who are particularly vulnerable.

Fifth and finally, we will continue to improve the knowledge base for ending violence against women by developing additional modules and updating our virtual knowledge centre.

Honourable Members of Parliament,

I would now like to take a brief moment to discuss the post-2015 development agenda, especially its role in addressing the issue of violence against women. I also had the occasion to deliver a video statement on this in your Women's Forum which took place past Saturday and which concentrated on the post-2015 framework. I applaud the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly for regularly organizing such a Women's Forum and strengthening this network.

UN Women is calling for a stand-alone goal on gender equality, women's rights and women's empowerment and separately and concurrently gender equality mainstreamed across all goals. This is needed to address the structural foundations of gender-based inequality. To this effect, we are calling for the new framework to tackle three core areas: safety, access and voice, so women can live free of violence, enjoy equal access of opportunities and resources; and exercise their voice in leadership and participation.

In developing the post-2015 agenda and the 11th European Development Fund, we seek your support to ensure a strong focus on gender equality, women's rights and empowerment and ending violence.

I thank you. All of us at UN Women look forward to strengthened collaboration with you and your countries through this forum to end violence against women and children.

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ending violence against women and children

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It is time for action to end violence against women: a speech by Lakshmi Puri at the ACP-EU Parliamentary Assembly

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Date: Wednesday, June 19, 2013 Speech by Acting Head of UN Women Lakshmi Puri on Ending Violence against Women and Children at the ACP-EU Parliamentary Assembly on 18 June 2013, in Brussels Good morning.

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Iraq: Stop letting rapists go free - Repeal Article 398!

Citation: Iraq: Stop letting rapists go free - Repeal Article 398! (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.equalitynow.org/iraq_stop_letting_rapists_go_free_repeal_article_398

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"I could not accept the idea of having married my rapist." With these words, Sabiha (not her real name), began her story to Equality Now's partner in Iraq, the Baghdad Women Association.
One night, while Sabiha, a 32-year-old woman, was working late at her medical laboratory job, the security guard - a relative of hers - raped her. As if that wasn't traumatic enough, her family and community pressured her into marrying her rapist to remove the stigma they believe her rape placed on her family's "honor." Many communities around the world, including Sabiha's, subscribe to the sex discriminatory belief that women and girls are vessels of their family's "honor." So rather than a criminal attack on Sabiha, the rape was seen as an attack on the family's reputation, which they felt could only be lessened by marrying her off. Through Article 398 of Iraq's Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, which effectively encourages this practice, Sabiha, a once energetic and highly motivated woman, was re-victimized while her rapist escaped all punishment by marrying her.

For nine months, she endured continued rapes, trauma, isolation and anxiety: "I was under constant stress, unhappy, feeling disgusted. I took every opportunity to initiate fights with him until I forced him to leave me." But even after an eventual divorce, Sabiha's life did not get any better. Her older sisters and brothers didn't accept her decision to divorce and refuse to give her any physical or mental support. Her family prevented her from continuing with her work or from leaving her home unless escorted by her mother. And, recently, less than a year ago, Sabiha, who is now 35 years old was pressured to marry a 70-year-old man with three children, some of them her same age and who treat her badly.

Marry-your-rapist exemption, polygamy, "child marriage". There is a disturbing pattern in Iraq in the last few months and years, with Parliamentarians proposing and backing laws that encourage violence and discrimination against women and girls. But, it doesn't have to be this way. Tunisia, Jordan and Lebanon repealed similar "marry your rapist" provisions in 2017 and Bahrain and several other countries in the region are in the process of revoking such articles. Please raise your voice. Support us and our local partners; Baghdad Women Association, the Iraqi Women League, and the Coalition of Women MPs from Arab Countries to Combat Violence against Women (the Coalition), and call on Iraq to follow its neighbors lead! Last year, Parliamentarian Intisar Aljubory submitted a proposal to repeal Article 398 supported by 66 of her fellow MPs. Moreover, in October 2017, the coalition sent a letter to the Iraqi Speaker of the House demanding repeal of Article 398. However, it is still pending. The Coalition, including MP Intisar Aljubory, along with Women for Peace in Iraq, continues to campaign and raise awareness of parliamentarians, civil society and judges about the issue. Join Iraqi activists in calling on Speaker of the House Salim al-Jabouri to immediately call for a vote to repeal Article 398 to stop the abuse of women like Sabiha. Thank you!

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Iraq: Stop letting rapists go free - Repeal Article 398!

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"I could not accept the idea of having married my rapist." With these words, Sabiha (not her real name), began her story to Equality Now's partner in Iraq, the Baghdad Women Association. One night, while Sabiha, a 32-year-old woman, was working late at her medical laboratory job, the security guard - a relative of hers - raped her.

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Equality Now - GLOBAL Goal for the Fight Against Sexual Assault

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Equality Now - GLOBAL Goal for the Fight Against Sexual Assault

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Equality Now is committed to ending sexual violence against women and girls everywhere in the world. Equality Now campaigns for laws that protect and uphold the rights of women and girls, so that everyone benefits. Their work to advance global gender equality supports their efforts to get justice for survivors and victims of sexual violence – with the ultimate goal of preventing violence altogether.

Equality Now uses the law to end violence against women and girls by:

Advocating for strong laws and policies to protect women and girls from sexual violence

Making sure that the justice system works, with proper investigation, prosecution and punishment of offenders

Pushing for legal procedures that support survivors and prevent re-victimization

Working with partners to bring specific cases to national, regional and international courts to underscore the global nature of this human rights abuse

Citation: END SEXUAL VIOLENCE. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.equalitynow.org/end_sexual_violence_campaign

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One in three women will experience physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, regardless of age, background or country. Equality Now is committed to ending sexual violence against women and girls, creating healthier, safer environments for the whole community.

When women and girls can live free from the threat of sexual violence, they can live healthier lives. When communities are safer for women and girls, they are safer and more prosperous for everyone. Equality Now's work to end sexual violence can positively impact not only the woman or girl - but also her entire community.

"There is one universal truth, applicable to all countries, cultures and communities: violence against women is never acceptable, never excusable, never tolerable." -- Ban Ki-Moon, UN Secretary-General (2007-2016)

Over a lifetime, one in three women will experience physical or sexual violence - regardless of age, background or country. The violence occurs in public and private and affects both the woman and her community. Overwhelmingly committed by men against women, sexual violence can take many forms, including rape, domestic violence, harassment and objectification, "honor" killings, sex trafficking, female genital mutilation, "child marriage" and other harmful practices.

What is Sexual Violence?

Overwhelmingly committed by men against women, sexual violence can take many forms, including:

Rape

Domestic violence

Harassment and objectification

"Honor" killings

Sex trafficking

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and other harmful practices

The violence occurs in public and private and affects both the woman and her community.

What are we doing about it?

Violence against women and girls is rooted in inequality. Our work to advance global gender equality supports our efforts to get justice for survivors and victims of sexual violence - with the ultimate goal of preventing violence altogether.

Equality Now uses the law to end violence against women and girls by:

Advocating for strong laws and policies to protect women and girls from sexual violence

Making sure that the justice system works, with proper investigation, prosecution and punishment of offenders

Pushing for legal procedures that support survivors and prevent re-victimization

Working with partners to bring specific cases to national, regional and international courts to underscore the global nature of this human rights abuse

Creating safer environments for girls

Adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable to abuse, with sexual violence being the most common form.

Our Justice for Girls program keeps them safe at home, at school and in their communities.

We are the only international organization that uses strategic litigation (taking carefully-selected cases to court to set legal precedents) to protect girls' legal rights.
Take action

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One in three women will experience physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, regardless of age, background or country. Equality Now is committed to ending sexual violence against women and girls, creating healthier, safer environments for the whole community. When women and girls can live free from the threat of sexual violence, they can live healthier lives.

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https://muse-jhu-edu.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/article/690842

This article explains how beauty is such a expectation and girls are expected to live up to a standard. Women are then sexualized though. This fits into the goals because we are in the process of separating these situations and what needs to change about it.

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https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/doi/full/10.1111/dial.12414

women still experience different forms of sexism everyday compared to men. this talks about women rights and real freedom with their bodies. This mentions about sex trafficking and fighting for womens rights and freedom for their body. This fits in because it is a goal that women get to have more respect and that sexism dosnt happen in everyday lives.

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https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/doi/full/10.1002/ntlf.30134

This article talks about different approaches that are being taken. It is about thinking critically on the subject and other impacts it has.

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https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/science/article/pii/S0277539517305071

This talks about understanding the empowerment for feminism and what has happened in the #metoo movement and others. It reveals how intersectionality and power are linked.

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The goal of the #MeToo movement is also to be “the start of a larger conversation” and a space for “community healing” for all".
The goal of the Times up movement is to be the next steps after #MeToo created awareness the "aim is to create concrete change, leading to safety and equity in the workplace" This group focuses on getting policy changed as far as workplace sexual assault and other inequality issues.--Emily

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#MeToo and Time's Up Founders Explain the Difference Between the 2 Movements

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MeToo and Time's Up both upended the conversation about women's issues around the world. The founders explain the difference between them

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Goal of the #MeToo according to Alyssa Milano's friend who sparked the idea.

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Goal of the #MeToo according to Alyssa Milano's friend who sparked the idea.

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This article shares that : "The goal of #MeToo, as Milano’s friend told her, was simply to give people a sense of “the magnitude of the problem.”

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About 10 years ago, after I'd graduated college but when I was still waitressing full-time, I attended an empowerment seminar. It was the kind of nebulous weekend-long event sold as helping people discover their dreams and unburden themselves from past trauma through honesty exercises and the encouragement to "be present." But there was one moment I've never forgotten. The group leader, a man in his 40s, asked anyone in the room of 200 or so people who'd been sexually or physically abused to raise their hands. Six or seven hands tentatively went up. The leader instructed us to close our eyes, and asked the question again. Then he told us to open our eyes. Almost every hand in the room was raised.

For a long time, most women defined their own sexual harassment and assault in this way: as something unspoken, something private, something to be ashamed of acknowledging. Silence, although understandable, has its cost. A decade ago, I couldn't have conceived of the fact that so many women had experienced sexual coercion or intimidation; now, I'd be surprised if I could find a single one who hadn't. On Sunday afternoon, the actress Alyssa Milano used her Twitter account to encourage women who'd been sexually harassed or assaulted to tweet the words #MeToo. In the last 24 hours, a spokesperson from Twitter confirmed, the hashtag had been tweeted nearly half a million times.

If you've been sexually harassed or assaulted write 'me too' as a reply to this tweet. pic.twitter.com/k2oeCiUf9n
- Alyssa Milano (@Alyssa_Milano) October 15, 2017

#MeToo wasn't just mushrooming on Twitter-when I checked Facebook Monday morning, my feed was filled with friends and acquaintances acknowledging publicly that they, too, had experienced harassment or assault. Some shared their stories, some simply posted the hashtag to add their voices to the fray. And it wasn't just women: Men also spoke up about their experiences with assault. Actors including Anna Paquin, Debra Messing, Rosario Dawson, Gabrielle Union, and Evan Rachel Wood joined in. The writer Alexis Benveniste used it to remind people that the messages they were seeing were only the tip of the iceberg. For every woman stating her own experiences out loud, there were likely just as many choosing not to do so.

Reminder that if a woman didn't post #MeToo, it doesn't mean she wasn't sexually assaulted or harassed. Survivors don't owe you their story.
- Alexis Benveniste (@apbenven) October 16, 2017

Related Stories

For all the frequent grumbles about the passivity of most forms of Twitter activism, this was a moment in which the form fit perfectly with the message: The goal of #MeToo, as Milano's friend told her, was simply to give people a sense of "the magnitude of the problem." Waking up to a feed dominated by women discussing their experiences of harassment and assault, it turns out, will do that. For more than a week, social media has been filled with stories told by women about their interactions with the producer Harvey Weinstein, accusations that range from verbal coercion to rape. But as horrifying as the allegations against Weinstein have been, more appalling still is the sense that his behavior isn't uncommon. That in industries across the world, from media to music to modeling to academia, women have encountered their own Weinsteins and have deduced, for whatever reason, that nothing could be done about it and nobody cared.

The power of #MeToo, though, is that it takes something that women had long kept quiet about and transforms it into a movement. Unlike many kinds of social-media activism, it isn't a call to action or the beginning of a campaign, culminating in a series of protests and speeches and events. It's simply an attempt to get people to understand the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault in society. To get women, and men, to raise their hands. Recent revelations about the alleged abuses of Weinstein and Bill Cosby and Jimmy Savile and R. Kelly have proven that truth has power. There's a monumental amount of work to be done in confronting a climate of serial sexual predation-one in which women are belittled and undermined and abused and sometimes pushed out of their industries altogether. But uncovering the colossal scale of the problem is revolutionary in its own right.

