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This artifact is Hair products from the 1950´s.
The context that supports why this is important is the fact that most hair products slogans were to say that this product would make your hair be like a white females.This artifact proves what she had to endure, how she had to constantly see whites putting blacks down and blacks never being themselves.Instead always trying to be like white people

http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/beauty-and-hygiene-ads-1950s

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Miss Geraldine Nesbitt, By: Kaleb Tripp/Dillord Alford

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Miss Geraldine Nesbitt, By: Kaleb Tripp/Dillord Alford

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Miss Geraldine Nesbitt, Claudette Colvin's teacher during the 1950's. Instead of Nesbitt teaching Claudette the English language, she taught Claudette the world through history. This helped convince Claudette what she wanted to fight for now that she was educated in her past, and how blacks were treated.

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Fred Gray-Dagoberto Garcia, Rowan Kelley 

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Fred Gray-Dagoberto Garcia, Rowan Kelley 

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This artifact is about Fred Gray, Claudette Colvin's lawyer during 1950's. Fred gray was not much older then Claudette. At 24 years of age Fred Gray was fresh out of law school, an amateur you can say. Fred Gray was interested to take Claudette's case. Claudette admired Fred gray as the first person who she had ever met who was doing what she wanted to do. Like Claudette Fred Gray wanted to go to law school in the north then  come home to the south to defend blacks. He motivated Claudette into the segregation law movements he was the person to have her back in this case therefore influencing Claudette. This helps me understand how this artifact helps develop the story , This goes to show that Claudette admired Fred and he was a big influence on Claudettte's life.

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Miss Geraldine Nesbitt- Dillon Alford, Kaleb tripp

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Miss Geraldine Nesbitt- Dillon Alford, Kaleb tripp

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Miss Geraldine  Nesbitt, Claudettes favorite teacher. we were too far behind. Instead, she taught us the world through world through literature. Miss Nesbitt taught Claudette about the world. She gave her the knowledge she needed to fight segregation.

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E. D. Nixon- Talia Askew, Miranda Carawan

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E. D. Nixon- Talia Askew, Miranda Carawan

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E. D. Nixon was a employed as a railroad sleeping car porter. He worked tirelessly through his life to make black peoples life better, or more advanced. With a commanding voice and an earthy sense of humor, he seemed to know everyone including jailers, white policemen, judges, newspaper reporters, lawyers, and government officials.  He describes the horror of segregation. He motivates people like Claudette to stand there ground and understand there constitutional right to fight for there rights.

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Movie ticket stub: Campbell Barnes, Victor Gonzalez

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Movie ticket stub: Campbell Barnes, Victor Gonzalez

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A movie ticket stub was a little  piece of paper that was needed for admission to a movie theater."The movie theater was segregated for white and colored people". Blacks were not always allowed to be in the same theater all the time. There was a movie theater that was made for colored people called "Rex Theater for Colored people". Claudette Colvin did not like this, she wanted all people to be united she did not see the needs for this.  The author put this into the book because even in something that you were supposed to enjoy the colored could not because they have a worse take on it.

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The Diagram of the Bus-Camden Drew and Kylie Bowden

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The Diagram of the Bus-Camden Drew and Kylie Bowden

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The bus diagram represented how segregation had spread to normal life during the Jim Crow Era. This directly represents how blacks were discriminated against back then and essentially treated as lesser human beings. At the time, this was just the social norm, and was (mostly) ignored. The reason that Claudette refused to move from her seat that day was that she legally was not forced to move from her seat if there were other seats available. This was also an unjust law and it was completely unfair. Here is a picture of the way that buses were laid out during this terrible time in our country's history.

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Rosa Parks by: Yasmin Woolard & Alexis Rogers

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Rosa Parks by: Yasmin Woolard & Alexis Rogers

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Rosa Parks was a woman, who 9 months after Claudette Colvin,on December 1st, 1955, refused to give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger. Rosa Parks started a 381 day Montgomery bus  boycott, which launched nationwide efforts to help end segregation in segregated states. Rosa Parks and Claudette  Colvin were tired of the segregation and they decided to take a stand against the segregation laws. They refused to give up their seats to white passengers on a Montgomery bus to make a statement that blacks and whites should be treated equally.  Rosa Parks and Claudette Colvin knew that they were supposed to give up their seats but they also knew it was their constitutional right that they didn't have to give it up.

