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Below you can see saliva running down the stressed mans arm. Although it may seem gross, saliva has a very important job in the mouth. Saliva contains enzymes and an enzyme is a molecule that acts as a catalyst and helps reactions occur. Enzymes increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur, a catalyst, without being used up. Also, each enzyme has a very specific function fitting only to itself. Specifically, enzymes in the mouth help break down food, starches, before being further digested in the intestines.

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A hydrophilic substance interacts or dissolves in water; and sugar is one example of a hydrophilic substance. The sugar and water attract each other causing the sugar to dissolve. Furthermore, sugar is a polar molecule which means it has a slightly negative charge near its oxygen atom and a slightly positive charge near its hydrogen bond. Water is also a polar substance, so the two attract each other causing the solid, sugar, to dissolve. The solution produced is homogenous, meaning that the molecules are equally mixed together and do not appear to be separate.

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Inflammation is a response triggered by living tissue that has been damaged. This defense mechanism is the body's way of fighting off infection or responding to skin irritation or injury. Inflammation tries to remove harmful or irritating foreign bodies from the site it is impacting. The site of inflammation means that the body is trying to heal itself. Antibiotics, such as Triple Antibiotic Ointment, help fight infection. Benadryl helps reduce skin inflammation and allergic reaction. Both of these ointments help aid inflammation in its fight against infection and irritation.

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Below is a picture of Tilapia, the fish in the middle, that is sold in a local grocery store. Tilapia is one of the most consumed fish in the nation. However, with such a high demand, this "healthy" fish is turning into a protein pumped, chemically infused fish that roams in an unhealthy fish farm. A genetically modified organism is an organism thats genetic makeup has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory. Tilapia are now being infused with traits that will make them grow faster, become disease and temperature resistant, and allow them to maintain a larger muscle mass. Although these practices may produce an abundant amount of big fish, it is not healthy for the fish. In addition, consuming genetically modified organisms can damage a consumers health.

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Fish, like the one below, have an incredible characteristic called osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is the ability of an organism to maintain a balance of water and dissolved minerals regardless of environmental conditions. Fish skin is so thin that water is constantly trying to invade the fish's body by osmosis and diffusion. Fish use osmoregulation to sustain an internal balance between water and salt.

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Below is a picture of a cactus and throughout the years cactus have lost all of their leaves because they are succulents. Succulents are thick and fleshy plants that can retain water in harsh conditions. In a cactus, all critical processes happen in their stems. Furthermore, leaves have lost all function and value for a cactus, but some cactus still acquire leaves. These leaves are vestigial structures because vestigial structures are attributes that throughout time have lost all their ancestral function.

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Lettuce, like one down below, can become a great place for bacteria to grow once it has become old. Bacteria is a single celled organism that has no nucleus or membrane-bound organisms. Bacteria is everywhere in the world, including in our stomachs. Bacteria reproduces by Binary Fission, which means the bacterium (single cell) divides into two identical daughter cells. This simple type of reproduction allows bacteria to reproduce very rapidly. Given the right temperature, aging lettuce becomes a harvesting place for reproducing bacteria. This causes the lettuce to become slimy and smelly.

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An adaption of a plant can apply to any species of plant or any specific plant. The key factor is that the adaption of a plant is designed in order for the plant to live in a particular place. The adaption could have evolved throughout the years in order to increase its life span or it could just be one plant finding ways to sustain itself. For instance, this fern below is situated in a half shaded region and a half non-shaded region. As you can tell, the plant has adapted to this location and allowed itself to grow towards the sun. This allows the plant to obtain as much sunshine as possible in order for all its cellular process to occur.

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ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate, is found in every cell. ATP stores and supplies the cell with energy. Specifically, ATP is responsible for life functions, such as muscle contractions and nerve impulses. ATP is found in the cytoplasm of the cell. Its placement in the cell is important because the cytoplasm is a gel like substance allowing the ATP to be able to go to all the organelles within the cell. This allows all the organelles to be able to continue their functions properly with adequate amount of energy. ATP gets its energy from food. In order to ride a bike, such as the one below, an organism must have energy built up within their cells. The ATP not only allows the muscles to contract to pedal the bike, but it also sends nerve impulses when to stop pedaling.

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Transpiration is the process where moisture/water is carried throughout the plant and then changed into vapor in order to be released into the atmosphere. Transpiration generally occurs in the leaves of plants because it has the most direct contact with sun rays. The leaves of plants usually have one cell layer of epidermis, but plants in desert conditions have multiple layers of cells surrounding the leaves to prevent from excess water loss. Transpiration continues the cycle of water and minerals within the plant, it allows the plant to cool off, and it also maintains the turgor pressure within the plant to allow it to stand upright. The plant below has many leaves allowing it to continue the cycle of water and minerals throughout the plant. The plant could be transpiring as the picture was taking place because due to higher temperatures, the plants transpiration rate increases.