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About 10 years ago, after I'd graduated college but when I was still waitressing full-time, I attended an empowerment seminar. It was the kind of nebulous weekend-long event sold as helping people discover their dreams and unburden themselves from past trauma through honesty exercises and the encouragement to "be present."

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National Sexual violence resource center

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National Sexual violence resource center

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The mission of this organization and many like it are to create a resource for victims and be leaders in prevention and preventative teaching. -Emily

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National Sexual Violence Resource Center

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About the National Sexual Violence Resource Center

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The National Sexual Violence Resource Center provides leadership in preventing and responding to sexual violence through collaborating, sharing and creating resources, and promoting research. Learn about our vision, principles, history, and more.

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Many goals for the original movement were related to our judicial system, now the goals are more oriented towards societal practices and norms being broken and challenged to create communities in which women, girls, and victims of sexual assault do not have to live in fear of sexual abuse. This article lists many successes of the movement such as: Victims sexual history cannot be used to discredit her story, rape crisis centers are to remain standing, greater visibility to acquaintence rape, norms of men dominating women have been challenged, survivors have access to many resources. -Emily

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History of the Movement | Washington Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs

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Rape crisis centers in cities and towns began joining together to form state and national coalitions. The Washington Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs was incorporated in 1979 with ten members from around the state. They had been working together to make legislative change, and to mark what was then Rape Awareness Week (now Sexual Assault Awareness Month).

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ADD ON: Change the culture "Boys will be boys" video

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ADD ON: Change the culture "Boys will be boys" video

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-Emily B.
Many of the actors of this video are from the popular tv show about sexual assault (Law and order SVU) this video is trying to start a movement to change the culture around sexual assault

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30 PSA  Boys Will Be Boys #Change the Culture

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ADD ON:Scary time for men video- showing the presence of this fight is so widespread

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ADD ON:Scary time for men video- showing the presence of this fight is so widespread

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-Emily B.
THis new viral video shares that there is still active members on social media in this fight. Encouraging us to vote in the upcoming elections, using our voice to combat sexual assault in the ways we can.

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This Parody Song Proves Why It's Anything But a Scary Time for Men﻿

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Watch This Parody Song Proves Why It's Anything But a Scary Time for Men﻿, a Politics video from NowThis.

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ADD ON: Sue Snyder speaks at GVSU about sexual violence prevention

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ADD ON: Sue Snyder speaks at GVSU about sexual violence prevention

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-Emily B.

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GVSU hosts Sue Snyder for discussion on sexual violence prevention

Posted on October 10, 2018

During a visit to Grand Valley State University October 10, Michigan's first lady Sue Snyder encouraged campus community members to continue to get involved in sexual violence prevention and applauded the university's many efforts to reduce assaults.

Jesse Bernal, vice president for Inclusion and Equity at Grand Valley, invited Snyder to visit the Allendale Campus to discuss prevention and to meet with students, administrators and community members.

"Now more than ever, people are talking about sexual assault on campus," Snyder said. "While we've made significant progress, we still have more work to do. Preventing sexual assault and helping survivors sends a message to our young people that they matter. With Grand Valley's help, I know we can make more supportive and safer environments."

The meeting was an extension of an ongoing discussion about sexual assault prevention at universities across the state. In 2015, Snyder began the statewide "Let's End Campus Sexual Assault" initiative; Grand Valley has received multiple grants from the initiative to bolster campus sexual assault prevention programming and education.

Grand Valley President Thomas J. Haas said it's the university's responsibility to create a safe and secure campus. "We will continue to work with area law enforcement, and educate our students and look to them as role models," he said.

"I'm so impressed that law enforcement and Grand Valley have come together to work closely and understand each other's processes," Snyder said. "This collaboration should be a model for other universities."

During the meeting, students and staff members gave presentations on topics ranging from current prevention efforts to campus safety practices.

Aaron Haight, assistant dean of students, and Rachel Jenkin, Student Senate president, discussed outreach and education.

"New students arrive on campus without a lot of prevention education during K-12, so the Dean of Students Office partners with several offices to provide education within their first few days on campus," said Haight.

Last year, Jenkin chaired the Student Senate's sexual assault awareness committee and is working to foster partnerships with local restaurants, liquor stores and off-campus housing.

"For the first time this year, we're hosting a campus safety walk on November 1 to identify spots on campus where some students don't feel safe, and we're working on requiring all student senators to complete bystander intervention training," said Jenkin.

During the meeting, Bernal announced two new initiatives: a program to engage men in prevention work and a micro-grant program to fund on-campus work in prevention and education. The meeting ended with a discussion about challenges and ways to continue to combat sexual assault.

Those in attendance also included students from Grand Valley's It's On Us chapter and representatives from Kent County, Ottawa County and Ottawa County Sheriff's Office.

Following the meeting, Snyder visited the Center for Women and Gender Equity in the Kirkhof Center.

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GVSU hosts Sue Snyder for discussion on sexual violence prevention

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Posted on October 10, 2018 During a visit to Grand Valley State University October 10, Michigan's first lady Sue Snyder encouraged campus community members to continue to get involved in sexual violence prevention and applauded the university's many efforts to reduce assaults.

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This is a link to the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services' Sexual Assault Resources Page.  They have grants for different programs around the state that help victim of sexual assault.
https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/0,5885,7-339-71548_54879-51184--,00.html

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The #MeToo Moment: When the Blinders Come Off

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The #MeToo Moment: When the Blinders Come Off

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This is an article from the New York Times that was realized just as the #MeToo movement was gaining steam around the country, and looks at some of the events that lead up to it.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/us/the-metoo-moment.html?rref=collection%2Fseriescollection%2Fmetoo-moment&action=click&contentCollection=us&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=8&pgtype=collection

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Lipslut lipstick donates money to fight sexual assault

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Lipslut lipstick donates money to fight sexual assault

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-Emily

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Beauty brand Lipslut is releasing a new shade of lipstick called F*ck Kavanaugh.

From now until Sunday, 100% of the proceeds will go to organizations fighting sexual assault.

The brand's founder, Katie Sones, said she felt compelled to act after the hearing on September 27 between Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford.

Since launching in January 2017, beauty brand Lipslut has used its lipstick shades to raise awareness for social and political causes. The brand went viral earlier this year for donating 100% of the proceeds from its F*ck Trump lipstick to organizations that help families separated at the border, and now it's turning its attention to those affected by sexual assault.

Following the hearing on September 27 between Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford, who accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault, Lipslut is releasing a new shade called F*ck Kavanaugh.

From now until Sunday, 100% of the proceeds will go towards organizations fighting sexual assault such as RAINN, NO MORE, National Alliance to End Sexual Violence, and End the Backlog. After Sunday, 50% of the proceeds will still go toward these organizations.

The brand's founder, Katie Sones, told Refinery29 that she felt compelled to act after watching how women's voices were treated during the hearing.

"While watching the hearing and the events leading up to it, I got so upset seeing women's voices being ignored, doubted, and flat-out denied," Sones said. "If the highest levels of government won't listen to us, who will? To me, this entire mess serves as a microcosm for how thousands of women's experiences and traumas are treated every day - we had to act."

The brand previously raised $100,000 during its most recent F*ck Trump campaign, beating its former record of $40,000 raised for victims of the violence in Charlottesville. Lipslut also previously launched a shade called F*ck Hollywood in an effort to raise awareness for the #MeToo movement.

F*ck Kavanaugh can be preordered for $19.95 on Lipslut's website and is expected to ship in six to eight weeks. It's described as a "cool, calm, and collected" shade of red.

A representative for Lipslut did not immediately reply to INSIDER's request for comment.

Anyone looking talk about sexual assault can visit RAINN's online hotline or call the National Sexual Assault Hotline at 800-656-4673.

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A lipstick brand released a new shade called F*ck Kavanaugh - and 100% of the proceeds go towards organizations fighting sexual assault

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From now until Sunday, 100% of the proceeds of Lipslut's new product will go to organizations fighting sexual assault. The brand's founder, Katie Sones, said she felt compelled to act after the hearing on September 27 between Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford.

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This article talks about sexual assault in the military, specifically the creation of the Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office, who is in charge of sexual assault training in the military. This study suggests that thorough sexual assault training is helping lead to lower rates of sexual assault in the military.

Holland, K. J., Rabelo, V. C., & Cortina, L. M. (2014). Sexual assault training in the military: Evaluating efforts to end the "invisible war". American Journal of Community Psychology, 54(3-4), 289-303. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/10.1007/s10464-014-9672-0

https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/docview/1618066891/abstract/8EE1197E9804733PQ/1?accountid=39473

-Dan Schroeder

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This article discusses the WHO's definition of domestic violence and how it doesn't relate in some countries where cultural norms are different than our own. While this isn't specifically about sexual assault, domestic abuse links with our movement as well.

Kalokhe, A., Potdar, R., Stephenson, R., Dunkle, K., Paranjape, A., del Rio, C., & Sahay, S. (2015). How well does the world health organization definition of domestic violence work for india? Plos One, 10(3), e0120909. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120909

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0120909

-Dan Schroeder

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This isn't really much of a separate article, but it goes along nicely with the one to the left. It explains that the hotline has now gone into a web site as well in order to help attract those who are younger and embrace technology.

RAINN hotline for sexual assault victims goes digital. (2008). Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 46(6), 11-11.

https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/docview/225538002/fulltext/1170C4C3487944DCPQ/1?accountid=39473

-Dan Schroeder

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This article shows an evaluation of the RAINN Sexual assault hotline. Using data collected on the first 623 visitors over 11 months it was found that the system was helpful to around 80% of visitors.

Finn, J., & Hughes, P. (2008). Evaluation of the RAINN national sexual assault online hotline. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 26(2-4), 203-222. doi:10.1080/15228830802094783

https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/doi/full/10.1080/15228830802094783?scroll=top&needAccess=true

-Dan Schroeder

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http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/doi/10.1177/1350506818765286

This discusses individuals and collectives and the impact they have on this movement. they also discuss how celebrities impact the movement.

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You are entering a secure login area in which designated applications at GVSU are allowed to use your login credentials entered on this site for authentication. This allows you to login once with your network ID and password and have access to designated applications without logging in multiple times.

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#Metoo moment and changing through digital feminist activism. 

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#Metoo moment and changing through digital feminist activism. 

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http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/doi/10.1177/1350506818765318

This article discusses if Twitter is a safe space for feminist activism and the thoughts on this.

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World Health Organization (WHO) and Sexual Violence Research Initiative

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World Health Organization (WHO) and Sexual Violence Research Initiative

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The Sexual Violence Research Initiative (which can be found HERE) is a consortium, established by WHO and the Global Forum for Health Research, that aims to promote research on sexual violence and generate empirical data that ensures sexual violence is recognized as a priority public health problem.

More definitively, "The Sexual Violence Research Initiative is a global research initiative that promotes good quality research in the area of sexual violence, particularly in low and middle income countries. We are building an experienced and committed network of researchers, policy makers, activists and donors to ensure that the many aspects of sexual violence are addressed from the perspective of different disciplines and cultures. The SVRI believes that prevention efforts and service provision must be informed by sound research and evidence."

Citation:

Who We Are. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.svri.org/who-we-are

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The Sexual Violence Research Initiative is a global research initiative that promotes good quality research in the area of sexual violence, particularly in low and middle income countries. We are building an experienced and committed network of researchers, policy makers, activists and donors to ensure that the many aspects of sexual violence are addressed from the perspective of different disciplines and cultures. The SVRI believes that prevention efforts and service provision must be informed by sound research and evidence.
What Guides our Work?
The work of the SVRI is guided by the SVRI Coordinating Group, a group of experts from different disciplines, networks of organisations on sexual violence and global regions. In addition to this expert guidance, the work of the SVRI is framed by the Sexual Violence Research Agenda. The Sexual VIolence Research Agenda identifies focus areas for research, within which 6 broad priority areas are outlined. These are:

Priority Area 1: Nature, Prevalence, Social Context and Risk Factors Associated with Sexual Violence
Priority Area 2: Sexual Violence Prevention
Priority Area 3: Appropriateness and Effectiveness of Sexual Violence Services
Priority Area 4: Childhood Sexual Abuse
Priority Area 5: Sexual Violence in Conflict and Emergency Settings
Priority Area 6: HIV and Sexual Violence
Principles for SVRI Projects
All projects implemented or supported by the SVRI should:

Adhere to international safety and ethical guidelines

Focus on low and middle income-settings

Be conceptualized within a human rights framework

Strive to be cross-sectoral and multi-disciplinary;

Where relevant and appropriate endeavour to engage the community that is being researched;

Challenge the gender hierarchy that contributes to sexual violence in order to promote gender equality.

