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@ In Charles Darwin's vision, language actually developed by musical ability to "charm each other".
@ Language is the ability to produce sound and simple vocal patterning

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@ Early human imitate sounds that they heard so that they can use it to refer to the thing related  to the sound.
@ the theory is supported as there are words with pronunciation that echo naturally occurring sounds in modern language. e.g splash, bang, boom, buzz, etc .
@ Onomatopeia is when a words sound similar to the noises they described
@ Language also may come from natural cries of emotions. e.g  Ouch!, Ah!, Ooh!, Wow!, or Yuck!

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@ "yo-he-ho" theory is when a group of early humans hums, grunts, groans, and curses when they were lifting and carrying large things.
@ the early humans must have chose to live in a larger group so that a better protection is offered. Thus, interaction or communication is required doesn't matter only with a grunt. therefore, human sounds were produce.

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TEETH
* useful for tearing or reaping food apart, also better adapted for grinding and chewing.
* they make the sounds of f or  v

LIPS
* has more intricate muscle interlacing resulting flexibility.
* helps in making sounds like p or  b

MOUTH
* relatively small compare to other primates
* can open and close rapidly
* contains smaller, thicker and more muscular tounge  which is used to shape a wide variety of sounds inside the oral cavity.

LARYNX
* is actually a "voice box"
* the assumption of an upright posture moved the head more directly above the spinal column and the larynx dropped to a lower position-

PHARYNX
* -thus, a longer cavity is created. which is pharynx.

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@ manual gestures may have been a precursor of language
@ 2m years ago humans had developed preferential right-handedness and capable of making  stone tools which proves the use of their brain
@ brain is lateralized and has specialized function on each sides of hemispheres.
@ it control the motor movements involved in complex vocalization (speaking).

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@ human baby in its few years as a living example for some of these physical changes taking place.

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@ Informative Signals
-> sneezing = having cold
-> shifting around seats = not ease
-> unmatched socks = disorganized
-> strange accent = foreigner

@ Communicative Signals
-> "i'm one of the applicant for the vacant position of senior brain surgeon at the hospital" said Bryan

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Reflexivity is using the language to think and talk about language itself. there are five other elements that is :-

Displacement - human can refer to the past time, it also allow users to talk about things an events not present in the immediate environment.

Arbitrariness - the aspect of the relationship between linguistic signs and objects in the world

Productivity - creating new expression and novel utterances by manipulating linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations.

Cultural Transmission - language is passed by one generation to the next generation.

Duality -  language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously.

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* communication for animals are not as unique as humans' communication.
* animals can be teach to understand humans language
-e.g ; saying  woah!  to a horse then, it'll stop.
; saying heel  to a dog then it'll follow you at heel