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Little was understood about mental disorders or emotional difficulties. Those that suffered from severe symptoms where confined to institutions with mainly ineffective treatments and those with mild to moderate difficulties received no profession support.

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1st Force  of Psychotherapy:               Sigmund Freud  Psychotherapy

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1st Force  of Psychotherapy:               Sigmund Freud  Psychotherapy

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A psycho-dynamic approach viewing past experiences as the source of people's present emotional difficulties and emphasizing unconscious processes and long-term treatment. This provided a solid foundation for the field of psychotherapy but had clear limitations.

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2nd Force of Psychotherapy:   Behavioral & Cognitive Theories and Interventions 

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2nd Force of Psychotherapy:   Behavioral & Cognitive Theories and Interventions 

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Through research and practice by B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser and Donald Meichenbaum, behavioral & cognitive theories and interventions became widely used in the 90s when there was a blending the 70s behavioral treatments with the 80s cognitive treatments. This treatment focuses on the influence of thoughts and actions on emotion.

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Carol Roger's work  which emerged in the 60s along with the work of Fritz Perls, and Viktor Frankl, led to the development of existential-humanistic pschotherapy .  This treatment focuses on the importance of emotions and sensations  and people taking charge of their lives and finding meaning in their lives.

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4th Force of Psychotherapy: Beginning of the 21st Century

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4th Force of Psychotherapy: Beginning of the 21st Century

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Using elements of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd force, treatment approaches integrate into a comprehensive and holistic effort to understand people as fully as possible. Being culturally competent is the cornerstone to counseling in the 21st century.

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Drummond, R., Sheperis, C., Jones, K. (2016). Assessment procedures for counselors and helping professionals (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.