# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
LEVEL COMPLETE
READY FOR THE FINAL!!!???
THE MIDDLE AGES
When the Roman Empire collapsed, Europe lost its center of power, and a new period called the Middle Ages began
MIDDLE AGES: The time between the end of the classical ages and the beginnings of the new world
Brief Geography of Europe
EUROPE AFTER THE FALL OF ROME
THE BLACK DEATH
THE CRUSADES
WAR!
Fairy tales and movies have provided some information about medieval life for many of you
Turn to a shoulder partner and name books, TV programs, movies, or video games that have given you a mental picture of what European medieval life was like
Getting information from Primary and Secondary Sources???
You need to be careful when you read/watch historical sources about the Middle Ages!
Although we call Europe a continent, it is actually part of EURASIA (a large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia)
Geographers consider the Ural Mountains to be the boundary between the two continents
Europe's topography varies from place to place
Southern Europe contains peaks in the Alps that reach higher than 15,000 feet!
North of the Alps you will tend to find much flatter land
In North, you can also find much of Europe's major rivers
Europe is often called a "Peninsula of Peninsulas"
Because Southern Europe has many peninsula's, people don't live far from the sea. As a result, many people became
A) Traders
B) Farmers
Why were many towns constructed near Rivers?
A) Transportation/Access to the Sea
B) Trade
C) Protection
D) All of the Above
As we learned, many different Germanic groups overran the Western half of the Roman Empire
Groups moved in and started to create their own states and the warlords began to call themselves Kings
We need Shirts!
Repeated invasions and constant warfare sparked new trends
A series of changes altered government, economy, and culture
DISRUPTION OF TRADE
Merchants faced invasions from both land and sea
European cities no longer became economic centers and money became scarce
POPULATION SHIFTS
As Roman centers of trade and government collapsed, nobles retreated to the rural areas
Roman cities were left without strong leadership and other city dwellers fled to the countryside
The population of Europe became more rural due to people's need to grow their own food
DECLINE OF LEARNING
Germanic invaders who stormed Rome could not read or write
Greek and Roman culture was lost
There was little advancements in literature, science, and philosophy
As German-speaking peoples mixed with the Roman population, Latin began to change
By 800, Latin evolved into French, Spanish, and other languages
PUBLIC GOVERNMENT NO MORE
ROME: Public government and written law
GERMANIC SOCIETY: Family ties and personal loyalty bound society together
Germanic peoples lived in small communities and were governed by unwritten rules and traditions
Germanic Chiefs led a band of warriors who had pledged their loyalty to him
The Chief gave them food, weapons, and treasure
In battle, warriors fought to the death at their Lord's side (they consider it a disgrace to outlive the Chief)
Germanic stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish orderly government for large territories
The felt no obligation to obey a King or Emperor they did not personally know
The Germanic Tribe called the Franks grew powerful enough to create an empire
However, invaders began to attack settlements all over the continent
Muslim Armies attacked southern France and Northern Italy
They Magyars swept in from the east and attacked Germany and Italy
FROM THE NORTH SAILED THE MOST DREADED ATTACKERS
THE VIKINGS
The Vikings would set sail from a wintry, wooded region Called Scandinavia
Vikings were also called Northmen or Norsemen
They worshiped warlike gods and took pride in nicknames like Eric "Bloodaxe" and Thorfinn "Skullsplitter"
The Vikings carried out their raids with terrifying speed. Clutching swords, heavy axes, and heavy wooden shields; they would commence swift and savage attacks
Vikings would loot towns and monasteries and even took prisoners to sell into slavery
Vikings were well known for their warships
Could hold up to 300 warriors
Had 72 oars
Fully loaded, the ship might weigh 20 tons but yet could set sail in a mere three feet of water
The Vikings were not only warriors, but also traders and outstanding explorers
Viking Explorer Leif Ericson most likely reached North America around 1000 (almost 500 years before Columbus)
Eventually Viking terror in Europe faded away
A warming trend in Europe's climate made farming easier in Scandinavia (thus less pillaging and seafaring life)
But the widespread disorder and suffering caused by invasions left most of western Europe living in constant danger
There was no central authority to protect the people, thus; many people turned to local rulers with their own armies
FEUDALISM
When the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims began their raids in the 800s, The Frankish Kings were unable to defend their empire
Nobles felt unprotected by the Kings so the Nobles had to defend their own land
HOW???