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Jo Ann Robinson-Alexis Whitehurst and Renardo Langley

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Jo Ann Robinson-Alexis Whitehurst and Renardo Langley

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Ore artifact was Jo Ann Robinson. She affected Claudette's motivation because Claudette was affected by every other black person who was arrested on a bus for refusing to get out of their rightful seat. She was a professor of English at Alabama State college and leader of Montgomery's influential Women's Political Council which was one of the organizations that advocated for black rights. She was thrown off the bus for absentmindedly sitting in the white section even though nobody was sitting there. She was  "Smart, energetic, and extremely well connected". It shows that no matter what position blacks were in they were meant to be beneath whites in every way.

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Martin Luther King Jr. By: Xavier Casiano, Brice Dixon

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Martin Luther King Jr. By: Xavier Casiano, Brice Dixon

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The name of my artifact is Martin Luther King Jr., Martin Luther King Jr. was a Reverend and he was a passionate speaker.When Martin Luther King Jr., woke up on Monday, December 5 he knew there was a mass meeting that day.When he was at the mass meeting he was elected as president of the Montgomery Improvement Association and that was his first major speech and it was not a church sermon.When he made a speech, his passionate words rocked the church. When Reverend Ralph Abernathy took the pulpit and said a resolution asking all citizens refrain from riding buses and said "All in favor of the motion stand" everyone in the crowd stood up. When Claudette Colvin refused it went all over the world and when  Martin Luther King Jr. heard about it, Martin Luther King Jr. made the speech. So this artifact was explaining how the blacks was being treated unfair and disrespectful so Martin Luther King Jr. made the speech for everyone to here and the segregation to stop. Martin Luther King Jr. only made that speech because he heard the news about Claudette Colvin refusing to give her seat to a white person.

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Jeremiah Reeve's poems-- Cheyenne Wilson, Shawn Gerard

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Jeremiah Reeve's poems-- Cheyenne Wilson, Shawn Gerard

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They're several poems entered into a news article, written by him to wish everyone a merry Christmas and a happy new year . It motivated her because she was tired of seeing injustice for her race/friends. Claudette noticed and saw everything that happened to Jeremiah and knew there had to be change. She was the only one that had enough courage to stand up to the whites.
picture:      http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/voices/id/6378

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This is our article about Emmett Till;Emmett Till was a 14 year old negro boy from Chicago who had gone to visit relatives in Mississippi. In August 1955, while leaving a store, he allegedly whistled at a white store clerk and said "Bye Baby." Three night after the incident had occurred he was kidnapped from his home. Three days after the kidnapping, his body was found floating in a river, wrapped in barbed wire and grotesquely mutilated (or beat in).Two white men were later arrested but acquitted by an all-white jury.This was a very upsetting time for blacks and it was an act of intense racism.The savagery of this crime sent a chilling message to Claudette and the rest of her school. It motivated Claudette because it was an act of violence against blacks, much more an act against someone of her own age.

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Emmett Till was born July 25, 1941 with both the sun and moon in Leo, the sign that craves recognition. He got more than he bargained for. RIP, Emmett.

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from the hearing. This article is an example of the information many citizens of Montgomery would have had about Claudette’s actions at the time. Additionally, the article illustrates the normative nature of the segregation laws in Alabama in 1955. This artifact demonstrates that Claudette’s actions were a rebellion against the dominant system of racial segregation at the time because she was found guilty of violating segregation laws by Judge Hill. 

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As we come upon the 50th anniversary of the assassination of Dr. King this spring and the celebration of Martin Luther King Jr Day let us take a minute to reflect on his major contributions to our country which still guide many Americans today.