Inform policy, programs and services and serve to strengthen access to comprehensive care and support for survivors

For more information on our history, team, partners and networks, click on the links below.
Aim and objectives History Team Partners Networks Contact Us

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The Sexual Violence Research Initiative is a global research initiative that promotes good quality research in the area of sexual violence, particularly in low and middle income countries. We are building an experienced and committed network of researchers, policy makers, activists and donors to ensure that the many aspects of sexual violence are addressed from the perspective of different disciplines and cultures.

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UN WOMEN - United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women 

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UN WOMEN - United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women 

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This is an online resource center designed to assist those who are dedicated to assisting girls and women that are subject to sexual assault.

I have placed a quotation from their site on our Problem Page, but information here is helpful to show that there is an organization dedicated to virtual assistance in the realm of sexual assault.

Citation:

Fast facts: Statistics on violence against women and girls. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2018, from http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/299-fast-facts-statistics-on-violence-against-women-and-girls-.html

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Fast facts: statistics on violence against women and girls

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Follow-up to the 57th Commission on the Status of Women (CSW). Implementing agreed conclusions. 57th Commission on the Status of Women agreed conclusions.

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Equality Now - A Just World for Women and Girls

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Equality Now - A Just World for Women and Girls

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This organization is globally focused on sexual assault, specifically that of rape. They conducted a report on laws around the globe and show that they are still not sufficient for the protection against rape.

They say "Around the world, rape and sexual abuse are everyday violent occurrences -- affecting close to a billion women and girls over their lifetimes. However, despite the pervasiveness of these crimes, laws are insufficient, inconsistent, not systematically enforced and, sometimes, promote violence. Since Equality Now’s founding in 1992, we have worked with survivors of rape and sexual assault to help them get justice and to push for measures to bring an end to this unacceptable crime. The report looks at how laws around the world are still failing to protect women and girls from sexual violence.

Citation:

The Global Rape Epidemic. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2018, from https://www.equalitynow.org/the_global_rape_epidemic_campaign?locale=en

In-Text Citation:

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"We hope that this global report will open up a conversation to bring addressing sexual violence into the very centre of our collective thinking and action and to promote the right of women and girls everywhere to equality and to be free from violence."

-Yasmeen Hassan, Global Executive Director

The World's Shame: The Global Rape Epidemic

Around the world, rape and sexual abuse are everyday violent occurrences -- affecting close to a billion women and girls over their lifetimes. However, despite the pervasiveness of these crimes, laws are insufficient, inconsistent, not systematically enforced and, sometimes, promote violence. Since Equality Now's founding in 1992, we have worked with survivors of rape and sexual assault to help them get justice and to push for measures to bring an end to this unacceptable crime. The report looks at how laws around the world are still failing to protect women and girls from sexual violence.

"By rape, the victim is treated as a mere object of sexual gratification ...without regard for the personal autonomy and control over what happens to his or her body...rape is one of the most repugnant affronts to human dignity and the range of dignity-related rights, such as security of the person and integrity of the person..."

African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights: Communication 341/2007 - "Equality Now v Federal Republic of Ethiopia"

By any measure, gender-based violence, including sexual violence, is being inflicted on women and girls in epidemic proportions. If it were a medical disease, sexual violence would have the serious attention and the funding to address it, from governments and independent donors alike. Everyone reading this report is likely to have either survived, or to know someone who has experienced, some form of sexual violence.

An analysis of surveys on laws on rape and sexual assault from 82 jurisdictions

The findings and analysis in this report are a reflection of information and trends emerging from our review of surveys on sexual violence laws submitted by members of the legal profession in 82 jurisdictions-including within 73 UN member states-around the world. Information for this report was collected over a period of several months from late 2014 to late 2015 and changes may have been made to laws subsequently. We have included case studies from our work to illustrate the impact of discriminatory rape laws or weak enforcement of good laws. The report does not purport to be a definitive representation of the law in any country. Instead, it provides a general picture of laws on sexual violence in the countries surveyed and to highlight obstacles to justice for survivors of sexual violence. The findings illustrate that governments still have a long way to go to transform their laws, policies and practices into instruments to a) prevent sexual violence, b) provide better access to justice for victims (including specialised services) and c) effectively punish sexual violence crimes.

The report also provides links to active Equality Now country campaigns so that everyone can Take Action to urge relevant government officials to amend sex discriminatory laws. #theworldsshame #rapelawfail

This report positions the information received from our surveys against these UN Women benchmarks. We identified seven gaps in rape and sexual assault laws:

WHAT YOU CAN DO

Rape is a global epidemic and laws are failing women and girls. Call on governments and policymakers to fix laws on sexual violence and to ensure justice for survivors of sexual violence. Add your voice by signing Equality Now's global petition
and individual country campaigns below! #theworldsshame #rapelawfail #EndVAW

Globally, governments have committed and recommitted to ending all forms of violence against women and girls, including sexual violence. In September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ("Agenda 2030").
This includes to: "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls" (Goal 5), "eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres"" (Target 5.2), and "[e]
nsure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices...." (Target 10.3)."

[link to: Action: Rape laws are failing women & girls. Sign on to help fix them!]

2 Add your name to the call to make equality reality! Please sign our petition which will be delivered to the govenments listed in the report before the June 2017 UN Human Rights Council meeting.
Graphic
3 Join the conversation online using #theworldsshame
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4 Support Legal Equality, donate to Equality Now today
Take Action Block

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The generous responses we received to the survey helped build a picture of the legal landscape in relation to sexual violence and are testament to the very many people who want this violence to end. This would not have been possible without their help and solidarity.

Equality Now would particularly like to thank the International Bar Association, our partner from the beginning, and to Meg Strickler, then Co-chair of the Criminal Law Committee, Olunfunmi Oluyede, then Chair of the Crimes against Women Sub-Committee and Gillian Rivers, then Chair of the Family Law Committee, who lent practical insights into these issues. They also co-hosted a well-attended and lively panel at the IBA international meeting in Vienna in October 2015 to get some helpful observations from practitioners and other interested legal professionals. Esther De Raymaeker, former Senior Legal Advisor of the Legal Projects Team at the IBA, was an early champion of this work, provided an analysis of the law in Belgium, wrote the Annex on promising practices and continues to offer her very welcome support. Stephen Denyer, then Head of City and International at The Law Society of England and Wales, went above and beyond and helped us access very many lawyers around the world as did Advocates for International Development (A4ID) which also brought us "

Laws in Africa failing to prevent rape (RFI)
Ashurst, an international law firm, which provided enormous support and analysed the data from the surveys that was essential to distilling the key messages of this report. Union Internationale des Avocats circulated the surveys to its global membership for assistance and UCLA provided the maps that paint the important picture of where we are. We also could not have completed this without the help of our legal interns - Hollie Motley, Stephanie Needleman, Leonie Hamway, Louise Mbugua, Ebba Wigerström, Carmit Suliman and Imene Hamdi-Cherif who were all committed and passionate about this work and provoked some challenging questions to make it better. A full list of survey contributors is available at the end of the report.

RELATED PRESS

Countries where women still can't consent (Refinery29 UK)

There's a Global Rape Epidemic and There Are Few Laws to Prevent it (Global Citizen)

Not Just India, Rape Laws Across The World Are Failing To Protect Women From Sexual Violence (India Times)

Belgium and Greece among countries failing women on rape laws (Guardian)

Bad laws underpin global "rape epidemic", let rapists off the hook (Thomson Reuters Foundation)

Demands for MPs to pass bill protecting women against sexual and domestic violence (The London Economic)

Rape victims should not be cross examined about their sexual history (Mirror)

Rape: Why is it so hard for countries to combat? (CNN)

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"We hope that this global report will open up a conversation to bring addressing sexual violence into the very centre of our collective thinking and action and to promote the right of women and girls everywhere to equality and to be free from violence." -Yasmeen Hassan, Global Executive Director

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RAINN - National Organization in the U.S. to Include on Who Are We Page.

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RAINN - National Organization in the U.S. to Include on Who Are We Page.

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RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network) is the nation's largest anti-sexual violence organization. RAINN created and operates the National Sexual Assault Hotline (800.656.HOPE). They have helped more than 2.7 MILLION People since 1994!

RAINN also works with lawmakers directly such as Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand D-NY and Sen. Chuck Grassley R-IA. Something from each of them regarding the RAINN organization:

RAINN is an outstanding resource on confronting sexual assault. Most recently, we've worked together on the bipartisan Campus Accountability and Safety Act. This bill has provisions to ensure that colleges treat sexual assault cases with the seriousness they deserve. RAINN and I agree that sexual assault is a major criminal offense. It should be treated as a crime wherever it occurs, whether that's in the military or on a college campus. - SEN. CHUCK GRASSLEY, R-IA

I want to thank RAINN for its advocacy on behalf of victims of sexual violence and its dedication to prevention, education and assistance. It is critical that Congress work to protect victims of sexual violence. I will continue to be a leading voice for victims in the Senate, and look forward to continuing to work with RAINN to end violence against women. - SEN. KIRSTEN GILLIBRAND, D-NY

Citation:

About RAINN. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2018, from https://www.rainn.org/about-rainn

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RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network) is the nation's largest anti-sexual violence organization. RAINN created and operates the National Sexual Assault Hotline (800.656.HOPE, online.rainn.org y rainn.org/es) in partnership with more than 1,000 local sexual assault service providers across the country and operates the DoD Safe Helpline for the Department of Defense.

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Canada Stats and Picture for the Page....

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Canada Stats and Picture for the Page....

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We could place this graphic on the page, and show that "460,000 Sexual Assaults In Canada Every Year: YWCA Canada"

Citation:

Patel, A. (2014, October 30). 460,000 Sexual Assaults In Canada Every Year: YWCA Canada. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/10/30/sexual-assault-canada_n_6074994.html

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460,000. It's an alarming number that encompasses several statistics about the reality of sexual assault in Canada.

Following the sexual abuse allegations against former CBC employee Jian Ghomeshi, which now has eight women who allege assault or harassment from the former "Q" host, women's service organization YWCA Canada released this infographic on Tuesday, focusing on the legal aspect of violence against women.

According to the graphic, 33 out of every 1,000 sexual assault cases are reported to the police, and 29 are recorded as a crime. While these numbers speak volumes about how many assailants walk free, and why women may be afraid to press charges up against their abusers, the Ontario Coalition of Rape Crisis Centres adds sexual assault is also a difficult crime to prove - there are rarely any witnesses and not always physical evidence.

Take a full look at the numbers below, and if you or anyone you know is experiencing sexual assault of any kind, please contact any of these local rape crisis and support centres across the country.
Also on HuffPost

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460,000 Sexual Assaults In Canada Every Year: YWCA Canada

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460,000. It's an alarming number that encompasses several statistics about the reality of sexual assault in Canada. Following the sexual abuse allegations against former CBC employee Jian Ghomeshi, which now has eight women who allege assault or harassment from the former "Q" host, women's service organization YWCA Canada released this infographic on Tuesday, focusing on the legal aspect of violence against women.

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They back up the previous posts estimated amount of sexual assault victims by saying

Global estimates published by WHO indicate that about 1 in 3 (35%) of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime.

We must include this statistic on our "Problem" page.

Here is also an amazing graph we could include....

Citation:

Violence against women. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2018, from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women

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WHO fact sheet on violence against women providing key facts and information on the scope of the problem, health consequences, prevention, WHO response.

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There are several great statistics on this page, which will be helpful to better define our "Problem" on a global scale.

Most notably, "it is estimated that 35% of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or sexual violence by a non-partner at some point in their lives."

"Around 120 million girls worldwide (slightly more than 1 in 10) have experienced forced intercourse or other forced sexual acts at some point in their lives."

"23% of female undergraduate university students reported having experienced sexual assault or sexual misconduct in a survey across 27 universities in the United States in 2015."

Citation:

Facts and figures: Ending violence against women. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2018, from http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-and-figures

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Facts and figures: Ending violence against women

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Availability of data on violence against women and girls has increased significantly in recent years. Here are some facts and figures.

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To help us with some statistics (and will also be helpful for "Who We Are" so I will be reposting there as well....

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To help us with some statistics (and will also be helpful for "Who We Are" so I will be reposting there as well....

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It’s On Us is a national movement to end sexual assault. So this will only focus on sexual assault in the United States, but it is a start and will be helpful moving forward.

A great statistic here is that 11.2% of ALL students in the United States experience rape or sexual assault. That number is astonishing!

Citation:

Our Story. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://www.itsonus.org/our-story/

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Our number one concern at It's On Us is the well-being and safety of all students during this public health crisis. Please follow the CDC and the World Health Organization for updates related to COVID-19.

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First, we need to correctly define "sexual assault"....

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First, we need to correctly define "sexual assault"....

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This is a popular research article which includes information regarding the proper definition and differences between sexual assault and sexual harassment. The Prof. is correct, we are all confusing the two and they are not one in the same.

This definition should be included on our "Problem Page"....

Sexual assault: This is defined by the Department of Justice as “any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient.” Examples include forced sexual intercourse, attempted rape, child molestation, incest, fondling and forcible sodomy.

