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Europe

The Roots of Great War

- The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries
- Internal Conflicts and Militarism
- The System of Alliance
- The Balkan Conflicts
- The Great War

> Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
> Western Front
> Eastern Front
> Russian Revolution
> End of the Greater War

World War 2

- WW1 and the Trearty of Versaille
- Pacific War
- Fascism
- Rise of Totalitarianism
- Appeasement
- End of the WW2

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~ analyze the root causes that gave rise to World War I
~ described significant events that transpired during World War I
~ assess the effects of World War I
~ analyze the efforts of nations to achieve international peace and prosperity
~ analyze the causes that gave rise to World war I
~ analyze the significant events that transpired during World War II
~ assess the effects of World war II

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- grown to become the most continent in the world
- believe that in order to create peace is that national lines must be drawn and alliances must be formed but this belief lead to political rivalries
- In the coming nineteenth century was when the nation-states where developed
* Nation-states - composed of similar groups of self-governing people

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Major alliances were created in order to protect similar interests between nation-states

The  alliances between Germany and Austria-Hungary and France and Russia could lead to direct conflict between these powers

Triple Alliance

> Germany
- Joined 1879 Dual Alliances
- feared being surrounded by increasing close France and Russia
> Austria-Hungary
- Joined 1879 Dual Alliances
- worried about Serbian nationalism from the Serbs in their Empire and the strength of Serbs outside the Europe (by Russia)
>Italy
- territorial ambitions: wanted support
- made it the Triple Alliances in 1882
- Joined !879 Dual Alliances
- stayed neutral in 1914, and joined Triple Entente in 1915
> Great Britain
- Entente Cordiale 1904
- Triple Entente 1907
- growing friendship over colonies in Africa, plus concerns about rivalries with Germany. Not guarantee of military support though
> France
- Entente Cordiale 1904
- Triple Entente 1907
- Franco-Russian Alliance 1892
- concerns about Germany; promise to attack another T.A country if they were attacked by them
> Russia
- guaranteed to support Serbia
- Pan-Slavism and a route to Mediterranean Sea
- Franco-Russian Alliance 1892

> USA
- stayed isolated until 1917

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Clamor for ideologies, such as the socialist labor movement, caused rampant violence due to unfair labors practices brought about by industrialization.

The working class demanded from wealthy class better wages and the improvement of working conditions

in order to avoid bloodshed within the citizens of the same nation-state, conservative leaders were encouraged to regain control through the idea of unifying the nation by plugging into war

The worsening situations in Europe caused nations to strengthen large armies in preparation for war

Between 1870 and 1914, military spending increased, doubling the size of Europe armies

Conscription - a popular method of drafting soldiers

With the rise of militarism, generals gained more power, influencing major political decisions of the time

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Balkan Peninsula - a region in Southeastern Europe

The decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century creating a power vacuum

Balkan Peninsula - a politically unstable region

Ottoman Empire (Turkey) collapsing leaving a power vacuum

Serb nationalism was rising: Serbs and Slavs throughout the region

Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted influence or control over the region

Russia (another Slavs region) therefore believed they had common issues: Tsar "father of all Slavs" (Pan Slavism)

Driven by nationalism, the Greeks and the Slavs fought for independence against Ottomans: however, majority of the ethnic populations still remained under the Ottomans

The Treaty of Berlin of 1878 provided Austria-Hungary a firm succession of power in the region with the right to administer Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnian Crisis - a massive Slavic uproar in the Kingdom of Serbia since Thousands of ethnic Slavs live in the Annexed state

Balkan League/first Balkan War - the nations of Serbia, Greece and Montenegro attacked the Ottoman Empire on October 8, 1912

This led the independent nation of Albania and the expansion of Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro

The Second Balkan War erupted on June 16, 1913: Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Germany

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THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND COLONIAL RIVALRIES

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THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND COLONIAL RIVALRIES

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The post of WWI or World War I period diminished the European imperialists ability to control their colonies and led to a loss of their global power

Nationalism is the shared belief of loyalty to the ethnicity and culture of a nation-state

WWI and the attack and the nationalist assault on European colonial order : India, Egypt, Middle East, Africa