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Martin Luther King Jr Day - Westbury Business Improvement District

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As we come upon the 50th anniversary of the assassination of Dr. King this spring and the celebration of Martin Luther King Jr Day let us take a minute to reflect on his major contributions to our country which still ... Read More

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Alabama Journal newspaper article on page 50 of Claudette Colvin

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Alabama Journal newspaper article on page 50 of Claudette Colvin

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This newspaper article from the Alabama Journal was published on March 19, 1955, the day after Claudette’s hearing for her refusal to give up her seat. The article describes the courtroom, outlines the charges brought against Claudette, the ruling of Judge Hill, Fred Gray’s decision to appeal, and provides direct quotes from the hearing. This article is an example of the information many citizens of Montgomery would have had about Claudette’s actions at the time. Additionally, the article illustrates the normative nature of the segregation laws in Alabama in 1955. This artifact demonstrates that Claudette’s actions were a rebellion against the dominant system of racial segregation at the time because she was found guilty of violating segregation laws by Judge Hill.

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Claudette Colvin boarded a Montgomery, Alabama, bus and was arrested when she refused to give up her seat. Nine months later, Rosa Parks did the same. (Photo: Wikipedia)

February 28, 1879: African Americans living in the South fled political and economic exploitation in what came to be known as the "Exodus of 1879." A leader of this movement was Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, who led people from the South to Kansas and points west.

February 28, 2003: A U.S. District Court jury in Jackson, Mississippi, convicted Ernest Avants on federal murder charges - the first federal murder charges connected to the pursuit of unpunished killings from the civil rights era. Avants received a life sentence for joining other Klansmen in killing an African-American handyman, Ben Chester White, near Natchez, Mississippi. The Klansmen had hoped to lure Martin Luther King Jr., who was taking part in a march in Mississippi, to the area by killing White. The plot failed. White is among the 40 martyrs listed on the Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama.

February 29, 1940: Hattie McDaniel became the first African American to win an Oscar, playing the role of the servant Mammy in the film Gone With the Wind. In the years that followed, she drew criticism from some for playing such roles. She replied, "I'd rather play a maid and make $700 a week than be one for $7 a week."

March 1, 1875: President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which guaranteed equal access to public accommodations regardless of race or color. The law was not enforced, however, and in 1883 the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional.

March 1, 1914: Ralph Ellison was born in Oklahoma City. He went on to write one of the best English-language novels of the 20th century, the Invisible Man, which received the National Book Award in 1953. In his acceptance speech, he said, "Despite my personal failures there must be possible a fiction which, leaving sociology and case histories to the scientists, can arrive at the truth about the human condition, here and now, with all the bright magic of the fairy tale." It was the only novel Ellison wrote.

March 1, 1956: The University of Alabama expelled Autherine Lucy, the first African American ever admitted. Thousands of students rioted. She charged in court that university officials had been complicit in allowing the disorder, as a means of avoiding compliance with the court order. The trustees expelled her for making such "outrageous, false and baseless accusations." In 1980, the university overturned her expulsion, and a dozen years later, she earned a master's degree in elementary education at the university, which endowed a scholarship in her name. The institution also hung a portrait bearing this inscription: "Her initiative and courage won the right for students of all races to attend the university."

March 1, 1968: The Kerner Commission, investigating urban unrest, reported that "the nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white - separate and unequal."

March 2, 1807: After the sun set on the constitutional provision providing for the importation of slaves, Congress passed an act to end the practice. But the law was largely ignored, and another 250,000 were enslaved and illegally brought into the U.S. until 1860.

March 2, 1867: Overriding the vetoes of President Andrew Johnson, Congress passed Reconstruction Acts that created military districts in the former Confederate states (except for Tennessee, which had ratified the 14th Amendment) and required former Confederate states to give those freed from slavery the right to vote.

March 2, 1955: Nine months before Rosa Parks, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, telling the bus driver, "It's my constitutional right to sit here as much as that lady. I paid my fare." The NAACP considered using her arrest to challenge these laws, but decided against it because of her age and because she became pregnant. Other African-American women followed her lead, refusing to surrender their seats, including Mary Louise Smith, Aurelia Browder and Susie McDonald. They brought the groundbreaking Browder v. Gayle lawsuit that resulted in Montgomery's segregated bus system being declared unconstitutional.

