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The Spanish Empire expanded into the New World to what is now New Mexico and Arizona in 1540. They seized over 100 Indian pueblos. Soon, the Spanish priests and soldiers enforced an encomienda (forced-labor system) for the Indians to follow. Eventually, the Indians decided to fight back and the medicine man, Popé, from San Juan led them. Many Spanish settlements were assaulted in August of 1680. They were extremely successful due to the 8,000 warriors against fewer than 200 settlers. One thousand survivors laid seige at the governor's palace in Santa Fe but some Spaniards managed to escape to El Paso del Norte. Finally, Popé was the new ruler of New Mexico.

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In 1710, A group of Germans and Swiss settled at the Neuse River in an ancestral area of the Tuscarora. The natives were angry about the intrusion on their lands and the unfair trading practices that the community of New Bern brought with them. The Tuscarora people were led by Chief Hancock to attack New bern and other settlements in northern Carolina on September 22, 1711. Hundreds of settlers were killed and crops were destroyed but the settlers regained control in 1713 and defeated the Tuscarora at their village of Neoheroka. Some of the natives were captured and sold into slavery while the rest were forced to leave Carolina.

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The Navajo tribe lived in an area between the Little Colorado and San Juan rivers in northeast Arizona. Americans soon arrived in Santa Fe in 1846 with the intent to settle there but Navajo leaders and American soldiers met and conclude the Bear Springs Treaty. In 1851, Fort Defiance was erected and the Navajo were prohibited. They tried to assign the tribe to a reservation but the Navajo refused. In 1858, Manuelito, a Navajo chief, discovered his livestock shot by American soldiers and his fields and villages were burned down. Over 1,000 Navajos attacked Fort Defiance in 1860. Three years later, U.S. forces and Kit Carson drove the Navajo from their lands with the "Scorched Earth Policy". Thousands hid in the Canyon de Chelly but in 1864, all the thousands of starving natives were rounded up. They were sent to a reservation until 1868 when they returned to their former territory to live peacefully.