Nationalism brewed tensions between nations

The defeat of the French in the Franco Prussian War in 1870-1871, leading to the strengthening of Germany

Nationalism also emerged in Italy  due to millions of Italians living in areas controlled by the Austro-Hungarian empire

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHSQAEam2yc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mun1dKkc_As&pbjreload=10

WWI was a global war centered in Europe that began on July 28 1914-November 11 1918

It involved all the world's powers, which were assemble in two opposing alliances: The Allies(based on the Triple Entente of the UK kingdom, France and Russia) and the central powers(originally the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both re-organized (Italy fought for the Allies) and expanded as more nations entered the war

For Specialty:

- On June 28, 1914 Austrian crown prince named Franz Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia. The killer is Gabriele Principe, a member of the Serbian secret police. The event is an excuse Austria to expand his territory in the Balkans with Serbia master. Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. followed by Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914, and France against Germany on August 3, 1914, and England against Germany on 4 August 1914.

Causes:

1. Conflicts between states:

a. The contradiction between the UK and Germany due to economic competition, the armed forces, and the seizure of the colony.

b. Disagreement between France and Germany as a result of Revenge Idea (vengeance) since Germany defeated France in 1870.

c. Russian opposition to Germany caused by:

- Germany was not willing to help the development of Russian

- German help Turkey while Turkey is an enemy to obstruct Russia - Russian Hayat implement water policy in the Mediterranean.

- Political Alliance (alliance).

2. European countries established:

a. Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Italy, and Austria. All three countries called Central, located in the center of Europe.

b. Etente Cordiale, between England and France.

c. Triple Etente consisting of Britain, France, and Russia.

3. Arms race due to the development and progress of science and technology.

War between Austria and Serbia, because it involves expanding its allies. Serbia to get help from Russia and France. Germany sided with Austria to declare war on France. When the Germans through Belgium to attack France, Britain helped Belgium and France declared war on Germany with a pad August 4, 1914. Within a week, the five countries involved in the arena of war Austria-Serbia. Then there was a massive war.

World War I was divided into two hostile blocks, namely Block States or Allied (Allied) and the Central Powers (Axis). Block States consisting of the countries that joined the Triple Entente, while the Central Powers consist from countries that joined the Triple Alliance. The battle occurred on two fronts, the west and east. Germany against France and Russia on the western front in the eastern front. German plan to destroy the French on the western front before facing Russia in the east. In September 1914, Germany had reached the river Marne and threatened Paris. However, this plan failed because getting fierce opposition from France. Besides Germany to face Russia was headed Prussia.

France can hold Germany in the river Marne, England can still mastering the English Channel, and Russia can survive in Prussia. Finally, the original war is direct flash, now a passive war. Military forces both sides took their respective positions in the trenches that extend as far as 78 km from the North Sea to the Swiss border. While the slow war, both sides are trying to strengthen itself outside Europe by expanding the territory. Britain and France attacked the German colonies in Togoland, Cameroon, and East Africa. In Asia Pacific, the Japanese took over the German colonies in the Marshall Islands, Mariana, and Karolina

States forces occupied Macedonia and Serbia, Britain succeeded in occupying Yerussalem. Together the Arabs, British under General Allenby successfully urged Turkey and captured their fortifications from Baghdad to Aleppo. Turkey no longer withstand attacks States. Finally, Turkey had signed the Treaty of Sevres in 1920. Meanwhile, the peoples of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Croatia and the Slavic break free and form an independent state after the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed.

The Germans persist desperately backwards withstand the onslaught of the Allied onslaught. The spirit of the German forces began to fall and the German people suffer from hunger. Meanwhile, in Germany its own domestic uprising of the people. The communist movement in Munich can topple empires Wilhelm II, forming a republic. Finally, Germany on 11 November 1918 signed a ceasefire agreement in accordance with the terms required by the States. World War I ends after Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919.

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On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and his wife Sophia, the duchess of Hohenberg

At this point Europe was waiting to explode

The Balkan crisis in 1907 led to Austria Hungary take over Bosnia and Herzegovina. This infuriated many people (especially those in Russia) as they believed that they should be a part of a different empire or their own nation

He and his wife Sophie were travelling in an open top car through the streets of Bosnia – Sarajevo on an inspection of their troops.

