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Option #1 - Why Gallipoli?

The Gallipoli Campaign of 1915-1916, also known as the Battle of Gallipoli or the Dardanelles Campaign, was a failed attempt to control the sea from Europe to Russia at the time of World War I.

The battle began when British and French ships failed to attack on the Dardanelles Straits which continued on to a major battle on the Gallipoli Peninsula with the British, French and the ANZACS on April 25, 1915. With Turkey fighting back ferociously and the disadvantage of not knowing the land around them brought heavy casualties to the allied forces. By October the allies had made little progress from their landing sites and began evacuation in December 1915 admitting their defeat. In an attempt to knock Turkey from the war completely, the allied forced attempted to seize the Dardanelles Straits, if this attack went as planned capturing the straits would allow the allies to link up with the Russians in the Black Sea where they could work together to knock Turkey out of the war altogether.

The allies began the attack on the Dardanelles in February 19, 1915 bombarding the outer defences from a long range by British and French battleships. Due to the heavy fire upon them Turkey abandoned their outer forts but when the allies' minesweepers approached they were met with heavy fire from the Turks stalling their siege. On March 18, 18 allied battleships entered the straits but 3 were sunk by undetected mines and Turkish fire and 3 more ships were severely damaged.

After the failed naval attack, Britain began preparing for a major troop landing on the Gallipoli Peninsula. Troops from Australia, New Zealand and French colonies met the Brits on the Greek island of Lemnos, meanwhile the Turks improved and enlarged their defences under the command of a German general who began positioning troops along the shore where he expected the landings would take place. On April 25, 1915, the allies launched their invasion on the Gallipoli Peninsula, despite taking heavy casualties they managed to establish two benchheads along the peninsula.

Photo Link;

Reference List;

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/battle-of-gallipoli --- 8/8/16
http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/why-gallipoli/events-leading-up-to-the-landing.php --- 8/8/16

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majority of the technology used at gallipoli was for weapons because it was a war. when the australians arrived at gallipoli they didn't have grenades but the ottomans troops did, the australians created makeshift grenades called 'Jam Tin Bombs' and they were made from old tins. the submarime was one of the newest inventions at the time of gallipoli, one of the submarines was the AE2 which was an 'E' class submarine. The AE2 was one of two submarines ordered for the fledgling navy. the AE2 was apart of the Royal Australians Navy

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Majority of the technology was used

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Majority of the technology used at Gallipoli was for weapons because it was a war. When the Australians arrived at Gallipoli they didn't have grenades, the ottomans troops on the otherhand  did. The Australians created makeshift grenades named 'jam tin bombs' and they were made witx

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Majority of the technology used at Gallipoli was for weapons because it was a war. When the australina

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Nurses at Gallipoli
For Australians, the image usually associated with April 25th, 1915 is of Australian soldiers charging bravely up the steep slopes of Gallipoli. Less appreciated is the work of Australian nurses on that same day attending to thousands of bruised and bleeding men on the decks and in the confined wards of a hospital ship. Many of the nurses were located on Lemnos, a nearby Island in Greece to stay away from stray bullets. These nurses played such a crucial role in the war and made sure that thousands of soldiers remained healthy and full of spirit. Gallipoli.gov stated "Gallipoli hospital ships deposited their cargoes of misery at general hospitals on the nearby Greek islands of Imbros and Lemnos, or at Alexandria, 1050 km away in Egypt. Among the tent cities on Lemnos was No 3 Australian General Hospital (AGH) where Matron Grace Wilson and her staff of 96 AANS nurses tended Australian and Allied wounded" (gallipoli.gov, 2016).When Christmas came the nurses did their best to make the atmosphere in the hospital tents as festive as possible for their sick and wounded patients, which showed how much they cared for the people they were treating. The nurses were often undervalued as they were not in the spotlight, but it is clear from many historical claims that they played almost the most vital role in the war. Nurses felt severe amounts of stress during the war which is also represented in a quote by nurse Louise Young, "Hardly a night or day did not pass that a tent did not collapse altogether … I don’t think I shall ever get over my dread of wind again, night after night, every bit of canvas creaking, shaking, straining and your mind always wondering which would collapse next." (Young, 1916). From the evidence shown above it is proven that nurses had a huge impact on World war 1.