March 3, 1821: Thomas Jennings became the first African American to receive a patent. He patented a dry cleaning process he invented and poured his newfound wealth into abolitionist causes.

March 3, 1865: Congress passed the bill that formed the Freedmen's Bureau to assist African Americans in the transition from slavery to freedom in the South. The bureau, initially authorized for one year, remained in operation until 1868.

March 3, 1960: Vanderbilt University expelled James Lawson for taking part in a sit-in in Nashville, Tennessee. Throughout the civil rights movement, he assisted Martin Luther King Jr. in teaching others the principles of nonviolence. In 2006, Lawson was welcomed by the same institution that expelled him, serving as its Distinguished University Professor.

March 4, 1861: President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated, inheriting a country on the brink of Civil War. Seven states had already seceded from the Union. After the War ended, he extended a hand to the conquered South, but before his dreams of a reunited America took place, he was assassinated.

March 4, 1877: Republican Rutherford B. Hayes took the oath of office after the Compromise of 1877 settled the disputed 1876 Presidential election. The trade-off with Southern Democrats was the withdrawal of federal troops from the remaining Southern states. Reconstruction ended, the troops left, and new "Jim Crow" laws aimed at subjugating and disenfranchising African Americans spread across the country. Within a year, Hayes expressed regret: "My task was to wipe out the color line, to abolish sectionalism; to end the war and bring peace... I am reluctantly forced to admit that the experiment was a failure." Much of the nation ignored the violation of African Americans' civil rights until after World War II.

March 4, 1901: George H. White gave up his congressional seat. No African American served in Congress again for 28 years.

March 4, 1908: Dr. T.R.M. Howard was born in Murray, Kentucky. His mother worked as a cook for Dr. Will Mason, a white physician so impressed with the young Howard that he helped pay for much of Howard's medical education. After getting involved in civil rights issues, he moved to the all-black town of Mound Bayou, Mississippi, where he became the first chief surgeon at the hospital. In 1951, he formed the Regional Council of Negro Leadership and mentored young civil rights activists Medgar Evers and Aaron Henry. Four years later, Howard drew national attention when he became involved in investigating the Emmett Till murder. Before the year ended, the death threats and economic pressure became too much, and Howard moved with his family to Chicago. In 1971, Jesse Jackson formed Operation PUSH in Howard's home. He died five years later.

March 5, 1770: Crispus Attucks, who had escaped slavery, was the first of five killed by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre, a precursor to the American Revolution. His ancestry included African and Native American roots. A Boston monument honoring Attucks bears John Adams' words: "On that night, the foundation of American independence was laid."

March 5, 1845: Macon B. Allen became the first licensed African-American lawyer after being admitted to the bar in Massachusetts and is believed to have been the first nationally. He later became the first African-American justice of the peace.

March 5, 1897: The Rev. Alexander Crummell and W.E.B. Du Bois founded The American Negro Academy in Washington, D.C. The academy was the first in the United States to bring intellectuals from all over the world together to foster scholarship. They aimed to serve as a "weapon to secure equality and destroy racism."

March 6, 1820: The Compromise of 1820 allowed Missouri into the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It also set the boundary between slave and free territory in the West at the 36th parallel.

March 6, 1857: In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld slavery in a 7-2 vote. The court declared that Scott could not sue for his freedom in federal court because those of African descent could never be considered citizens but "as a subordinate and inferior class of beings."
Contact Jerry Mitchell at (601) 961-7064 or jmitchell@gannett.com. Follow him on Facebook and Twitter.
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History: Before Rosa Parks, there was Claudette Colvin

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Claudette Colvin boarded a Montgomery, Alabama, bus and was arrested when she refused to give up her seat. Nine months later, Rosa Parks did the same. (Photo: Wikipedia) February 28, 1879: African Americans living in the South fled political and economic exploitation in what came to be known as the "Exodus of 1879."