This was Sophie’s first public outing with her husband, he took her as an anniversary treat

Archduke Franz Ferdinand refused to have members of the army deployed to protect him, instead he had 120 policemen on duty along the Appel Quay

The Archduke wore only 7 lucky charms and “body protection” made of tightly woven wool.

Assassins

Hidden amongst the crowd were 6 teenage  terrorists plotting to kill the archduke.

Each of the men was given bombs, pistols, and phials of poison (to kill themselves so they wouldn’t give the others up) in their pockets

At 10.05 a.m. the procession passed Mehmed basic. He became scared and did nothing, as did second in line Cabrinovic.

As the car passed Cabrinovic he threw his bomb towards the car, forgetting about the 10 second time lapse the bomb exploded beneath the car behind injuring several officials

Cabrinovic drank the cyanide, however, it was old and did not work. The police took him into custody

Effects

Austria Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum with 10 points

One being to allow Austro Hungarian forces to investigate and stop Anti Austria activities within Bosnia.

When Serbia asked for time to think about the ultimatum Austria Hungary declared war on them.

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The Western Front was the main theatre of war during the First World War. Following the outbreak of war in August 1914, the German Army opened the Western Front by invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France. The tide of the advance was dramatically turned with the Battle of the Marne. Following the Race to the Sea, both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches, stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France, which changed little except during early 1917 and in 1918.

Between 1915 and 1917 there were several offensives along this front. The attacks employed massive artillery bombardments and massed infantry advances. Entrenchments, machine gun emplacements, barbed wire and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made. Among the most costly of these offensives were the Battle of Verdun, in 1916, with a combined 700,000 casualties , the Battle of the Somme, also in 1916, with more than a million casualties , and the Battle of Passchendaele (Third Battle of Ypres), in 1917, with 487,000 casualties

To break the deadlock of trench warfare on the Western Front, both sides tried new military technology, including poison gas, aircraft and tanks. The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918. The German Spring Offensive of 1918 was made possible by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that ended the war of the Central Powers against Russia and Romania on the Eastern Front. Using short, intense "hurricane" bombardments and infiltration tactics, the German armies moved nearly 100 kilometers (60 miles) to the west, the deepest advance by either side since 1914, but the result was indecisive.

The inexorable advance of the Allied armies during the second half of 1918 caused a sudden collapse of the German armies and persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable. The German government surrendered in the Armistice of 11 November 1918, and the terms of peace were settled by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

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The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, included most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with "Western Front", which was being fought in Belgium and France.

During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed "Plan 19" under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticized as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two Armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there.[18] In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Narcho Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Alexei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains.

The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with George Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky.

The newly formed Russian Republic continued to fight the war alongside Romania and the rest of the Entente until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October 1917. Kerensky oversaw the July Offensive, which was largely a failure and caused a collapse in the Russian Army. The new government established by the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, taking it out of the war and making large territorial concessions. Romania was also forced to surrender and signed a similar treaty, though both of the treaties were nullified with the surrender of the Central Powers in November 1918

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The fall of monarchy in February 1917 and the subsequent events of October are normally called the Russian Revolution.

In 1914, Russia and its empire was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II. The Russian empire included modern-day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. It stretched to the Pacific and comprised modern day Central Asian states, as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Orthodox Christianity was the majority religion in Russia but Catholics, Protestants, Muslims and Buddhists also lived in the Russian Empire.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, about 85% of the Russian empire’s population was dependent on agriculture. Industry was found in some pockets; like St. Petersburg and Moscow. Much of the production was done by craftsmen but large factories also existed. Most of the factories were set up in the 1890s. This was the period when Russia's railway network was extended and foreign investment in industry increased. Most of the industry was owned by private individuals. The government kept an eye on large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited working hours. But rules were broken with impunity. Workers sometimes had to work up to 15 hours.
Accommodation for workers could be in rooms or dormitories.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uk_6vfqwTA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo2Rb9h788s

What was WWII?