Reference list
HTTP://WWW.DVA.GOV.AU/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/FILES/COMMEMS-MEMORIALS/CWGC_GALLIPOLI.PDF
In-text: (Dva gov, 2016)
Your Bibliography: Dva gov. (2016). http://www.dva.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/commems-memorials/cwgc_gallipoli.pdf. [online] Available at: http://www.dva.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/commems-memorials/cwgc_gallipoli.pdf [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

Website
SIGN IN - GOOGLE ACCOUNTS
In-text: (Sites.google.com, 2016)
Your Bibliography: Sites.google.com. (2016). Sign in - Google Accounts. [online] Available at: https://sites.google.com/a/albertparkcollege.vic.edu.au/humanities/curriculum/history/world-war-i/what-happened-at-gallipoli/gallipoli---what-actually-happened [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

EXPERIENCE | NURSES AT GALLIPOLI | GALLIPOLI AND THE ANZACS
In-text: (Gallipoli.gov.au, 2016)
Your Bibliography: Gallipoli.gov.au. (2016). The nurses’ experience | Nurses at Gallipoli | Gallipoli and the Anzacs. [online] Available at: http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/nurses-at-gallipoli/nurses-experience.php [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

Website
Y
In-text: (Australian Nurses in World War 1, 2016)
Your Bibliography: Australian Nurses in World War 1. (2016). Y. [online] Available at: http://nurses.ww1anzac.com/y.html [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

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Majority of the technology used at Gallipoli was for weapons because it was a war. When the Australians

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During the Gallipoli campaign, many Anzac soldiers used lots of different technology to help them fight against the ottoman Turks. The weapons the men used were Lee Enfield rifles or Vickers machine guns, and every man had a Webler's pistol in for an emergency. A very helpful way of firing at the Turkish without getting shot back at were the periscopes they installed on their guns. The upper mirror of the periscope was so fixed that it looked along the sights of a rifle; this image was reflected in the lower mirror, into which the soldier peered. Hand grenades were hard to come by, so the Australians created jam tin grenades, a jam tin filled with rocks with a fuse attached. When the soldiers were evacuating, they ingeniously created 'pop rifles', which had a weight attached that pulled the trigger so they gave off the impression they were still there.

http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/frequently-asked-questions/faq-australians-at-gallipoli.php
https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/gallipoli/drip_rifle/

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Technology in the Australian army improved after Gallipoli. In 1915 Australia moved to invade Gallipoli. The standard attack was mostly infantry who were equipped with the standard infantry .303 rifle and the Ol' jam and tin bomb. An inner can/tin of explosive with an outer can of metal fragments. Then when Australia took the battles out of Gallipoli and into the western front in 1916 all of this changed. The Australian infantry had to almost re-learn all the elements of of soldiers craft due to the weather conditions.  According to Army.Gov.au: each battalion was given a number of new light-machine guns known as Lewis guns, to compensate for the loss of the vickers guns, at the arrival of France. This meant that Australia already had to change their military weapons for more strategical purposes. The Lewis gun was easier to carry, shot further and provided good cover. Technology improved from Gallipoli because they noticed their mistake of military choice weapons.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_tin_grenade

http://www.army.gov.au/Our-history/History-in-Focus/A-Revolution-in-Military-Affairs

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Technology at Gallipoli was not very advanced at that timeline because it was an infantry war. However they have mad many improvisations such as a periscope designed to look at the enemy at an angle and and emergency bombs called jam tin bomb. The soldiers had limited resources so they put together whatever they can find to make weapons and boardgames. They had few advanced weapons like machine-guns and  grenades. Jam tin bombs were scraped tins filled with explosives and shrapnel like nails and gun powder. Officers brought lots of periscope which can look higher so the soldiers wont get shot when they look up the trench. However due to the limited periscopes they made improvised ones that are designed to look at the enemy grounds, they used mirrors from transport ships or from their own shaving mirrors.

