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etiology - set of causes of a mental disorder. 

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etiology - set of causes of a mental disorder. 

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one etiology for Major Depressive disorder can be seen in the serotonin hypothesis, which states that low levels of serotonin play a casual role in major depression. This is a biological etiology for MDD due to the fact that the hypothesis gives a reason/explanation to why MDD can develop.

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MDD can be biologically explained through genetic heritability (Falconer model, gene-environment interaction, and gene-environment correlation) and neurotransmitters.

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MDD has negative cognitions and maladaptive behaviors. 

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MDD has negative cognitions and maladaptive behaviors. 

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For cognitive you would use CBT due to its effectiveness over long term practice.

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For MDD and the serotonin hypothesis, there are drugs that can be used to help treatment. One of these drugs are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI's), which inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, thus increasing the concentration of serotonin and reducing symptoms of depression. There are many strengths to this treatment, for example, less side effects. SSRI's are also better for research, since the drug only has to manipulate one variable. However, one limitation is that most of the time, patients require both therapy AND SSRI's. Another limitation to the use of SSRI's as a treatment is that once patients start to feel better and not as depressed, they tend to stop taking them, which is very dangerous and often ends in relapses.

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MDD biological: certain drugs are used for other purposes can lower serotonin levels causing the side effect of depression. MAO inhibitors increase effects of serotonin. SSRI drugs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin.

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The first study is Goldapple et al where he took multiple test subjects with similar or same levels of depression and recorded th progress of those who decided to use the CBT method and those who took medication. In the end he found that the effects of CBT and medication are achieved by different physiological pathways.

The second study is Hodges & Oei which tested CBT vs Chinese values. In conclusion of that study it was found that CBT processes go well with Chinese tradition. This study showed its effectiveness across other cultures.

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It can be explained through the etiology of gene heritability which is a quantitative measure of genetic factors.

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MDD can be treated using drugs that affect neurotransmiter function.

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Silber et al (1999)

Studied depression in boys & girls from childhood to adolescence

Chiao & Blizinsky (2010)

Studied 50,000 people in 29 countries

Examined the association between the 5-HTT gene and the collectivism/individualism cultural dimension

Found collectivistic cultures were more likely to carry the mutated 5-HTT gene but had lower prevalence of depression

Concluded that collectivism acted as a buffer against depression due to cultural support

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Elkin et al (1989) - studied effectiveness of medication and different types of psychotherapy on depression; found drugs were superior to placebo and faster and more effective than psychotherapy for severe depression.

Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) - measured response rate (50% reduction on depression scale). treatment outperformed placebo and continued for 6 more weeks.

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one explanation for MDD is genetic heritability. This means that the patient inherited a gene from a parent (or both) that makes them more likely to develop MDD.
This can be further explained using the Falconer Model, gene-environment interaction, gene-environment correlation. Another way to look at the biological etiology of MDD is through observing neurotransmitters, such as serotonin.

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NPY is an example of a biochemical etiology. This neurotransmitter is released as a response to stress. It works with the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the brain stem to turn off the stress response. Due to this people's anxiety, stress, and pain perception is reduced.

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Etiology are causes of a mental disorder, in which etiology is used to explain mental disorders to predict the course of illness and predict patient response to treatment. One etiology for MDD is the Serotonin Hypothesis to explain MDD.

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A set of causes of a mental disorder is an etiology.

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A set of causes of a mental disorder is an etiology.

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Serotonin hypothesis states that low levels f serotonin play a casual role in major depression.

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MDD can be explained through genetic heritability. Etiology are the product of repetitive mental disorders.

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MDD can be treated with medication and therapy. These solutions will cause the neurotransmitters in the brain to function normally again.

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Etiology is a set of causes for a mental disorder. There are various causes for Major Depressive Disorder which span to biological, sociocultural and cognitive aspects. One etiology is  demonstrated by the serotonin hypothesis. This states that low levels of serotonin plays a crucial role in major depression. This etiology provides evidence and explanation for the formation of major depressive disorder.

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There are *3* types of antidepressants that can help treat depression:
-tricycle antidepressants (TCAs)
-Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

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The Serotonin Hypothesis claims that neurotransmitters can explain MDD. More specifically, the hypothesis states that low levels of serotonin play a causal role in major depression. Limitation is that drugs are used for short-term treatment and are not as effective long term.

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Etiology is a set of causes of a mental disorder. This allows people to predict the course of the illness and predict how patients will respond to treatment.

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NPY, a neurotransmitter thats released as response to stress. Works with the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the brain stem to turn off the stress response. It reduces anxiety, stress, and pain perception, it controls the circadian rhythm and seizures.
Strength- Research has strong and reliable statistical correlations
Weakness/Limitations-
Correlational studies cannot establish causation
Biochemical research cannot explain the range of symptoms of PTSD, but only a few

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usage of neurotransmitters for MMD as well as the usage of medication