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By:Melanie Gavric and Josh Fowlie

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Post #2 Red Flag: Appeal To Authority (image)

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Post #2 Red Flag: Appeal To Authority (image)

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Definition:
Appeal to authority is when a product, service or claim is considered true due to a valid authority stating that it is true without any reliable evidence. For example, A celebrity may endorse a product and their fans will buy the product just because they use it.
Connection:
This image is an example of appeal to authority because it shows Nicki Minaj promoting a detox tea. Her caption states "Keeping fit with some love from @matefitme #teatox #fitforfall". In this post she is saying that this tea is making her "fit".  When her fans see this post they will want to buy this product because they believe that after drinking this tea they'll look like Nicki.

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Definition:
A Red herring is something that distracts or deceives someone from an important topic.
Connection:
This video is an example of a red herring because when being asked these questions they kept their answers short and simple and changed the topic.

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Definition:
All natural is when an item is promoted as "all natural" even though there still may be potentially dangerous ingredients in the product.
Connection:
This image shows that the product is All Natural. But even though the product is labelled all natural it doesn't mean that it is healthy.

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Post # 5 Red Flag: Suppression By Authorities (video) 

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Post # 5 Red Flag: Suppression By Authorities (video) 

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Definition:
When people believe that the authorities such as the government or politicians are hiding important information from the public.
Connection:
In this video the police officer talks about his daughter having cancer and how she went through a lot of radiation and chemotherapy and once she was finished she still had cancer and the doctors said that there was nothing else they could do. The police officer then proceeded to do research because he didn't want to give up on his daughter and he read a book by a doctor and that doctor had a cure for cancer, and when the daughter took the medication she was feeling better and when she stopped her cancer came back and spread a lot, other doctors advised the police officer not to have his daughter on this medication and he didn't listen because it was actually helping her cancer. When the daughter passed away it was due to all of the radiation treatments that she had went through but she was cancer free. This is an example of Suppression By authorities because the police officer states that the government is lying and aren't caring for the welfare of the people since they are hiding the cure for cancer.

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Police Officer Says Government Is Hiding Cure for Cancer

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Post #6 Red Flag: Confirmation Bias (image)

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Post #6 Red Flag: Confirmation Bias (image)

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Definition:
Confirmation Bias happens when people choose to look at confirming evidence, and ignore the evidence against the things they believe in.
Connection:
This is an example of Confirmation Bias because the person doesn't fact check the source they used since it supports what they believe in.

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Post #7 Reason for Belief: Unexplained (article)

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Post #7 Reason for Belief: Unexplained (article)

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Definition:
The unexplained is something that is unknown and unexplainable.
Connection:
This article is an example of the unexplained because it talks about aliens and if they are real or not. Aliens are apart of the unknown since there isn't as much valid evidence of them.

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In 2040, Americans plan to vote in a U.S. presidential election. Japan promises to stop using nuclear power. Britain's Prince George will turn the ripe age of 27. And, as the interactive above demonstrates, the world is likely to find alien life. It could happen even sooner, depending how many civilizations are out there to be found. To understand why this is, it helps to know about someone name Frank Drake.

Drake is the least lonely man on Earth-if not in the entire galaxy. Most of us are reserving judgment on whether there is intelligent life on other planets; we haven't even found bacteria yet, much less a race of aliens with Internet service and takeout food. But Drake, an astrophysicist and chairman emeritus of the California-based SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute, has no such doubts.

It was in 1961, when he was working at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, W. Va., that Drake developed the eponymous-and now famous-Drake Equation, which calculates how many advanced and detectable civilizations there should be in the Milky Way in any one year. The number turns out to be potentially huge, and while it's admittedly based on a number of Earth-centric suppositions-the collapse of any one of which calls much of the equation into question-all of those suppositions are based in increasingly solid science.