Additionally, different types of sexual assault are listed which can aid us in researching statistics on a global scale.

Citation:

Sepulveres, D. (2017). Analysis | What's the difference between sexual assault and harassment? Let's break it down. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/soloish/wp/2017/12/21/whats-the-difference-between-sexual-assault-and-harassment-lets-break-it-down/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2330a59ea0d1

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As the list of allegations against powerful men seems to grow each day, the tales of sexual abuse and misconduct can blend together. But the accusations against Sen. Al Franken versus Harvey Weinstein, for example, exist on a spectrum, from groping and unwanted massages to forced kisses and oral sex. And then there's sexual harassment that can occur without even touching someone.

Matt Damon may think that we shouldn't conflate harassment and assault, but there's no denying that all behaviors take advantage of power differentials in workplaces and relationships. Milder harassment might later lead to sexual assault: An inappropriate sexual remark that doesn't get addressed outright, or unwelcome advances that get brushed off, can pave the way toward an aggressive forced encounter.

These offenses are often misunderstood. Experts say that defining these behaviors - as well as highlighting what, for so long, has been viewed as acceptable - can be a step toward prevention.

Let's take a moment to decode the terms in the news today.

First, what constitutes sexual penetration or consent in one state does not necessarily carry over to another state, lending difficulty to the conversation on a national level. "Sexual assault is a criminal act, and sex crimes are defined very differently under state laws," explains Sheerine Alemzadeh, attorney and legal expert on workplace sexual violence as well as co-founder of the nonprofit Healing to Action.

Sexual misconduct: This is generally an imprecise term in the legal world, but Alemzadeh notes that companies can form their own sexual misconduct policies, which can be more expansive or more limited than state laws. The term can apply to consensual and non-consensual acts, because if the two people involved work together, a sexual relationship of any kind might be forbidden by their employer; or if one person is of higher stature in the organization, that power can be used as coercion or might lead to professional retribution."Sexual misconduct" has been used to describe the allegations against comedian Louis C.K., who has confirmed that he's masturbated in front of women. The term has also been used in describing TV and radio personality Tavis Smiley, who has reportedly had sexual relationships with several subordinates.
[The year in #MeToo: Read The Post's stories about the movement]
Harassment: As defined by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, harassment is illegal and can include "offensive remarks about a person's sex, unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors." This could include the accusations against Matthew Weiner. "Mad Men" writer Kater Gordon says the show's creator told her she owed it to him to let him see her naked. Harassment can also include physical intimidation. Alemzadeh notes that sexual harassment can result in quid pro quo behavior or cause a hostile work environment. While sexual assault is a criminal behavior, harassment is considered a civil rights issue, as it violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While it may not be actionable, an advance that could be dismissed as a compliment can be experienced as harassment, Alemzadeh says, if the person receiving it can't "honestly reply to your compliment" if they have less power in the relationship.

Quid pro quo: A Latin phrase meaning something is given or received in exchange for something else. In a sexual context, this term was a common thread in allegations against both Harvey Weinstein and Russell Simmons. As one of Simmons's accusers told the New York Times: "It was a quid pro quo: 'I have power, you want access, sleep with me - or I'm going to be really mean to you the next day. And there will be consequences.' "

Hostile work environment: Whenbehavior is severe enough that it changes the conditions of the workplace; this can occur even without an explicit offer of sex or nudity. The EEOC notes a hostile work environment may include, but is not limited to: offensive jokes, slurs, epithets or name calling, physical assaults or threats, intimidation, ridicule or mockery, insults or put-downs, offensive objects or pictures, and interference with work performance. The trauma Salma Hayek experienced on the set of "Frida" fits into this category.
[As a single mom, I owed it to my son to say #MeToo]
Sexual assault: This is defined by the Department of Justice as "any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient." Examples include forced sexual intercourse, attempted rape, child molestation, incest, fondling and forcible sodomy.

Rape: A form of sexual assault that used to be narrowly defined as forced penetration of a woman by a man. Now any penetration of the anus or vagina, no matter how slight, experienced by any person with any body part or object, can be classified as rape. It also encompasses oral penetration by a sex organ without consent.

Groping: This is another tricky term that dominates headlines, encompassing allegations against President Trump, actor Dustin Hoffman, Sen. Al Franken and talent agent Adam Venit. The definition of groping can vary depending on state law but is mainly categorized as unlawful touching. Alemzadeh notes that there's no single official legal definition, just that it falls under the context of assault. For example, in Illinois, where she practices, groping would fall under criminal sex abuse rather than assault because Illinois law requires penetration to file assault charges.Groping rarely gets prosecuted despite its rampant occurrence because most people categorize it and dismiss it as bad behavior instead of reporting it. David Cobbins, who's part of a team at USC that trains U.S. Army leaders on how to prevent sexual assault and harassment, says that the body part being groped shouldn't have bearing in terms of being reported as long as it's unwanted.
[When my girlfriend was groped right in front of me, I didn't believe her]
Sex addiction: This is not a recognized clinical diagnosis by the American Psychiatric Association but tends to be described as hypersexuality or a dysfunctional preoccupation with sex. In a study by the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, "hypersexuality did not appear to explain brain differences in sexual response any more than simply having a high libido." However, perpetrators accused of sex abuse (such as Harvey Weinstein and Kevin Spacey) have blamed their actions on sex addiction. Alemzadeh, however, says it's not an adequate defense. Under sexual harassment law, "it doesn't matter what the intent of the harasser was," she says. "The person who was experiencing it did not consent to that behavior."

Grooming: Typically, a predator will use their position within their community or industry to gain trust and ensure that the control they wield as the adult in the relationship means the ensuing abuse will remain secret. Most of the allegations against Roy Moore, for example, depict a man who first established himself as a reliable, trustworthy individual to the parent of a girl he then sexually pursued.
Read more: Even in 2017, we can't agree: Is 'Baby It's Cold Outside' 'a little rapey' or innocuous? How to attend your office holiday party without ending up like Harvey Weinstein Why 'Cat Person,' a New Yorker short story, is essential reading for this #MeToo moment

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Analysis | What's the difference between sexual assault and harassment? Let's break it down.

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As the list of allegations against powerful men seems to grow each day, the tales of sexual abuse and misconduct can blend together. But the accusations against Sen. Al Franken versus Harvey Weinstein, for example, exist on a spectrum, from groping and unwanted massages to forced kisses and oral sex.

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World Health Organization- Assault on women is preventable

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World Health Organization- Assault on women is preventable

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This informational brochure shows that WHO is involved in the fight against sexual abuse. _Emily B.

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#MeToo, #That'sHarassment, The Truth has a voice, and Time's Up. This describes who is behind each movement.  -Emily B.

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"Me Too" movement started by Alyssa Milano on Twitter

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"Me Too" movement started by Alyssa Milano on Twitter

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This shows and specifically states how quickly the movement progressed and who was involved. -Emily B.

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"Me too."

Those two words that have been repeated millions of times in the last 24 hours on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. They're posted by women who say they've faced sexual harassment and assault. And they show the power and speed that social media can deploy; this one seems reminiscent of "ice bucket challenge" of 2014, but sharper and faster.

Actress Alyssa Milano kicked off the movement yesterday, when she tweeted that a friend had suggested that women who have faced sexual assault and harassment post "Me too" as a status.

Milano's original tweet currently has more than 40,000 comments.

While Milano started the "Me too" call to action on Twitter, the movement quickly spread to Facebook where, as of 11:30 a.m. ET on Monday, more than 8.7 million users were posting or "talking" about it. And that number is quickly rising.

More than 45 percent of people in the U.S. are friends with someone who has posted a "Me too" status, according to Facebook.

On Twitter, the hashtag #MeToo is trending in several cities. Twitter is giving it an additional push via a moment featuring tweets from actresses Anna Paquin and Debra Messing. And Instagram has more than 300,000 posts associated with the "Me too" hashtag.

Even Facebook executives seem to have been shaken by the movement.

Andrew "Boz" Bosworth, the VP for VR and AR at Facebook, posted on Twitter that the "#metoo campaign strikes me as one of the most powerful things I've seen on Facebook in a while" and acknowledges that men that he's connected to on Facebook are "statistically likely to have been involved."

The most chilling thing is thinking of the men I am connected to who are statistically likely to have been involved, only I don't know it
- Boz (@boztank) October 17, 2017
This article has been updated with new data on the "Me too" campaign from Facebook.

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The 'Me too' movement against sexual harassment and assault is sweeping social media

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"Me too." Those two words that have been repeated millions of times in the last 24 hours on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. They're posted by women who say they've faced sexual harassment and assault. And they show the power and speed that social media can deploy; this one seems reminiscent of "ice bucket challenge" of 2014, but sharper and faster.

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Brief history of Who/How/When the Anti-rape movement began

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Brief history of Who/How/When the Anti-rape movement began

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This is a fascinating timeline with specific women who sparked action in the movement as early as the 1700's!            -  Emily B

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The anti-rape movement of the 1970's did not materialize from thin air. Like all significant changes in the evolution of human history, the Anti-rape Movement is - on the one hand - a manifestation of the gradual progress of an evolving culture and - at the same time - a noticeable shift in the prevailing norms, mores and beliefs of that culture.

The word "rape" is derived from the Latin rapere, meaning "to steal, seize, or carry away." Forcible seizure and rape were accepted methods of claiming a wife in early history - and, in some cultures, this still occurs. Owning property and gaining wealth were considered marks of manhood. This ownership revolved around possessions and without a wife, his lineage would end. According to Susan Brownmiller in Against Our Will, "Concepts of hierarchy, slavery and private property flowed from, and could only be predicated upon, the initial subjugation of women." ¹

Throughout most of history, rape was not viewed as a crime because women were considered property, and, therefore, without rights. Like taking land, men took women as an act of aggression; an affirmation of their strength and masculinity. In most cultures, marriages were arranged when the groom purchased the bride from her father. Rape was initially considered a crime only in terms of the property violation of another man. Punishment was delivered to a man who damaged the husband's property - his wife - by rape. Very often the raped woman would also be punished as an adulteress, regardless of her lack of complicity in the assault. For instance, ancient Hebrew women who were raped were considered defiled, and stoned to death.

Throughout English history, punishment for rape included castration or death of the rapist. However, to receive legal justice, a victim had to be born into the privileged classes: "...if a member of the feudal class committed his crimes against anyone other than the king or a great lord, he was fairly safe from prosecution, or at least from punishment," wrote Sidney Painter in History of the Middle Ages. Prior to the thirteenth century, a raped woman had to be a wealthy, propertied virgin to have legal recourse against her attacker.

In the late thirteenth century, English laws were rewritten to exact a penalty of death upon a man who raped an unmarried or married woman (except his own wife). Although this law was rarely enforced, it was one of the first laws making rape against all women a crime.

By the late 1700's in the United States, women, seemingly one by one, recognized the powerlessness of women in the face of male domination in the educational, social, political and economic institutions of this emerging nation.

Mary Wollstonecraft wrote The Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1790. Wollstonecraft recognized the failure of contemporary education for girls and the powerlessness of women in unhappy marriages. She ridiculed the notion of women as meek and modest; as attractive and shallow playthings for men. She maintained that women should be equal partners to their husbands. For the first time, a woman put words to the experience and perception of many women - these words served as a galvanizing force.

Women "galvanizing as a force" began with the anti-slavery movement. The Grimke Sisters, Angelina and Sarah, were among early activists in the anti-slavery movement during the 1830s. They were born into a slave-holding family, but rejected their family and joined the Quakers who were notable abolitionists. They published a letter in the anti-slavery newspaper and later went on speaking tours against slavery and championed the rights of women. Work in the anti-slavery movement thrust women into the political, activist arena. This work gave women a forum for discussing injustice and recognizing the similarities with all women's lives.

The Women's Rights Convention of 1848 solidified because men attempted to silence the women at the earlier Anti-Slavery Convention. The 1848 convention represented the first major national organizing around women's rights. This convention grew out of abolitionism, which taught them how to organize, publicize and articulate a political protest. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone and Lucretia Mott are considered among the mothers of the early feminist movement. They were also abolitionists who loosely held the belief that women were, in some sense, slaves too.

Over 200 women attended the 1848 convention. The delegates passed the Declaration of Sentiments, written like the Declaration of Independence - calling on women to organize and petition for their rights. The right to vote passed by a narrow margin and was quite controversial - and a reflection of the racism so pervasive then (and now); tragically, women of color were not included in the right to vote. That decision and others resulted in a schism between white women and women of color that continues today.
Intersections of Race and Gender
Sojourner Truth connected the issues of women and race. She spoke of the role of black women in the fight for women's rights in her famous speech "Ain't I a Woman?"

In 1866, when the Memphis Riots occurred, Congress held hearings about the chaos and brutality during the riots. Black women testified before Congress about being gang raped by a white mob. These women were perhaps the first women to break the silence of rape.