Bibliography
https://www.awm.gov.au/blog/2013/12/12/anzac-voices-improvisation-gallipoli/

http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/frequently-asked-questions/faq-australians-at-gallipoli.php

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In Octobwe

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The landing went like this: the main assault would consist of two Australian divisions and four thousand men. The first wave would comprised of three battleships dropping off one thousand five hundred men in various smaller boats. The second wave would arrive shortly afterwards and accounted for the remaining two thousand five hundred men were dropped off by seven destroyers. They would attack early before dawn.
Everything went to plan, at least for the first part. The boats were almost there before Turkish sentries spotted them at 4 am. Despite heavy fire the men rowed ashore under returning fire from the Royal Navy and landed. The site was a pebble beach with steep sandstone cliffs and gullies. The men that had arrived first rushed inland and were massacred by Turkish defenders. The Australian forces failed in every objective; taking control of the Dardanelles and Bosporus straits, and capturing Constantinople. The commanders decided to dig trenches. On the first day eighteen thousand men had landed, but two thousand men and died. It was only much later that the mistake was found. They had landed at the wrong beach, one kilometre away.

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The purpose of the Gallipoli campaign was to eliminate Turkey from the war. Under the command of Lieutenant General William Birdwood, the Australians entered Gallipoli via boats to arrive at the beach, a place now known as Anzac cove. The Turks had the high ground whilst the ANZACs were making their way up the mountains.

THE ATTACK
"[The ANZACS] were in a desperate position when they landed on the narrow beach in the dawn, but they did not hesitate. They carried the Turkish trenches on the beach and on the cliffs, and, without the support of artillery, held on all day of Sunday, April 25. Their dash and courage saved the situation, and no troops that ever marched have done better." (Ashmead-Bartlett – The first report in Australia of the landing at Gallipoli)

HOLDING THE BEACH
August 6th was a very important date, until then there had been a stale mate between the two sides. Beginning on 6 August, the August Offensive was a major attempt by Allied forces at Gallipoli to break the stalemate that had persisted since the landings on 25 April 1915, attempting to seize high points along the Sari Bair range, Chunuk Bair and Hill 971. The offensive began with a diversionary attack by Anzacs at Lone Pine, a British attack on The Vineyard at Helles and extensive British troop landings at Suvla Bay. The August Offensive failed as Turkish troops, led by Colonel Mustafa Kemal, defended and counter-attacked, driving the Allied troops from Chunuk Bair and holding steady against all the diversionary attacks. The battles fought by Australians and New Zealanders at Lone Pine, Chunuk Bair and The Nek are remembered for their ferocity and sacrifice.

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Nurses at Gallipoli

The first Australian nurses arrived at Lemnos, an island apart of Greece.

The arrival of the first fleet of nurses (about 20 nurses). 25th of April 1915

According to Barwick's Diary, "I can tell you they had some rough times there. They even had to live on bully beef and biscuits at times and time after time their tents would be blown down in a raging rain storm." Ella Tucker said, "Every night there are two or three deaths, sometimes five or six ; it is awful flying from one ward to another." The nurses had to work hard every night to help all of the injured soldiers that came back every day. According to Lydia King, "...Altogether about 250 patients to look after... Shall not describe their wounds, they were too awful." Lydia had over 250 patients in three of her wards for herself. They all had serious wounds so they were hard to look at and describe.
Bibliography:
http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/nurses-at-gallipoli/life-on-lemnos.php Date Accessed: 7/6/16
http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/nurses-at-gallipoli/nurses-experience.php Date Accessed 7/6/16

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Australian and New Zealand troops took to Egypt for training under the command under the command of Sir Ian Hamilton. The ANZACS were part of the allies, led by Winston Churchill, that wanted to 'knock turkey out of the war, and open up...[a] relief route to Russia' (Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 2016). The allies, convinced that this was the way to winning the war, 'attempt[ed] to force the Dardanelles by naval power alone' (Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 2016). However Turkish mines were strong and 3 Allies ships were lost. The failed attempt started the mission to seize the Gallipoli peninsula, and therefore capture Constantinople. The second attempt brought the ANZACS into the Gallipoli campaign as they were the roots send to capture the middle section of the peninsula.