1. Largest war in human history.

2. Involved countries, colonies, and territories around the entire world.

3. By the end, over 70 million were dead.

4. It lasted from 1939 until 1945.

Causes:

1. WW1 and Treaty of Versailles

2. Appeasement

3. Rise of Totalitarianism

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November 11 1918 the world war end World War 1 was won by bloc allies with the Versailles treaty between Germany and the Allies.

People who signed the treaty were Woodrow Wilson (USA), Lord George (Britain), Clementeau (France), and Orlando (Italy).

The contents of the agreement include:

- Germany handed the territory Elzas and Lotharingen in France.

-  Germany indemnify war.

-  Germany releases all the colonies and handed over to the allies.

-  German merchant ships were handed over to the British

-  Force war Germany reduced

The causes of the defeat of the Central Powers, among others:

-  The number of Allied countries for more, especially after the United States join the war on the side of the Allies.

-  There was a split in the Central Powers.

Italian who originally participated in the Central Powers had turned to attack because they want the areas occupied Austria.

-  There was a popular uprising for countries of Central tired of war and no longer want to support the government.

What was the impact?

- World War I is the total movement of all the powers possessed by countries around the world , especially countries in Continental Europe. Countries involved in World War I, both the losing and winning are equally at risk .More than 10 million people died and about 20 million people are injured as a victim of the magnitude of World War I. In addition, the First World War a major effect on human life in the social , economic and political .

* Economic

Economic Affairs : chaotic world economy , many states are changing the economy system to overcome the difficulties , such as :

- Italian with a system of Corporate

- Germany with a four-year program

- United States with the New Deal

- Turkey with teatime
* Political

Political : changes occur world political map :

- Crown - great empire turned into a narrow republic .( Russia , Austria , Turkey , Hungary , and Germany )

- Emerging new countries ( Poland , Finland , Czechoslovakia , Egypt , Iraq , Lebanon) • - Countries victors acquire additional areas:

* England got Israel and Cameroon

* France got Syria and Lebanon

* Japan got Carolina and Mariana islands

* The birth of a new ideology - ideology ( Nazism , Fascism , and Communism )

* Social

• Social Sector : the workers have an important position as needed armaments production .Their position became stronger so as to obtain a better life assurance .Emancipation of women grew stronger , they actively provide assistance , particularly health sector .

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A system in which the state and its leader have nearly TOTAL control.

Individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation

1. No right to vote

2. No free speech

3. Government controlled economy

4. Often a police state

Totalitarianism

1. USSR: Communist Dictatorship

2. Germany & Italy: Fascist Dictatorship

3. Japan: Military Dictatorship

What did Hitler Want?  Militarism- soon after becoming chancellor he begins rearming Germany breaking the Treaty of Versailles

Rhineland- moves troops into the Rhineland territory again breaking the Treaty of Versailles

Lebensraum- “living space”

1. Austria - annexed peacefully in 1938

2. Sudetenland – territory in Czechoslovakia

Given to Germany by Great Britain and France

1. Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia

Then Hitler invades Russia.

Germans use “blitzkrieg” to overwhelm other armies.

1. Blitzkrieg means “lightening war” in German.

2. Surround with tanks and troops in trucks

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The US (mostly) fought the Japanese.

December 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to sink US ships there.

1. Two hours = most US navy destroyed and

2. 2,000 sailors killed

Japan surrenders after US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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Political belief that says the individual is less important than the nation.

Glorifies violence, believes it is needed to “prove” strength of a people.

Uses nationalism and racism. Dictatorships.

Italy and then Germany became fascist.

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Operation Overlord- Allied invasion of France.  Also called D-Day.

1. Within a month 1 million Allied troops were stationed in Europe.

2. Germany is surrounded with the USSR to the east

Germany surrenders in 1945 after Hitler commits suicide.

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Germany lost land to surrounding nations

War reparations

1. Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to US

2. Germany pays $57 trillion (modern day equivalent)

3. Germans are bankrupt, embarrassed, guilt ridden, and angry.

Desperate people turn to desperate leaders

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Giving someone something to make them happy and leave you alone

Hitler demanded land that wasn’t Germany’s and others just gave it to him

Nations were trying to prevent war…it didn’t work. (Isolationism)

Appeasement just showed Hitler that he could do whatever he wanted