The issue of rape, race, women and slavery was also addressed by a significant Supreme Court case, Missouri v. Celia in 1885. The decision is, of course, a travesty - a black slave woman is declared to be the property of her owner with no right to defend herself against his rape of her. A decade later, the Equal Rights Association became the first organization in the U.S. to advocate national women's suffrage.

During the post-Civil War years, women leaders gained more and more national attention as travel and communication systems improved. In 1872, Susan B. Anthony, along with fourteen other women, tried to register to vote; she was arrested and refused to pay the $100 fine. That same year, the Susan B. Anthony amendment, giving women the right to vote, was first introduced into Congress. Ida B. Wells-Barnett was also a notable black activist in the late 19 th century. Her anti-lynching campaign stirred more and more African-Americans to speak out about the horrors of racism and segregation.

By the early 1900s, women were re-defining their roles as wives, mothers and homemakers. Emma Goldman first wrote and spoke about women's reproductive issues, and Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, NY in 1916.

In 1920, women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19 th Amendment. With new rights, greater emphasis on education, and massive mechanical and technological advances, women's opportunities for employment blossomed. It was no surprise that women joined the workforce en masse during World War II, and over 400,000 women joined the military.
The Second Wave
The second wave of women's activism began with the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950's and the Student's Free Speech Movement of the 1960's. The Civil Rights Movement, through the inspiration and work of women like Rosa Parks and Fannie Lou Hamer, gave hope that groups of committed citizens can fight against injustice and institutionalized violence and obtain equal rights. Other social change movements at the time included: labor, peace and anti-Vietnam War. Betty Friedan's best-seller, The Feminine Mystique, sold millions of copies and laid the groundwork for the modern feminist movement. From the early consciousness raising groups to the establishment of women's studies programs in universities, women's voices, experiences and realities joined the public debate about radical shifts in the power structure of institutions and relationships. The anti-rape movement did not materialize out of thin air.

The anti-rape movement of the 1970's set out to change the world. It is not like there was a choice. It was something that had to be done in order for women to survive.

Imagine if you will, close your eyes and imagine, what women's lives were before 1970:

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The North American Indian Women's Association did not exist;

The publication, Off Our Backs, had never been published;

There were no speak outs on rape;

There were no rape crisis centers;

There were no shelters for battered women;

MS. Magazine had not been published;

The National Women's Studies Association did not exist;

Women did not march in the University of Minnesota's marching band;

Abortion was not legal in the United States;

Girls could not play Little League baseball;

Olivia Records was nowhere to be heard;

There had never been a national lesbian feminist conference;

Women made less than 59 cents to a man's dollar;

Women's basketball was not an Olympic event;

The National Association of Black Professional Women did not exist nor did the National Alliance of Black Feminists;

The National Coalition Against Sexual Assault was 9 years from introduction; and

Sisters of Color Ending Sexual Assault was 32 years from introduction.

In 1970, women's lives were about to make an unprecedented break with the traditional image and role of American women. In the 1950's and 60's, the economic needs of families had prompted many women who had been employed during the war years to return to the labor force. Employment of women became more socially acceptable. At the same time, the emerging women's movement raised the issue of women's "second class status," our relegation to working and non-working roles that were less valued, not as profitable, less diverse and outside of the power and decision-making controlled by men, disproportionately white men. As more and more women began working outside of the home and pursuing educational opportunities beyond high school, women forever changed our society's definition of gender roles and our thinking about the value of female lives.

All of these shifts laid the groundwork for change: new rules about decision-making, power and authority. And women gave themselves and other women permission and support to risk the most intimate and most one-sided relationship we knew: our relationship to men. Whether we were married to men, partnered to men, hoping to be one or both, someday or again, or not interested in men as partners, we knew that revealing our pain, our joy, our frustration, our satisfaction, our ambivalence with and about men would be the hardest part of our work. Women knew from history that eventually men would concede some things: the right to work, better working conditions, the right to vote, a driver's license, admission to professional associations, even divorce. But women had never before demanded - as a movement - that gender roles change and that the expectations and the limits of behavior within those roles - would be now and forever defined by women. As Gloria Steinem said:

In our various ways we were mutually uncovering the secret of this land of opportunity. If you aren't born white and male in America, you are statistically likely to end up as some sort of support system for those who are...[women] realized that they shared problems as women, and they needed to support each other to have any power at all. As for rights of sexual expression and reproductive freedom, women finally discovered that all of us were endangered when one group was denied. ²

The National Organization for Women had pushed to bring women "into full participation in the mainstream of American society." NOW's agenda focused on reproduction, equal pay for equal work, child care, housework and sexuality, not to be confused with sexual orientation. We owe a debt of thanks for the achievements of the early women reformers. And we must also acknowledge that by the late 1960's, the feminist movement had not yet recognized or analyzed the impact of interpersonal violence on women's lives.
The Anti-Rape Movement

The work that needed to be done to stop the rape of women and lift us from the physical, psychological and institutional brutality of second-class citizenship became crystal clear when women spoke publicly about the rape in their lives. In January 1971 the New York Radical Feminists held a speak out on rape at St. Clement's Church in New York City. No one published the women's voices from that evening, but I imagine the stories were the same painful, heart wrenching and frightening stories we hear 35 years later. From those moments forward, rape victim advocates knew that fundamental changes must occur.

Perhaps the most profound analysis by early feminists is that they declared the private is not separate from the social or the political. The anti-rape movement embodied this analysis as reflected in the Chicago Women Against Rape's 1970's statement of purpose:

Rape violently reflects the sexism in a society where power is unequally distributed between women and men, black and white, poor and rich...In rape, the woman is not a sexual being but a vulnerable piece of public property; the man does not violate society's norms so much as take them to a logical conclusion. ³

The anti-rape movement listened to what survivors were saying. Survivors named those who blamed them for rape: law enforcement officers, prosecutors, their boyfriend, their friends, the authors of literature, the scholars of law, newspaper reporters, sports figures, their family, just about everyone who learned of their story.

The rape of Joan Little in August 1974 by a guard at the jail in Beaufort County, North Carolina, galvanized public focus on the horror and terror of rape. Joan Little, a black prisoner in the Beaufort County Jail, was attacked by the white jailer, Clarence Alligood. Joan broke away from her rapist, killed him with an ice pick he had taken into her cell and then broke free from the jail. She was caught and charged with murder, and Angela Davis led the national outcry to bring justice to Joan Little. Eventually Joan, her lawyers, Angela Davis, and public support prevailed. A jury acquitted Joan Little of killing Clarence Alligood. As Angela Davis so eloquently stated before Joan's trial:

All people who see themselves as members of the existing community of struggle for justice, equality, and progress have a responsibility to fulfill toward Joan Little. Those of us - women and men - who are black or people of color must understand the connection between racism and sexism that is so strikingly manifested in her case. Those of us who are white and women must grasp the issue of male supremacy in relationship to the racism and class bias which complicate and exacerbate it.

Let us be sure that the leitmotif running through every aspect of the campaign is unity. Our ability to achieve unity may mean the difference between life and death for sister Joan. Let us then forge among ourselves and our movements as indivisible strength and with it, let us halt and then crush the conspiracy against Joan Little's life. ⁴

Responding to a Need
The anti-rape movement sponsored speak outs, hosted forums and distributed literature and fact sheets correcting the lies and the myths, desperately trying to shift blame to where it belonged: with the rapist. The anti-rape movement listened as survivors courageously disclosed the sexual violation in their lives by men, sometimes known to the survivor, sometimes not. Sometimes, it was an incident occurring long ago, sometimes the night before. They said they did not have anyone to talk to about what happened. They said they wanted to go to the hospital, but were fearful that their humiliation would be multiplied and the origins of their injuries ignored. They never considered going to the police station.

These women said something needed to be created. Not for themselves, they said; it was too late. But they wanted to answer a telephone in the middle of the night to help chase away someone else's nightmare and they wanted to talk to nurses and doctors about how to treat a rape victim differently than anyone else who came to an emergency room. And they wanted to talk to teenagers and college kids and all the women in the community about how to avoid rape. And a few of them said they wanted to teach police about how to respond to a rape victim and how to interview her and to understand that women don't make up this "stuff" to get someone else in trouble. And many of the survivors said they wanted to stand in the streets or in the classroom or on television or in Congress or anywhere else to let people know that rape is about women being controlled by men; that men rape because they believe they have a right to rape and they believe they will get away with it; that men who rape believe they own the victim's body. Survivors were becoming activists.

As Sandra Butler said in a speech in 1996 to the National Coalition Against Sexual Assault:

We saw what we needed and made it up. It was that simple. Nobody knew how to create a rape crisis center. Negotiate a modified collective. Develop crisis intervention for abused adolescents. Create on-going support groups for adult women. Engage the criminal justice system as allies in the effort to engage women in seeking justice in traditional institutions. No one had yet learned how to create a protocol for examining a sexually abused child. No one. We were it. We just kept putting one foot in front of the other, making it up as we went along. ⁵

Survivors (and the women and men who supported them) said; if male authority, power, and privilege were re-distributed so that women had an equal share of that authority, rape would be eliminated. The reasoning was - and is - a person who respects another person as his equal will not rape her.

The social and political analysis of how domination is based on social relationships of unequal power can no more be separated from the work of rape crisis centers than the analysis of poverty can be separated from the goals of education. Understanding why rape occurs is an integral part of how to stop rape and how to heal from rape.

For nearly 35 years, the anti-rape movement has worked to overcome misconceptions about the origin and nature of sexual assault, prejudice toward victims and stereotypes about perpetrators. We have insisted that victims do not "ask for it" through provocative dress or behavior. We have maintained that an adult woman raped by a husband, or someone she knows, deserves the exact same justice and support as the child raped by a stranger. And we have been loud and clear about the fact that only rarely, oh so very rarely, does a victim falsely report rape. And we have insisted that someone who rapes is not necessarily crazy or mentally ill or deranged. They are simply men who believe they have the right to control a woman or adults who believe they have the right to control a child.

The goals of the anti-rape movement have changed very little in the past 35 years. As early as 1971-72, rape crisis workers established 24-hour crisis lines, conducted prevention education and training programs, created thousands of brochures, offered self-defense classes, organized and marched in "Take Back the Night" events and devoted thousands of hours to helping victims heal from the devastation of rape.

Rape crisis workers advocated - and continue to advocate - for legislative reform; insisted - and continue to insist - that police increase their arrest rates; demanded - and continue to demand - privacy for rape victims in emergency rooms; and urged - and continue to urge - that prosecutors change their plea negotiation procedures.

No one had learned in formal education or at professional conferences or in the media about how to do anti-rape work. But once survivors broke the silence about the terror of rape, women, and the men who supported them, devoted their minds, hearts, time and money to construct and sustain organizations that won groundbreaking victories. These organizations - rape crisis centers and state coalitions - changed practices in hospitals, police departments, the courts and within the field of psychiatry. And most importantly, women helped each other recover from the emotional and physical violation of rape.

As the anti-rape movement gained momentum, it became clear that this was a new field. Survivors and their advocates created rape crisis centers to fill a void - with a definition and purpose different than traditional mental health, public health or social services. With its mission of social change, equality between men and women, and its fundamental principle of victim-centered services, the anti-rape movement offered a new model for institutional policies and individual healing. This model gained recognition and credibility with each new accomplishment.

The joint efforts of the women's rights, women's liberationist and anti-rape movements yielded systemic changes; there were multiple occasions to celebrate legislative victories. Laws were created to standardize the collection of medical evidence in emergency rooms. The Rape Shield Law made the victim's sexual history irrelevant in trial and states overhauled sex crime statutes, making them gender neutral and creating a gradation of sex offenses in the effort to stop sanitizing the brutality of rape by calling it battery. New categories of victim service funds were authorized by states and Congress. The federal Victims of Crime Act of 1985 and the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 dramatically changed the number of full-time staff in rape crisis centers in the United States. In turn, the number of victims and the increased visibility and viability of rape crisis centers in local communities has increased remarkably.

In establishing the facts about rape, rape survivors and counselors taught the community and related professionals about the impact of rape on the victim's life. Apart from the interpersonal, social and political hierarchies that perpetuate a rape culture, the single incident of rape is the most degrading, demeaning and humiliating violation perpetrated by one human being against another short of murder. And that is because it is about loss of control, loss of ownership, and loss of power over the one thing that is yours and no one else's: your body.

The counseling developed in rape crisis centers focused - and continues to focus - on the victim's ability and her right to reclaim control over her body and the decisions affecting her life. The victim determines the timing and the pace for relating her experience. She alone defines whether to report the rape to law enforcement and, if charges are recommended, whether to seek prosecution. She directs the course of her recovery. Rape crisis center personnel are there to support her decision and to facilitate her recovery.