The hostile terrain didn't help the the landing of the ANZACS on April 25, 1915 and the Turkish defence prevented the advancement of the troops. The constant fire from the Turks meant that the ANZACS were forced to resort to the trenches and were unable to capture the Turkish land. The ANZACS hopes of invading were diminished by the constantly spreading diseases and the enemy fire, forcing the retreating of the allies.

References

Commonwealth War Graves Commission. (2016). The Gallipoli Campaign, 1915. [online] Available at: http://www.dva.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/commems-memorials/cwgc_gallipoli.pdf [Accessed 9 Jun. 2016].

Gallipoli.gov.au. (2016). Overview: events leading up to the landing | Why did Anzacs land at Gallipoli? | Gallipoli and the Anzacs. [online] Available at: http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/why-gallipoli/events-leading-up-to-the-landing.php [Accessed 9 Jun. 2016].

Good Websites

http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/why-gallipoli/gallipoli-invasion-plans.php

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The Australian's plan was to drive the Turkish defence to the Gallipoli Peninsula to make a clear path for the Royal Navy to take over Constantinople (now known as Istanbul). The first set if of boats landed too far north of the designated beach on the 25th of April, 1915. The main force became mixed with the other forces and it became hard to regroup the troops. The Australians had a disadvantage of having limited knowledge of the terrain. Due to this mixup, the Australians were forced back from their objective and hindered the operation for the rest of the campaign. The Turkish made it extra difficult for the Australians to land as they held the high ground. "Evacuation was considered on the 25th of April." (Australian War Memorial, 2016)

Bibliography:
Awm.gov.au. (2016). A difficult landing | Australian War Memorial. [online] Available at: https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/anzac-voices/landing/ [Accessed 9 Jun. 2016].

Gallipoli.gov.au. (2016). Overview: events leading up to the landing | Why did Anzacs land at Gallipoli? | Gallipoli and the Anzacs. [online] Available at: http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/why-gallipoli/events-leading-up-to-the-landing.php [Accessed 9 Jun. 2016].

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The evacuation of the ANZACs on 15th - 20th December is regarded as the most successful part of the Gallipoli campaign. The British had decided to "cut their losses" and ended the Gallipoli campaign on the 8th of December, but this had been anticipate and a plan was already established. British generals thought half the force would be lost in any attempt to withdraw, as the Turks were very close in the trenches. However, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Brudenell devised a plan to gradually withdraw men and equipment while deceiving the Turks into thinking everything was normal.

'Drip rifles' as they were commonly called, were self-firing rifles used to deceive the Turks; some used tins filled with water, while others used candles burning through a trigger string. These devices provided enough noise to convince the Turks that the ANZACs were still fighting; however, thousands of men had already crept down to the beach and escaped. The men were evacuated in three stages: 26,000 men left in the first two, while from the 18th - 20th December the rest left. In the early hours of 20th December, the last men left while firing occasional shots and making enough noise to convince the Turks they were still there. The evacuation of Gallipoli was successful; there were only half a dozen casualties, but 44,000 soldiers had been left behind in a vain attempt to beat the Turks.

References

Anzaccentenary.gov.au. (2016). Evacuation of Gallipoli | Anzac Centenary. [online] Available at: http://www.anzaccentenary.gov.au/news/evacuation-gallipoli [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

Awm.gov.au. (2016). Drip (or "pop off") rifle | Australian War Memorial. [online] Available at: https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/gallipoli/drip_rifle/ [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

Gallipoli.gov.au. (2016). Overview: the evacuation | Leaving Gallipoli | Gallipoli and the Anzacs. [online] Available at: http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/leaving-gallipoli/ [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

Nzhistory.net.nz. (1916). The evacuation of Gallipoli begins | NZHistory, New Zealand history online. [online] Available at: http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/troops-evacuated-from-anzac-bay-and-suvla [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

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The Gallipoli campaign was intended to force Turkey out of the war. This failed when the warships were unable to force a way through the straits known as the Dardanelles. A third of the battleships were sunk or disabled on a single day, 18 March 1915.