Start with the number of stars in our galaxy, which is conservatively estimated at 100 billion, though is often cited as three times that. Of those 100 billion, from 20% to 50% probably harbor planetary systems-an estimate that becomes more and more reliable as the Kepler Space Telescope and various ground-based observatories detect increasing numbers of exoplanets.

Not all of those exoplanets would be capable of sustaining Earth-like life, so the equation assumes from 1 to 5 in any system could. Of those bio-friendly worlds, from 0% to 100% would actually go on to develop life. And of those world, in turn, from 0% to 100% would develop life forms that we would consider intelligent.

The mere existence of intelligent life forms tells us nothing, however, unless they have the ability to make themselves known-which means to manipulate radio waves and other forms of electromagnetic signaling. Drake estimates that from 10% to 20% of the smart civilizations would clear that bar.

Finally, and perhaps most anthropocentrically, the equation considers how long any one of those semaphoring civilizations would be around to blink their signals our way. A sun like ours survives for about 10 billion years; life on Earth has been around for only about 3.5 billion years, and humans have been radio-capable for barely a century.

If we destroy ourselves in an environmental or nuclear holocaust tomorrow, our signal will go dark then. If we survive for tens of thousands of years, we will be announcing our presence to the cosmos for far longer-and the same is true of all of the other civilizations that live in the Milky Way.

Factor all of this together and stir in a little statistical seasoning concerning our increasing ability to study other star systems for signals, and, as the above interactive shows-the results can vary wildly. If you play the game conservatively-lowballing all of the variables-you might get about 1,000 detectable civilizations out there at any given time. Play it more liberally and you get hundreds of millions. The interactive let's you play that game yourself. Imagine there are 10,000 detectable civilizations and we are likely to find alien life by 2040. If there are a million, we'd discover alien life by 2028.

Nobody pretends the Drake Equation is the final word. Even its enthusiasts admit that it is, at best, a way to "organize our ignorance." But organized ignorance is a whole lot better than the disorganized kind; and it is, almost always, a starting point toward wisdom.
Methodology
Astronomers looking for alien signals have examined only a few thousand star systems so far. But as SETI Institute senior astronomer Seth Shostak has noted, the rate at which researchers are able to process the massive amounts of data that radio telescopes receive doubles approximately every 18 months to two years, meaning it grows by a factor of ten every six years or so.

The Milky Way has around 100 billion (10 ¹¹) star systems that could conceivably host intelligent life under our current assumptions. An estimate of 100,000 (10 ⁵) active civilizations in the galaxy would mean one per million star systems. At the exponential rate of growth in signal processing, researchers will have examined one million candidates by around 2034, bringing the odds of a discovery into the probable. Adding or removing a zero from the estimate of the number of civilizations out there merely adds or subtracts six years from the estimate, respectively, since that's how long it takes to expand our search proportionally. See you in 2040, aliens.

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In 2040, Americans plan to vote in a U.S. presidential election. Japan promises to stop using nuclear power. Britain's Prince George will turn the ripe age of 27. And, as the interactive above demonstrates, the world is likely to find alien life. It could happen even sooner, depending how many civilizations are out there to be found.

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Post #8 Reason for Belief: Patternicity (image)

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Post #8 Reason for Belief: Patternicity (image)

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Definition:
Patternicity is when people try to find meaningful patterns out of things that don't have a meaning.
Connection:
This is an example of Patternicity because in this picture it looks like there are hands holding or grabbing for something, but its just clouds.

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Post #9 Reason for Belief: Ideology (article)

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Post #9 Reason for Belief: Ideology (article)

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Definition:
An Ideology is a structure of ideas that form into beliefs such as religion.
Connection:
This article talks about feminism and it is an example of Ideology because Feminism comes from a set of ideas and many people believe in this.

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Multi-issue feminism, and types of feminism: reformist feminism, radical feminism, and socialist feminism.

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Post #10 Critical Thinking Process Questions (Word Document)

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Post #10 Critical Thinking Process Questions (Word Document)