Rape crisis services are the foundation to change public attitudes about rape and rape survivors. We have disclosed the use of violence to maintain power and control over women and children. We have educated the world that shame and guilt in rape belong to the perpetrator not the victim; we have shown that women can help women; and we have proven that feminism can re-define personal relationships and institutional practices.

We have struggled hard to change not only the sexism inherent in our personal and institutional relationships but the racism and classism that pervade beliefs and attitudes about people of color and people who are poor. From Susan Schechter in her book Women and Male Violence:

Throughout the anti-rape literature there is a recognition that the system sometimes helps 'legitimate' victims - white, married women who fought their [stranger] rapist and was visibly injured. Other victims - women of color, poor women, single women, women who dared to be out drinking or walking the streets late at night, prostitutes, women raped by judges or doctors - would never be consistently helped. Nor would the racist use of the rape charge, which helped whites brutalize the black community, ever cease without major social transformation. Exactly how rape was to be eliminated remained a difficult question. Profound social struggle would have to attack the sexism, racism and class domination in our society in order to end rape. ⁶

The anti-rape movement, led by survivors and rape crisis centers, has never lost sight of its beginnings. The anti-rape movement gained strength and integrity as it uncovered the connection between the personal and the political. In order to combine the first hand knowledge of anti-rape workers with the need to create a national forum for shared thinking and new thinking about the needs of rape survivors, the National Coalition Against Sexual Assault (NCASA) was established in 1978. From its beginnings, NCASA staunchly advocated for public polices, resources and collaborations that improved the lives of sexual assault victims.

NCASA sponsored a national conference each year for nineteen years to provide exemplary training and staff development for workers in the anti-sexual assault movement. NCASA worked diligently and creatively to maintain a national network of services for victims of sexual assault.

Over the years, there have been changes in the service delivery of rape crisis centers and in their visibility as the community leaders for social change. The magnitude and pervasiveness of that change is difficult to measure precisely. But rape crisis centers have been compelled to create trauma-based counseling and therapy services to respond to the increasingly complex issues presented by rape survivors. In many instances, counselors trained in traditional schools of social work, psychology or counseling have not been taught the political analysis of how rape is a natural consequence of women's historically unequal relationship to men. To a social worker or counselor not steeped in the origins of rape and the impact on a woman's life, the more obvious emotional and psychological indicators may distract that counselor from the devastation and insidious nature of rape. For instance, some women have coped with the pain of rape by using alcohol or drugs. If we do not understand, validate and empathize with the trauma of rape, we will identify alcohol or cocaine as the most serious or as the only problems in a woman's life. And that will distract us from how to do victim-centered counseling about the impact of rape.

The growing numbers of survivors that we see - and the growing complexity of their life struggles - feeds the other equally important reason for our existence: to eliminate inequality wherever we see it. Rape is about the threatening, intimidating and forceful behavior of one person against another. Rape is about the misuse of power; rape is the enforcement of domination and control. It is why men primarily rape women and adults rape children and not vice versa. Inequality is why white people stand a much better chance in this culture than a person of color. Inequality is why rich people not only live better, they will live longer to use up the resources of the world than will poor people. And until inequality is addressed and eliminated, we will have rape crisis centers and they will be overwhelmed with the individual, complex, excruciatingly painful needs of people who do not have anywhere else to turn. And until inequality is addressed and eliminated, we will have rape crisis centers that are not adequately staffed by or utilized by people of color. We must recognize, speak out about and hold fast about the devastating consequences of inequality wherever we see it. With racism, with rape, with any form of oppression, when we speak and act with integrity, we create change.

Our struggle to create change through our work is continual. To have adequate funds to do this work and to maintain the presence of victim-centered services and social change for our community, is often complicated by that necessary, elusive resource: money.

The first federal allocation of money for rape prevention and rape crisis services was distributed to sexual assault centers in 1982 through the Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant. Those funds continue to be a strong base for rape crisis work. Subsequent funds through the Victims of Crime Act, and the Violence Against Women Act have enabled centers to hire advocates, counselors and prevention educators.

Passed by Congress, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), created new penalties for gender related violence and established the Rape Prevention and Education (RPE) Program administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and S.T.O.P. grant funds administered by the Department of Justice. The Act was enhanced and re-authorized in 2000 and 2006.

RPE supports rape prevention and education programs in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and U.S. territories. Nearly $44 million is distributed by the CDC which is less than $1 million each when divided among all of the states, territories and D.C. Obviously, $44 million is not enough to support rape prevention in America today.

Awareness and prevention programs, a cornerstone of RPE Programs, are implemented in a variety of settings. Sexual assault crisis centers conduct programs in schools and in non-school settings with youth, faith-based institutions, and community-based organizations. Many RPE grantees focus on programs aimed at promoting healthy relationships and changing the social norms that permit rape.

The RPE Program also provides crucial support for state and local sexual assault hotlines. These hotlines provide 24-hour crisis intervention, referrals, and information about sexual violence. In 2004, RPE-supported hotlines received more than 400,098 calls. The hotlines provide a vital link to services for victims; the hotline call may be her first disclosure, a crisis call during a flashback to a long-ago assault, a request for an advocate at the hospital or any other request for immediate support or information.

VAWA has made a difference. RPE has made a difference. RPE has pushed prevention to the forefront of our work in crisis centers. The focus has shifted away from teaching women and girls to stay safe. Now we have returned to our roots: focusing on social change...on promoting male responsibility for stopping rape...on undoing the attitudes and associated behaviors that say it is okay for men to sexually exploit and violate women and children.

This is real change...change that will make a difference. And now, the government allocates funds to support change: to help us eradicate sexism, racism and the rape culture we live in. We have come so far. And we have so far to go.

I see several clear goals for the future of the anti-rape movement.

One goal for our future is for rape crisis centers to hold on to the movement - to retain the unique voice and philosophy and passion that lit the fire in the first place. Rape crisis centers and state coalitions need to challenge government and private funders to remember who started the movement: victims. And why they started the movement: they had truths to tell and needs to assert and they were tired of being silent, pathologized, medicalized, marginalized. As we professionalize and standardize our services - all good things, mind you - we need to retain the heart of the movement - which is first about listening to each victim's story. Which is supporting her or him as the survivor sifts through options and moves steadily forward. Which is saying to the community: men must stop the rape of women and men and adults must stop the rape of children. This challenge calls men to speak up against rape, to stand up against sexism, to hold other men accountable, to demand justice and safety for all women and children, to support the crisis and prevention services of every crisis center - with their money, with their time, with their consciences.

Another goal for our future is to broaden our vision and our services. We need to increase our outreach to victims and communities that have been long underserved: people of color, people with disabilities, non-English speakers, the elderly and those whose sexual orientation or identity does not fit the traditional heterosexual/male/female niches. We need to create and enhance models to serve those populations. Those models start with making our centers more closely reflect the entire community. Crisis centers staff, board and volunteers need to look like the populations they serve and need to develop competence to serve these populations.

One more goal takes us into the world of the flesh industry. We have long been aware that pornography culture supports rape culture. That prostitution and sex trafficking are inextricably linked with the sexual subjugation of women. We need to use this knowledge to respond to those who are commodified, prostituted, kidnapped, held captive - whether by economic threats, coercion or force. We need to start building the service and prevention network to serve these victims of commercial sexual exploitation. And we need to prevent these abuses and the rape culture they magnify. This will take more resources, more research, more learning and teaching and development of models we cannot yet envision. We created all the services that exist today - and we have this new work within us.

Throughout all of our work toward these goals, we must focus simultaneously on the elimination of racism in this society. The immorality, injustice and deadliness of racism is inseparable from the immorality, injustice and deadliness of the sexism that perpetuates rape. And we have never gotten this quite right from the beginning. Let me describe the racism that oppresses African American people in this country as an example and how it served - and continues to serve - to undermine us in our efforts to bring equality and safety to everyone's life. The unpunished rape of black females by white masters and other white men during slavery, and throughout the 19 th and early 20 th century, and the brutal lynching of black men predicated on false accusations of rape have deeply affected the anti-rape movement. Since the beginning of the anti-rape movement, the women who spoke out about rape demanded more and better law enforcement to improve the apprehension and arrest of rapists; they demanded tough prosecution and serious penalties for the rapist. This pro-law and order stance by victims - and the feminists who supported victims in their fight for justice - flew in the face of many African American people who had raised the consciousness of America about the disproportionate number of black men in our jails and prisons, both at that time and throughout much of our history.

As you know, many female anti-rape activists came from the civil rights movement, the free speech movement, the peace movement, the black power movement. Many of them were leaders in the new feminist movement. And they were committed to uncovering and challenging the racism and oppression that pervaded America and was reflected in our laws and criminal justice system. White women activists did not consider their anti-rape work as contributing to historically racist practices nor did they see it as less important than any other struggle for freedom and safety. And while that viewpoint may have reflected the true intentions of their hearts and may have been necessary to sustain the seriousness of the work, it exacted a price on the overall goal of freedom and safety for all oppressed Americans.

African American women activists could easily see the no-win, collision course that anti-sexism and anti-racism had unwittingly climbed aboard. Black women saw in the civil rights and black power movement an opportunity for the brotherhood of African American men to climb out of the demeaned and usually impoverished status imposed by the white powers-that-be who feared their equality. At the same time, African American women understood sexism and its practices, but they could not refuse the promising rise of black men from second-class citizenship. With the spectra of forward movement on the legal, political and economic playing fields for black people, black women were going to be there for black men.

And for reasons that are sometimes clear, sometimes unclear and always a source of great debate, these two great movements for human rights ended up with a wedge between them instead of a partnership. ⁷ And while I believe that women of color and white women in the anti-rape movement have forged working partnerships and friendships with one another as in few other places in the American labor force, there continues to be tension and unfinished work between women of color and white women that is a consequence of this history of slavery and the refusal of far too many white Americans to acknowledge those consequences and denounce their immoral and divisive impact.

Oppression is pervasive and hurts us all, though not in the same ways. The experience of the oppressed group is very different. They can speak accurately about the daily experience of oppression - the slights, indignities, threats, fear, losses, degradation that accumulate in the mind, spirit, heart and body of the oppressed. Those with privilege cannot tell that story. Nor should that person try. Rather, those of us with privilege must learn the reality of that privilege and how to use it to promote justice.

None of us invented these oppressions; we inherited a legacy of centuries. We also inherited the power to change it. There is no such thing as passive anti-oppression. We are either actively working against oppression or we are colluding with it, allowing it to continue in our name.

The Anti-Rape Movement is an impressive group of women - and like the Marines, with a few good men, we are making a difference. We said we would change the world and we see enough daylight at the end of the tunnel that we pull one another onward.

The myths we hold are the most significant barrier to ending sexual violence. It is not enough that the medical profession provides appropriate and effective medical care and evidence collection. It is not enough that law enforcement intervenes and interviews victims appropriately and effectively. It is not enough that prosecutors vigorously pursue prosecution appropriately and effectively. It is not enough that judges conduct trials and give jury instructions appropriately and effectively. It is not enough that jurors, who may well be you and me, reach our decisions appropriately and effectively. It is not enough that advocates provide support and assistance appropriately and effectively. We must do more with our hearts and minds. We must hold and share deep compassion for sexual assault survivors and we must work to replace myths about rape, the victims of rape and the perpetrators of the most heinous crime short of murder, with truths about the origin of rape and its impact on the victim and our communities.

I love what Martha Burt, Janet Gornich and Karen Pittman wrote in 1984. Listen to their words. They are still pertinent today:

This work is never easy, either in terms of time or of the psychological stresses of repeatedly confronting the realities of rape in this culture. In addition, it seldom pays very well, if it pays at all. Thus the fact that so many people continue to do this work is encouraging. We take it as a sign of how well the feminist movement's political activity raised issues surrounding rape and galvanized many women to devote their energies to trying to stop it and ameliorating the consequences. The movement's insistence that society bears some responsibility for changing patterns of sexual assault continues to guide the activities of many rape crisis centers. For most women working in rape crisis centers, their activities reflect some level of commitment, often very great, to helping women help themselves recover and emerge strong after an assault experience. Recognizing and building on this base of commitment, rape crisis centers may want to be able to reexamine feminist analysis, take a new look at their understandings and expectations and reformulate their goals for their communities, their centers and themselves. ⁸

We can make this a more caring and supportive nation for survivors of sexual assault. And we can work together to stop rape so we can tell our communities that rape crisis services are no longer needed. It is the only choice we have in face of the alternative.
A Brief History of the Anti-Rape Movement was adapted from an October 2006 speech by Polly Poskin, Executive Director of the Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault
End notes:

1. Brownmiller, Susan, Against Our Will. Simon and Schuster, 1975, pp. 17-18.

2. Levine, Suzanne and Harriet Lyons, eds., The Decade of Women: A MS. History of the Seventies in Words and Pictures, Paragon Books, New York, 1980, p. 11.