A fresh plan was devised after the Dardanelles failure. The army under Sir Ian Hamilton would occupy the Gallipoli peninsula. It would involve British troops first capturing the tip of the peninsula on 25 April, then advancing northwards. Meanwhile the Anzacs would land on the western coast north of Gaba Tepe, at a narrow point on the peninsula.

They were put 1.6KM away from the intended landing beach. Not long after they arrived ashore they discarded their plans and the battalions received mixed-orders. By the first evening 16,000 men had been landed; of those over 2,000 of the Australians had been killed or wounded. Although they had failed to achieved their objectives, they did form a beachhead.

The British and Anzac forces only succeeded in getting a toe-hold on the peninsula. Over the next eight months little progress was made, and the Anzacs were evacuated in December. By January 1916 the last British troops were withdrawn, and the venture abandoned.

Bibliography
https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/dawn/plan/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove
https://www.awm.gov.au/military-event/E70/

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The ANZACS had prepared for this day and been faced with plans of what to do and their attack strategy but when it came down to the real situation were they would attack and fight to start the war they were all mixed and jumbled up in positions and formations but they were all still there and all still carried on with the 16,000 ANZAC troops on April 25, 1915. Like http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/battle-of-the-landing/description-of-the-landing.php said "In places they were clinging onto cliff faces with no organised defence system. Their precarious position convinced both divisional commanders to ask for an evacuation, but after taking advice from the Royal Navy about how practicable that would be, the army commander decided they would stay. The exact number of the day's casualties is not known. The ANZACs had landed two divisions but over two thousand of their men had been killed or wounded, together with at least a similar number of Turkish casualties." Since that day it had been thought of as the start of the war (start of actual fighting) and has always been remembered and commemorated to this day. And as https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/anzac-voices/landing/ said "Since 1916 the anniversary of the landings on 25 April has been commemorated as Anzac Day, becoming one of the most important national celebrations in Australia and New Zealand. The anniversary is also commemorated in Turkey, the United Kingdom and Ireland."

Bibliography:
https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/anzac-voices/landing/
http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/battle-of-the-landing/description-of-the-landing.php
http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/why-gallipoli/events-leading-up-to-the-landing.php

Reference list:
http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/
http://www.army.gov.au/

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It seems that the importance of the nurses during the Gallipoli campaign weren't recognised at the time. But now the have been recognised and appreciated. Some nurses in the Great War were volunteers. On the hospital ships off Gallipoli, Australian nurses for the first time were faced with the harsh reality of the wounded soldiers. It made some of the nurses confront their limitations and do things that they had never done before, this put their nursing to the test. Working on the hospital ship Sicilia Sister Lydia King confided to her diary:

I shall never forget the awful feeling of hopelessness on night duty. It was dreadful. I had two wards downstairs, each over 100 patients and then I had small wards upstairs — altogether about 250 patients to look after, and one orderly and one Indian sweeper. Shall not describe their wounds, they were too awful. One loses sight of all the honour and the glory in the work we are doing.

When the war ended, having faced the dangers and demands of wartime nursing and taken on new responsibilities and practices, nurses had proved to be essential to military medical service.

Below is a picture of a hospital during the Great War.

Bibliography

https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/nurses/ww1/

http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/nurses-at-gallipoli/nurses-experience.php

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Gallipoli was thought to be the best way for the Allies to re-establish communications with Russia after Germany had attacked Russia. It was also thought that defending Egypt and the Suez Canal would be easier with an attack on Gallipoli. With Russia being bombarded with attacks, they called for help from France and Britain. Winton Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, decided that to further aid Russia through the Dardanelles and remove Turkey from the war, launching at the Central Powers on a new front in a south-eastern Europe would be the best plan. The Gallipoli campaign "began with an attempt to force the Dardanelles by naval power alone" (Commonwealth War Graves Commission), but these attempts failed, leading to the deaths of three Allied battleships due to Turkish mines on the 18th March 1915. After the failed attack, Britain sent forth a Mediterranean Expeditionary Force to grab hold of Gallipoli and make way for the Royal Navy to invade the capital of Turkey, Constantinople.
The attack was launched on the 25th of April 1915, but the "unexpectedly hostile terrain and ferocious Turkish defence" (Commonwealth War Graves Commission) prevented the Allies from taking any more Turkish land. The enemy fire and the disease that begun to spread crippled the ANZACs, diminishing any hope of gaining control over Constantinople.

