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produced by 10MC22 July 2018

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Salmonella is a bacterial infection caused by the salmonella bacteria and is a type of gastroenteritis (gastro).

Salmonella is commonly cause through ingestion of the bacteria which may come from:
• Contaminated food or water
• Your’s or someone else’s hands
• Contaminated surfaces
• Animal Feaces

Symptoms of Salmonella may take between six hours to seven days after infection before appearing. These symptoms may include:
• Fever
• Diarroea
• Loss of appetite
• Headache
• Stomach cramps
• Nausea and vomiting
• Blood or mucus in stools

Treatment of the disease often includes hydration. While most people recover within a week, antibiotics may be prescribed for young children and older people.
Prevention of salmonella often requires:
• Safe food handling and cooking
• Washing hands (after using the toilet, before and after food handling, changing nappies and touching animals)
• care in selecting, preparing and eating high-risk foods such as uncooked eggs, unpasteurised milk and uncooked chicken

Infections are common in Asia, The Pasific Island, Africa, The Middle East and Central and South America. Avoid foods that may be contaminated in thease areas and use bottled water. Don’t have ice in drinks or washed or cut fruit.

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How is it spread?

Rabies is spread through animal and insect bites from animals/insects that have been infected by rabies. The saliva of the animal spreads rabies through the bite wound.

What is the pathogen?

Rabies is cause by the rabies virus.

Rabies virus belongs to the order Mononegavirales, viruses with a nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA genomes.

Symptoms

dizziness, fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, or malaise delirium, fear, muscle spasms or paralysis

with weak muscles, sensitivity to light, aggression brain death, coma, difficulty swallowing, excess salivation, headache, mental confusion, seizures, or stiff neck.

How can it’s spread be prevented?

If you see wildlife in your neighbourhood or property, keep a safe distance and don’t feed them and don’t touch a sick or dead animal. Vaccinating ur pets also reduces the risk of getting rabies.

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Caused by infections of clostridium tetani (bacteria) entering the body through breaks in skin such as cuts or puncture wounds. Found in soil, saliva, dust, rust and manure. It produces toxins that interfere with muscle contractions and is not contagious.
Symptoms are :
Muscle spasms
Fever
Headache
Difficulty swallowing
Irritable
It become onset 3-21 days after exposure.
It’s a a bacterial disease

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Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Can enter the body through the mouth, anus, genitals or cuts.

Symptoms include ulcers or blisters around the genitals, thigh, buttocks or anus.
Other symptoms include fever and aching muscles.

The use of condoms greatly reduces the risk of contracting herpes. Even if a person does not show symptoms of herpes the virus can be on their skin.

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-Is sexually transmitted, can be transmitted from a mother to her baby during pregnancy or through the sharing of recreational needles. This is due to the transmition of blood that occurs.
-The causative agent is the Hepatitis B virus.
-A way to prevent the transmition of hepatitis B is through the use of condoms, and not sharing needles.

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How is it transmitted?
Athelte’s foot is highly contagious and transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, such as handshakes or hugs, or through contaminated surfaces and items, usually shower or locker room floors or clothes and towels. It can be spread by having a fungal infection of the same species of fungi elsewhere on the body (tinea corporis or tinea cruris) and touching / scratching feet.

What is the causative agent / pathogen?
The pathogen is a dermatophyte (skin dwelling) fungi, that is also anthropophilic (prefer humans as their host), most often Trichiphyton rubrum and T. mentagroohytes, but it may also be caused by Epidermophyton floccosum. They inhabit dead human skin and digest keratin, although they also sometimes infect animals.

What are the symptoms?
Symptoms of tinea pedis include itchiness, redness and scaling of the foot which causes a stinging or burning pain. Some may have raw, moist skin in between their toes.

How can its transmission be prevented?
To prevent athlete’s foot, one must wear well-fitted shoes, as well as changing socks everyday and cutting toenails short.

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How is it spread?

It is transmitted by the tsetse fly (glossina species), which is found only in rural Africa. it spreads by animals or insects through bites or stings. the pathogen is able to directly enter the bloodstream of the victim.

What is the causative agent/pathogen?

the causative agent of African Sleeping Sickness is protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. There are two types that infect humans: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (TbG) or Trypanosoma brucei rhodosiense (TbR).

Symptoms:

A bite by the tsetse fly is often painful and can develop into a red sore, also called a chancre. Fever, severe headaches, irritability, extreme fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and aching muscles and joints are common symptoms of sleeping sickness. Some people develop a skin rash. Progressive confusion, personality changes, and other neurologic problems occur after infection has invaded the central nervous system. If left untreated, infection becomes worse and death will occur within months.

How can it be prevented?

There are no existing vaccines or medicines that can prevent African Sleeping Sickness. The disease however can be avoided. A method of preventing this disease is to avoid getting bitten by tsetse flies, it is recommended to wear protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts and pants.

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How is it spread?

Typhoid spread through contaminated food and water. Transmission occurs when contaminated food and water is ingested, so its more common in areas with poor sanitation.

The causative agent

Salmonella typhus is the causative agent of typhoid which is a bacteria commonly found in uncooked meats and contaminated fruits and vegetables as well as contaminated water.

Symptoms

Symptoms include high fever, headache, stomach pain and either constipation or diarrhoea.

How it can be prevented

The best prevention method is a typhoid vaccine but when traveling to areas or living in areas with poor sanitation it is recommended to only eat food that has been thoroughly cooked and not raw. Only drink bottled water and always wash your hands regularly. If someone has typhoid or is exposed to typhoid they must be quarantined until it’s confirmed that they are safe to be around people again by a doctor.

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How is it spread?

A female anopheles mosquito (the definitive host) transmits an infective form of the disease to a human (the secondary host) via blood to blood contact, acting as a transmission vector.

Causative agent:

Malaria is caused by parasitic protozoans belonging to the Plasmodium type.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of malaria include: fever, tiredness, vomiting and headaches. More severe symptoms are jaundice, seizures, comas or death.

How can it be prevented?

Malaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites through insect repellent, mosquito nets and other control measures such as zappers and draining stagnant water.

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How is it spread?
What is the pathogen?
Symptoms?
How can its spread be prevented?

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HOW IS CHOLERA SPREAD?

Cholera is commonly spread through indirect contact, particularly through consuming contaminated water and food sources. The bacteria is contained in the waste of those infected and thrives in brackish coastal waters. Infection can occur anywhere with poor sanitation and water that is not properly treated.

SYMPTOMS:

Severe watery diarrhoea, dehydration, death if not treated.

CAUSITIVE AGENT:

Cholera is caused by consuming food or drink contaminated with the bacteria “Vibrio cholerae.”

PREVENTION:

- Hygiene and Cleanliness: washing hands, use of sanitary facilities
- Food/Drink Preparation: Boil water, cook food and consume it while still hot
- Vaccine: A vaccine against cholera was developed, but it is no longer recommended and is not reliable.
- Antibiotics: Antibiotics  can shorten illness, but cannot repair the dehydration, thus the only solution to reducing cholera’s lethality is to rehydrate through oral rehydrating salts.