3. Schecter, Susan. Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggle of the Battered Women's Movement. South End Press, Boston, 1982, p. 35.

4. Davis, Angela. "Joan Little: The Dialectics of Rape." Ms. Magazine, June 1975, p. 108.

5. Butler, Sandra. "Looking Back, Moving Forward: A Celebration," A speech to the National Coalition Against Sexual Assault Conference, San Francisco, CA, November 1996.

6. Schecter, Susan. Women and Male Violence, p 38.

7. While the words on pp. 49-52 are mine, I am grateful to Angela Davis for her original social/political analysis on this issue.

8. Burt, Martha, Janet Gornich and Karen Pittman. "Feminism and Rape Crisis Centers," A Research Paper, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., 1984, p. 23.

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A Brief History of the Anti-Rape Movement - Resource Sharing Project

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The anti-rape movement of the 1970's did not materialize from thin air. Like all significant changes in the evolution of human history, the Anti-rape Movement is - on the one hand - a manifestation of the gradual progress of an evolving culture and - at the same time - a noticeable shift in the prevailing norms, mores and beliefs of that culture.

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Psychological analysis on causes of sexual assault

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Psychological analysis on causes of sexual assault

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This is an article on how biology, culture, and society have impacted sexual assault.
-Dan Schroeder

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Men are afraid that women will laugh at them.

Women are afraid that men will kill them.

Margaret Atwood.

Versions of this stark reality have been true since the beginning of time. Living while female has always carried considerable risk. It continues to do so today, even in unexpected places, for example, on college campuses, which advertise themselves as-and often are in many ways-bastions of tolerance, nonviolence, and open communication. Scientific field expeditions are another place we might expect women to be safe, but, as recent research indicates, they are not. Even the armed forces, which have a solid record of success with racial integration, have not managed to solve the problem of sexual violence. A woman's odds of being harmed by a fellow soldier dwarf her odds of being harmed by the enemy.

Considering that sexual violence against women in all these places is by all accounts vastly under-reported, and considering that it is probably even less commonly reported in other arenas (such as in the home), we must face up to the fact that women are under sexual siege in the US. The attackers, almost exclusively, are men.

What accounts for this? Why do men sexually assault women?

First, because they can. By genetic lot, men are on average stronger than women and can overpower them physically. Anatomy is destiny, Freud said. And so it's the destiny of women that if men wish to impose their will, physical force is one available tool. The same is not true in reverse. This biological difference is not fair-but there is no fairness in nature; there is only nature in nature. And the difference is not likely to disappear any time soon.

Another reason sexual violence is so common is that sex and violence are closely linked in our internal architecture. Sex has inherently violent undertones (in the same way that violence has sexual undertones). This is not a new observation. But the sex-violence link has traditionally been discussed in the context of over stimulated male sexuality. In late Victorian times, for example, the male sex drive was considered so explosive and animalistic as to render men unable to control themselves when stimulated (women were not considered to be much interested in sex for any reason other than procreation). This storyline is good for justifying male misbehavior and has also been used far and wide to justify men's effort to control where women go, what they say, and how they dress. However, it falls apart upon close examination. As a student in my sexuality class put it: "If your parents walk in on you having sex with your girlfriend, you stop what you're doing in a second, no matter what ..." Yes, men have ample control of their sexuality.

In truth, the sex-violence connection is not the providence of over-aroused men, but rather an inherent feature of the male-female mating dynamic. This is an uncomfortable realization, yet the evidence appears to support it. First, the sex drive and the propensity to violence (in men and women) are both linked to the same hormone, testosterone. Second, acts of dominance and violence are common ways by which males attract and protect their mates among our primate relatives. In humans, male aggressiveness is often rewarded by greater access to, attention from, and success with women. It is no coincidence that the theme of being taken by force by an attractive lustful man dominates (pun) female erotic literature and features prominently in women's sexual fantasies. Finally, as Freud noted, the act of sexual intercourse itself (the " primal scene ") bears a striking resemblance to violent struggle, marked as it is by raw physicality, sweating, bodily penetration, vigorous thrusting, grunting, etcetera.

The fact that we have a sexual appetite for things we find otherwise abhorrent has to be acknowledged if we are to make progress on controlling and counteracting sexual violence, in the same way that we must acknowledge the thrilling aspects of war if we want to advance peace, or nicotine's powerful medicinal and pleasurable properties if we are to make progress against smoking.

However, our biological constitution, which privileges men physically and rewards male aggression, is only one major determinant of behavior. The other is social influence. For humans, group pressures and social situations often shape behavior more strongly than biological impulses. They also tend to override individual character, values, and inclinations. People have biological tendencies and individual preferences, but whether, when, and how they act on these is often decided by the social context and social identity. Some people are more conscientious than others, by temperament or by conscious choice. But more people will act conscientiously and more of the conscientious people will act on their tendency more often if the values of the culture around them cherish and reward conscientiousness.

Genetic endowment sets the boundaries for what one can do but not for what one should do. In fact, society always can, and does, choose whether to elevate and encourage certain genetic attributes or seek to minimize, conceal and resist their influence on social life. That women are more physically vulnerable by nature need not mean that they should be fair game for attack. The fact that you are stronger than me does not mean you get to shove in front of me in line. Biology says you could. Society says you can't. And generally, you don't.

To deal effectively with sexual aggression we must recognize that we are dealing with one of those issues where social aspirations (that "Right makes right") buck against our evolutionary heritage (where "Might makes right"). This is true in other areas as well. For example, we expect young people to delay child bearing far beyond the biologically selected starting time (the onset of puberty and fertility) because our society needs them to get educated, and that takes time. Most of the time they follow society's rather than biology's dictates.

Once we understand the challenge, we may begin to look for ways to meet it. A good question to start with is: who are the men who attack women? It is convenient to assume that the culprits are violent, sociopathic, sexual deviants, and some definitely are. However, most men who violate women's spaces, rights and bodies sexually would not meet clinical diagnostic criteria as either sociopaths or sexual deviants. Most violence against women is committed by normative people-around campus, at work, or on the base. This raises the possibility that the violence they perpetrate appears, in context, normative to them.

A thought experiment: how many of the offenders are acting against social norms to satisfy sociopathic personal values or urgent individual needs? And how many act chiefly to adhere to group norms or accommodate peer pressure? I would argue that in violating women most attackers are not acting alone, spontaneously, or out of some twisted personal fantasy; rather they are manifesting and adhering to the consciousness of the culture in which they are immersed.

What is this cultural consciousness that permits and pushes men towards sexual assault? On the most general level, it is one characterized by the sanctioning of all kinds of violence. As the psychologist Hans Eysenck observed long ago, what sex was for the Victorians, violence is for us. We officially condemn it but actually reward and revel in it. An American child is rewarded for fighting back, not for turning the other cheek. An undercurrent of violence worship is apparent in American culture, where the symbol of patriotism is the soldier, the symbol of personal freedom is the gun, the most popular sport if football, the most popular entertainment are shoot 'em up video games and vengeful movie super heroes blowing up things, and the most cherished demographic is youth.

Another aspect of this consciousness is that it objectifies people. The objectification of women-turning them into body parts that exist and have value only to the extent they satisfy male desires and move merchandize in the marketplace-has been discussed and acknowledged widely. But men are also objectified. In the unforgivingly competitive market system where most men (and women) spend their days, you are valued for your efficiency, your ability to advance the company's bottom line. (Men are not even given the cultural license, still available to some women, to opt out of this rat race and into full time parenthood). Americaa treats its workers as it does the products they make: like things to use up, throw away and replace.

How many men sense, rightly, that no one cares about their subjective experience or their feelings independent of their economic value? How many believe, rightly, they are interchangeable? How many are true agents in their lives, as opposed to tools of a trade? Americans work very hard, and most of this work is motivated by fear, the terror of being left behind, of falling through the gaping cracks in the tattered so-called safety net, of becoming nonproductive and hence non-entities, useless objects. Objectified people are less able to treat each other humanely.

This is one reason framing the sexual violence problem as a man vs. woman issue is limiting. It may be more useful to frame it as a contest between violent objectification collaborators vs. resistors. Just as specific rights movements tend to benefit from the creation of a more general civil rights conversation and consciousness within the culture, so will an effort to end the objectification of women and violence against them benefit from a more comprehensive social conversation about violence and objectification.

On a more concrete, immediate level, men who attack women are usually following either a well-learned social script or the immediate pressure of group norms. A social script dictates that certain things lead to other things. Those who have internalized the script as normal are loath to violate it. When the script is violated, those who have internalized it will tend to blame the violator, not the script. If the common restaurant script says that you tip no matter how good the service, then most will tip no matter the service, and those who refuse to tip bad waiters will provoke outrage and retaliation. Likewise, if the sexual script dictates that the end point of flirting and foreplay is intercourse, then many will be loath to break it regardless of how they actually feel in the moment, and those who say, "Stop!" mid-script will be seen as offenders, deserving of retaliation or punishment. To change this dynamic, sexual scripts will have to change.

The other force often at play is immediate in-group peer pressure. Young people who gang up on and violate a semi-conscious woman and post pictures on Facebook are not acting on some individually dreamed up sexual fantasy but rather following group norms. We know from psychological research that once a group is established, the immediate pressure to adhere to the in-group code will often override the desire and ability to reach across to a member of the out-group. To deal with the problem of group pressure pushing young men to violate women, some concrete social norms of concrete groups in concrete places will have to change.

How is social change of this kind achieved? Two general approaches are available. The first is a top down strategy, applied through changes in regulation or law, as California had recently done, or through official leaders' declarations and orders, as Obama has recently done. The top down approach has advantages. It can be enacted fast, and it can compel people to change the way they act. This is important because one of the best, quickest ways to change attitudes, norms, and scripts is through changing actions. Start smiling, and you'll feel happier. Be legally required to treat others with kindness and respect and your prejudices about them will diminish over time.

However, the top down approach has limitations. Changing the law can have multiple unintended consequences: Prohibition didn't stop people from drinking, but it did spawn large-scale organized crime. Moreover, law enforcement is usually based on punishment for those who break laws, not reinforcement for those who are following the rules. Psychological research from Skinner on has shown that punishment, while telling you what not to do, is not a good way to learn what to do. In fact, what people who are punished often learn best is how to avoid and resent those who punish them, and how to become good at not being caught.

There are limits to the law's ability to regulate the complexities of human interaction. And sexual interactions are, if nothing else, complex. A case in point is the question of consent. Clearly, consent is a contextual concept. For example, we can easily agree that the inebriated person in a one-night stand is unable to give consent. But what about a long term couple who likes to have drunk sex? And while marriage does not mean you can do whatever you want without asking, a 'yes' response to marital sex initiation is rarely uttered or requested; such marital sex does not commonly constitute assault, but then again, sometimes it does. Moreover, sorting out what happened afterwards is notoriously difficult: 'he said-she said' situations, common in charges over sexual encounters, are inherently difficult to address legally.

A reliance on legislation alone is never optimal for alleviating social ills. A bottom up approach is also needed, where individuals, families, and communities initiate action to create new terms, new scripts and expectations and, ultimately, a new social consciousness. As it happens, bottom up approaches to cultural change have received a boost from social media. Online platforms provide ways for people to coordinate, inform and encourage each other at the grassroots level, often circumventing top down structures and traditional power centers and ideologies.

In the old Zen tale, a master and student are eating on the grass. A fly buzzes overhead. The master reaches with a quick flick of the hand and catches it mid air.

"How can you do that?" asks the awestruck student.

"How can you not?" asks the master.

Not that long ago, it was unimaginable that women could or would engage in advanced intellectual discourse, pursue careers in science, or join the armed forces. Now, it is unimaginable that they wouldn't. A lot of things that are hard to imagine, eventually-with changes in law and cultural consciousness-become taken for granted. Similarly, right now it is difficult for us to imagine how we could have a world in which a woman would feel, and be, as physically safe as a man walking on campus, dusting artifacts at a dig site, or staffing her army post.

Yet how can we justify not having such a world?

Teaser Picture Credit: Max Slevogt [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons.

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Men are afraid that women will laugh at them. Women are afraid that men will kill them. Margaret Atwood. Versions of this stark reality have been true since the beginning of time. Living while female has always carried considerable risk.

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This article discusses how this is a age old problem and how people are just now starting to take it seriously and step up.  It mentions how even when women tried to stand up it was not noticed.

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/17/us/retro-sexual-harassment.html

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This article hives a brief history of the sexual assault movements that has been adapted over time. It mentions responses to the need to stop this and what has been done.  It goes back and talks about what happened in 1971 and how it was a big movement then and how it is shaping todays movements.

http://www.resourcesharingproject.org/brief-history-anti-rape-movement

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"The Psychology of Victim-Blaming"
This article discusses the different psychologies that allow our society to victim blame, and how it overall changes the way we see victims and how victims are treated by society. Overall I think this one is a really good source to identify the problem of victim blaming.
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/10/the-psychology-of-victim-blaming/502661/

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Rich white men donating money to sexual assault because their companies are involved.... 