Bibliography:

Image:
In-text: (Google.com.au, 2016)
Your Bibliography: Google.com.au. (2016). map of gallipoli war - Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com.au/search?q=map+of+gallipoli+war&rlz=1C9BKJA_enAU623AU626&hl=en-GB&biw=1024&bih=653&prmd=imvn&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiprYivjpXNAhUGOKYKHVUiAyoQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=uUWkXjKmqpaEKM%3A [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

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The landing went like this: the main assault would consist of two Australian divisions and four thousand men. The first wave would comprised of three battleships dropping off one thousand five hundred men in various smaller boats. The second wave would arrive shortly afterwards and accounted for the remaining two thousand five hundred men were dropped off by seven destroyers. They would attack early before dawn.
Everything went to plan, at least for the first part. The boats were almost there before Turkish sentries spotted them at 4 am. Despite heavy fire the men rowed ashore under returning fire from the Royal Navy and landed. The site was a pebble beach with steep sandstone cliffs and gullies. The men that had arrived first rushed inland and were massacred by Turkish defenders. The Australian forces failed in every objective; taking control of the Dardanelles and Bosporus straits, and capturing Constantinople. The commanders decided to dig trenches. On the first day eighteen thousand men had landed, but two thousand men and died. It was only much later that the mistake was found. They had landed at the wrong beach, one kilometre away

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The first and second naval bombardment of the Dardanelles 1915:
This was one of the very first battle plans made and implemented by Winston Churchill, and was blueprinted and implemented in 1915. It was a long shot, as it was a purely naval invasion, and around eight years earlier, it was predicted that an attack on the straights was only feasible if they used a ground & naval attack, but Churchill was impatient to get started, so he got all that he could get, which were the naval forces. On the 19th of February, they attacked with 3 battle cruisers, 6 pre-dreadnought, 4 cruisers, 18 destroyers, 6 submarines, 21 trawlers, plus the seaplane carrier, 'Ark Royal'. Their first attack failed, as the Turkish defences were extremely effective, and their attack from long range was in-effective. Around a week later, on the 25th, they attacked again, at a closer range, but 24 Turkish mobile batteries poured out from no-where, and served as a very protective wall of defence. The British fleet could not move forwards, so they retreated. Their final attack was on the 18th of March, which was also a massive failure.
Firstworldwar.com. (2009). First World War.com - Battles - The First and Second Naval Bombardment of the Dardanelles, 1915. [online] Available at: http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/dardanelles_feb15.htm [Accessed 7 Jun. 2016].

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Key battles at Gallipoli

Many ferocious battles occurred at Gallipoli but the key ones were, Landing at Anzac Cove and the Battle of Lone Pine.

The battle of Landing at Anzac Cove started on April 25, 1915. The two empires fighting were the British empire and the Ottoman Empire, the British empire was run by William Birdwood and the Ottoman Empire was commanded by Mustafa Kemal. It was located on the north beach of Gallipoli. The British empire was 16,000 men strong while the Ottoman Empire has a measly 10,000-12,000. The British empire landed 1.6km out, and began there journey to meet the Ottomans but soon became lost and they were ordered to dig into defence trenches. "The Anzacs had failed their mission and were forced to evacuate." -https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove.

The Battle of Lone Pine started on 6–10 August 1915 this battle was fought between Australia and the Ottoman Empire the Australians were lead by Harold Walker and the Ottoman Empire was lead by Esad Pasa. The battle was a diversion to "keep the Ottomans away from the main assaults against Sari Bair, Chunuk Bair and Hill 971, which became known as the August Offensive." The battle was eventually a success for Australia after many days of fighting.