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Extreme heat and lack of water can easily cause an animal to die. However, animals doomed for this kind of climate have adapted. Estivation allows desert animals to decrease the amount of activity and slow down their metabolism in order for them to survive the harsh conditions. Essentially estivation is just like hibernation. Instead, estivation is for hot and dry conditions, not cold. Earthworms have adapted a specific estivation ritual for their species. During the earthworms estivation period, they wrap their body up in a tight ball surrounded by their own mucus. Inside their mucus ball, it is very humid. The humidity produces moisture that allows the worm not to dry out when then ground does. In doing this, the worm will survive until the climate becomes more manageable.

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Endothermic animals are warm-blooded animals that can regulate their own body-temperature. The animals can do this by producing heat from within their metabolism. Although it may seem more beneficial to be an endotherm, it has its disadvantages. An endothermic animal has to rely on food in order to produce heat from metabolic process, but an exothermic animal can eat way less and still survive. Birds, like the one pictured below, are definitely endothermic animals. Birds have a very high metabolism due to their active lifestyles. Even though birds may seem small, they eat a lot of food. The abundant amount of food allows the metabolism to use it for heat and energy.

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Every offspring gets one chromosome from each parent. My Aunt Jaclene has brown hair and my mother has blonde hair. My Aunt has brown hair either from inheriting two dominant chromosomes or one dominate and one recessive chromosome in order to to display a dominate phenotype, such as brown hair. On the other hand, my mother did not receive a dominate chromosome. Instead she inherited two recessive chromosomes, resulting in displaying a recessive phenotype; blonde hair.Traits expressed by an organism are called their phenotype. What determines a chromosome to be dominate or recessive, is the difference between how many proteins they produce. An offspring only needs one dominate chromosome to show a dominate phenotype. However, in order for an offspring to show a recessive phenotype the offspring must inherit two recessive chromosomes from the parents.

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Incomplete Dominance is a result of two contrasting alleles that produce an intermediate phenotype. In simpler words, incomplete dominance is an offspring that expresses a blend of their parents traits. One example for this kind is pink flowers. The parents of a pink flower are red and white. The sort of "blending" happens because both parents are homogeneous for their own trait. The offspring cannot be completely red and completely white without showing the other color. Thus creating a sort of blend like in the picture below.

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The leaves of a pant are usually the place where Photosynthesis occurs. On the underside of a leaf, there are microscopic openings called Stomata. A stomata's role in photosynthesis is vital. Stomata allow for the gas exchange between Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen.  In addition, Stomata regulate water balance. If a plant were to be wilting, then the stomata would be closed in order to conserve all the water it had left. The way stomata can open and close is due to their guard cells. There are a pair of guard cells that surround one stoma opening. When the guard cells swell, the stoma closes. This picture shows a close up of leaves. We would need a microscope in order to see the stomata on the underside of the leaves, but this is the general area where stomata are located.

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A sex-linked trait is a gene that is found on either the X or Y chromosome. The trait is called sex-linked because the gene is found on the sex chromosomes. Muscular Dystrophy is mutated gene found on the X chromosome. Muscular Dystrophy is a condition where muscles progressively waste away. Most of the time, muscular dystrophy patients have to use some sort of stability in order to move around. A common option is a wheelchair, depicted below. The wheelchair allows MD patients to sit while they are moved from place to place, that way they do not have to get around on the fatigued bones and thin muscles that they posses. Since muscular dystrophy is found on the X chromosome, males have a very good chance of inheriting muscular dystrophy if one of their parents carries the mutated gene.

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One major difference between a plant and an animal is that a plant can make their own food.  A plant is able to make their own food because they contain chloroplasts within their cells. And this is exactly what an autotroph is! An autotroph is something that can take inorganic substances and make them into food. Chloroplasts within plants cells hold the ability to carry out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the chemical reaction in which plants convert light energy, glucose, and water to glucose and oxygen. Below is a picture of a plant in a position that it can take in as much sunlight as it would like in order to make its own food. Another key element is water and our stressed out man is "happily" watering this autotroph for us.

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Homeostasis is the bodies way of maintaining stable internal conditions in order for all cells and organs to be able to function properly within an animals body. Essentially, homeostasis acts as a monitor within the body. For example, when the body gets overheated homeostasis kicks in and starts to shed the excess body heat by sweating. This happens because homeostasis triggers the process of thermoregulation which regulates body temperature. The following picture shows a sweaty shirt, after a workout, by the discoloration of the originally light gray shirt. When working out, the body often gets overheated and starts to sweat in order to control its temperature.

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This little lizard is a reptile. Reptiles are ectothermic animals. Which means, these animals cannot regulate their body temperature by their self. They rely on external sources, such as the sun, to maintain their internal temperature. However, their body temperature will never really stay stable; it is always fluctuating. This lizard is trying to escape the heat of a Texas summer by cooling off behind a chair and sitting next to a fern. This is one of the best ways to lower their body temperature since they cannot do it internally.

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Bilateral Symmetry involves the autopsy of an animal that results in two mirror-like halves once divided. This picture of my dog, Yuddie, shows how both of her sides are congruent. You could slice her right down the center and the two halves would be identical. All animals with Bilateral Symmetry have a head and a tail. And the best way to show this is with a picture of a puppy.