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Rich white men donating money to sexual assault because their companies are involved.... 

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Check it out! This IS a huge part of the problem.
-Amber Warmelink

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Mark Cuban Donates $10M Following Investigation Into Employee Sexual Harassment

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A Sports Illustrated report detailed "numerous instances of sexual harassment" within the Mavericks

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Painful article on the staggering number of alleged sexual assault worldwide. 

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Painful article on the staggering number of alleged sexual assault worldwide. 

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This is an epidemic on a grand scale.

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Sexual Harassment: At Least 2 Billion Women - Global Issues

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NEW YORK, Feb 01 (IPS) - Most of the world's women have experienced sexual harassment. Based on available country surveys, it is estimated that no less than 75 percent of the world's 2.7 billion women aged 18 years and older, or at least 2 billion women, have been sexually harassed (Figure 1).

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 Prosecutorial Strategies for Victim Management

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 Prosecutorial Strategies for Victim Management

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The author criticizes the methods on which prosecutors limit the power of sexual assault victims, in turn limiting their ability to punish their attackers.  It is because of systems like this that women are forced to protest.
https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/stable/3097193?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=sexual&searchText=assault&searchText=movements&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Fsd%3D%26amp%3BsearchType%3DfacetSearch%26amp%3Bpage%3D1%26amp%3BcurrentPath%3D%252Faction%252FdoBasicSearch%26amp%3BQuery%3Dsexual%2Bassault%2Bmovements%26amp%3Bfacet_journal%3Dam91cm5hbA%253D%253D%26amp%3Bed%3D&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
-Brady Bowman

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In Search of Gender Justice: Sexual Assault and the Criminal Justice System

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In Search of Gender Justice: Sexual Assault and the Criminal Justice System

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This looks critically at the shortcomings of the justice system when it comes to sexual assault and other crimes against women.  It can provide a foundation that explains why movements like #metoo are necessary
https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/stable/1395170?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=sexual&searchText=assault&searchText=movements&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Fsd%3D%26amp%3Bacc%3Doff%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3BQuery%3Dsexual%2Bassault%2Bmovements%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bpage%3D1%26amp%3BcurrentPath%3D%252Faction%252FdoBasicSearch%26amp%3Bfacet_journal%3Dam91cm5hbA%253D%253D%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3BsearchType%3DfacetSearch&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

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Educational Trajectory After College Sexual Assault

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Educational Trajectory After College Sexual Assault

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This article examines the history of anti-rape movements in American secondary education institutions, as well as the negative effects sexual assault has on educational attainment.
https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/stable/10.15767/feministstudies.44.2.0464?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=sexual&searchText=assault&searchText=movement&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Fed%3D%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3BcurrentPath%3D%252Faction%252FdoBasicSearch%26amp%3Bpage%3D1%26amp%3BQuery%3Dsexual%2Bassault%2Bmovement%26amp%3Bsd%3D%26amp%3BsearchType%3DfacetSearch%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bfacet_journal%3Dam91cm5hbA%253D%253D%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bacc%3Doff
Brady Bowman

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This article has some information on where in the world gender based violence is most prevalent- it may lend to our research.
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=10&sid=a72fe579-1cf8-4862-86cd-46a4e44d3f57%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=80203487&db=sih- Emily Baker

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"I will go out" social media movement in India (2017)

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"I will go out" social media movement in India (2017)

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This article studied the #IWillGoOut movement in india that was the first of it's kind in this country stemming from a lack of laws protecting women in public spaces, and it really worked to get the public to call for safety of women in public places.
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=a72fe579-1cf8-4862-86cd-46a4e44d3f57%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=130524725&db=sih -Emily Baker

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"Symbolic protest" of reporting sexual assault to the police.

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"Symbolic protest" of reporting sexual assault to the police.

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This article is EXTREMELY interesting, I never would have thought that the act of Reporting a sexual assault crime could be considered a protest in and of itself, but this article defines it as the desire of women to have sexual assault taken seriously as a CRIME and the desire to keep other women and girls safe.
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=a72fe579-1cf8-4862-86cd-46a4e44d3f57%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=70895767&db=sih
-Emily Baker

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http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=449e969c-255c-4193-b07e-bbfed97e8308%40pdc-v-sessmgr06&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=129379861&db=sih

Research article on women who fight in the military "fighting the military" about the prevalence of sexual assault and the lack of intervention. -Emily Baker

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Hi Group!

I have attempted to place areas specific to each type of research we will be doing. This way our Padlet doesn't become impossible to navigate. Please place your items in the category for that week. Thank you!

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This article is a bit vague, but it does have some helpful areas discussing how the movement against sexual harassment has moved into other countries, why it stalled in the past, and what could help it continue to grow.

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how #metoo could move from social campaign to social change - cnn

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#MeToo: From social campaign to social change?

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Can the momentum behind the #MeToo campaign create lasting social change?

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Popular Research Article for "The Problem" Page

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Popular Research Article for "The Problem" Page

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This article discusses the reach of the #MeToo movement to the other side of the world in Japan. I think this will help us show that our problem is far-reaching and not just here in the US which is likely what most think of when they hear "MeToo."

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We have decided to focus on the Movement against sexual assault. Please focus research on this topic and post it below -Emily B.

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We have decided to focus on the Movement against sexual assault. Please focus research on this topic and post it below -Emily B.

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We could find a lot of information regarding terrorism as a global issue and could focus on terrorism as a problem in and of itself.

https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/01622880260553624?journalCode=isec

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Bouncing off of the idea of gender equality, I like the idea of the "He for She" movement as well. Its main goal is to get men (as well as others) involved in the gender equality movement.
-Dan Schroeder

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united nations entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women

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Discover ideas and inspiration for a gender equal world from #HeForShe.

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Article on How to Solve Gender Inequality at Work....

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Article on How to Solve Gender Inequality at Work....

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Check it out!

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At a time when many companies are feeling pressured to report on and eliminate gender inequality within the workforce, a Stanford sociologist is finding success with a new method for reducing the kind of bias that leads to these inequalities.

In a recently published paper in Gender & Society, Shelley Correll, director of the Clayman Institute for Gender Research, explains the method, which she and her team piloted and found successful while working with several technology companies over the last three years.

The method, which Correll dubs "a small wins model," focuses on educating managers and workers about bias, diagnosing where gender bias could enter their company's hiring, promotion or other evaluation practices and working with the company's leaders to develop tools that help measurably reduce bias and inequality.

"The change we can realistically expect to produce in any one instance will be small, imperfect and incomplete," Correll wrote. "Step by step, I believe that these small wins are the path to achieving our larger goal, which is the transformation of our organizations."

Methods of recruitment, evaluation

Over the past 30 years, research has shown that stereotypes about what men and women are capable of and how they should behave cause people to evaluate men and women differently, especially when the criteria for evaluation are ambiguous. This bias puts women at a disadvantage in workplaces, where they get hired and promoted at lower rates than men.

Women are usually subjected to a higher bar, requiring more evidence than men to be seen as qualified. In addition, if people judge a woman to be competent, they often judge her as less likeable, a correlation that is not true for men.

Because of this research, many companies in recent years have invested resources into reducing the kinds of bias that lead to gender imbalance. The two most common approaches have been unconscious bias training and formalizing of methods for hiring and evaluating employees so that they are based on achievement-related criteria.

Correll said that although the two approaches help companies with diversity, they are not complete solutions.

While unconscious bias training is important and helps improve short-term behavior during hiring and promotion decisions, the effects wear off over time and can be threatening to people in power, leading to more bias rather than less, Correll said.

Formal procedures for hiring and promotions also haven't been entirely successful. For example, Correll wrote, fire departments previously used height as a criterion for screening applicants. Despite height being an objective benchmark, its requirement screens out more women than men and a person's height isn't directly related to one's ability to perform the job of a firefighter.

"Bias training can backfire, increasing bias; and formal procedures can be misused by decision makers or, worse, have gender biases built into their design," Correll wrote. "In spite of these limitations, I argue that educating about stereotyping and bias and formalizing evaluation processes are two key building blocks crucial for producing sustainable change."

Small wins add up

Although neither approach alone has been entirely successful, Correll argues for combining the two in a way that also includes measuring small incremental changes within the organization.

In this model, a company would provide workers with bias training and experts would analyze the company's procedures to understand where bias might be creeping in. The experts would then work with managers of the company to develop better procedures or tools, implement them and evaluate what changes they produce.

The entire process focuses on creating objective performance checklists and other tools that eliminate ambiguity and the chance for bias from people using them.

"To create sustainable change, we need to shift the target of change from the individual decision maker to organizational processes," Correll wrote.

Correll and her team tried this model with several companies over the past three years as part of Stanford's Center for the Advancement of Women's Leadership. They found measurable improvements in gender inequalities at those companies.

For example, at a mid-size technology company in the Western U.S., Correll said her research showed that after putting in place a new employee scorecard, managers were less likely to discuss an employee's personality rather than his or her work. Before the new scorecard, comments during these discussions criticized 14 percent of women for being "too aggressive" and 8 percent of men for being "too soft." A year later, after rolling out the new scorecard, those figures dropped to zero percent and 1 percent, respectively.

"The small-wins approach gives people results and something small they can do daily," Correll said. "Those small wins start to add up. They are the building blocks to larger change."

Correll said she has been inspired by the number of managers and leaders dedicated to equality in the workplace whom she has met over the past three years. Although reducing bias and inequality completely will take a long time, Correll said she feels optimistic.

"It's encouraging to see that many people genuinely want to be more inclusive," Correll said. "These companies didn't have to open up to us researchers. And I can't stress enough how valuable working with them and evaluating their data has been."

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New approach to reducing gender inequality at work | Stanford News

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At a time when many companies are feeling pressured to report on and eliminate gender inequality within the workforce, a Stanford sociologist is finding success with a new method for reducing the kind of bias that leads to these inequalities.

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Emily brought up a perfect area to declare an issue - Gender Equality in the Workplace! Should we choose this particular problem as our global issue? THANK YOU, EMILY!

-Amber Warmelink

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I definitely think that gender equality would be a good topic for us to use as our global issue. I think recently it has gotten a lot of attention, and it should definitely be pretty easy to research different aspects of this movement. This is one movement that interests me a lot, so I would really enjoy working on this issue.

-Dan Schroeder

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I would like to meet with your group in person or via collaborate some time next week. I am available Tuesday thru Friday. Please let me know your availability and we'll work something out. - Jeff

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Hi Group,

Another issue that I personally would enjoy researching is gender equality as a global issue. This would be much easier to find peer-reviewed articles for and is also a relevant issue that I believe our entire class as a whole would enjoy learning more of. I have attached a link to a wonderful article on the global movement of gender equality, too. Thoughts on this as well?

Warm Regards,

Amber Warmelink

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Hi Group,

I am not finding any scholarly articles on the movement thus far because it is likely too new, however, I do believe this is a relevant human rights issue that has become a globalized movement. Thoughts?

Warm Regards,

Amber Warmelink

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On October 15, 2017, American actress Alyssa Milano posted a tweet urging women to speak up and out about their experiences with sexual assault or harassment using the phrase "me too." Overnight, social media erupted, as #MeToo took hold in every corner of the world. By the end of the day, there were similar movements in multiple languages, including Arabic, Farsi, French, Hindi, and Spanish. Today, women in 85 different countries are using the hashtag to bring attention to the violence and harassment they face in daily life and to demand change.

Even though the civil rights activist Tarana Burke started the "Me Too" movement over a decade ago, the global response to Milano's tweet took many, including Burke, by surprise. What accounts for #MeToo's overwhelming success in 2017 and beyond? Many point to social media, but that is only part of the story. Existing women's movements all over the world have spent decades laying the groundwork for what is happening today. By mobilizing communities, establishing strategies of resistance, raising awareness, and breaking down the taboos that have traditionally silenced conversations about women's rights, these earlier movements allowed #MeToo to become a global phenomenon.

SETTING THE STAGE

Over the last several years, women's movements around the world have achieved landmark victories on issues such as voting rights, sexual and reproductive health, and equality under the law. To be sure, there is more work to be done: women in Saudi Arabia still live under the repressive male guardianship system, unmarried women in Iran cannot easily access reproductive health services, and women throughout the world are still fighting for equal pay. But recent developments have encouraged women across the globe to be more optimistic about the prospects of change.

Success inspires success. In a networked world, women can quickly and easily learn about the progress made by other women, both at home and abroad. Inspiration becomes contagious-the success of one movement leads to another. It is important to consider #MeToo in

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On October 15, 2017, American actress Alyssa Milano posted a tweet urging women to speak up and out about their experiences with sexual assault or harassment using the phrase "me too." Overnight, social media erupted, as #MeToo took hold in every corner of the world.