The Feudal system was based on mutual obligations
Let's break this down the best we can
To defend their lands, nobles needed soldiers
The best soldiers were knights (warriors who fought on horseback)
However, Knights needed weapons, armor, and horses
This equipment was expensive, and few people had the money in the early Middle Ages
As a result, nobles gave knights Fiefs (pieces of land) instead of money for their military service
A noble who gave land to a knight in this way was called a lord
In return for the land, a knight promised to support the noble in battle or in other matters
A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land was called a VASSAL
POP QUIZ: How could a noble be both a lord and a vassal?
At the bottom of the pyramid were landless peasants who toiled in the fields
To break this down even further...The Feudal system made for well defined Social Classes
In Europe during the Middle Ages, the vast majority of people were peasants.
Most peasants were SERFS
Serfs were people who could not lawfully leave the place they were born (though bound to the land, serfs were not slaves)
Their lords could not buy or sell them
The wealth of the feudal lords came from the labor of peasants
THE MANOR SYSTEM
When a knight received a fief from his lord, he needed a way to farm it
Knights were fighters who didn't have time to work in the fields
Peasants needed to grow food to live
Knights allowed peasants to farm on the knight's large estates
In return, the peasants had to give the knights food and other payment
The large estate owned by a knight or lord was a called a manor
The lord provided the serfs with housing, strips of farmland, and protection from bandits
In return the serf's tended to the lord's lands, cared for his animals, and performed various other tasks

Crazy to think....
Peasants rarely traveled more than 25 miles from their own manor
By standing in the center of a plowed field, they could see their entire world at a glance
The manor was a self-sufficient community
Nearly everything was raised or produced there (crops, fuel, cloth, leather goods, lumber)
1/3 of the land was kept by the lord and the other 2/3 was left to the serfs
The Lord collected taxes from his peasants
Weddings could only take place with the Lord's consent
The Church collected taxes from the Peasants

Peasants lived in crowded cottages with only one or two rooms
They warmed their dirt-floor houses by bringing pigs inside
Common to have many insects in the cottage
Diet of vegetables, coarse bread, cheese, and soup
POP QUIZ TIME!!!
QUESTION 1: "I live on Lord Cleveland's Estate and I help care for his horses" Who am I?
A) Fief
B) Manor
C) Serf
D) Knight
QUESTION 2: "I will defend Lord Cleveland's land against all 10th Grade Invaders." Who am I?
A) Serf
B) Peasant
C) Knight
D) Jake Staats
QUESTION 3: "Thank you for this fief Lord Cleveland." A person receiving a fief is called a
A) King
B) Queen
C) Vassal
D) Ivan Zamora Mendoza
During the Middle Ages, there was even a "fashion police" to make sure people dressed according to their social class
Peasants couldn't lawfully wear clothes of a noble
Turn to a shoulder Partner and discuss: What are some things (dress/clothing/style) in today's society that show distinctions between social classes?
FEUDAL JUSTICE
The lord resolved any disputes that occurred on the Manor and punished those who misbehaved
TRIAL BY OATH
TRIAL BY BATTLE
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
ACTIVITY
UNITY: What does it mean?
One thing that plagued Europe was people saw themselves a members of tribes...not as Europeans
What "hats" do you wear/ Or labels you have that signify your connection with other people? Your Community? Your Country?
ACTIVITY
In the United States, there is an ongoing debate on whether federal, state, or local governments should set standards for all schools
Turn to a shoulder partner and discuss: Who do you think should regulate schools? Why? What are some pros and cons?
THE AGE OF CHIVALRY
That means freaking knights!
Let's recap!
In Europe, the basis for the Feudal System was land
Kings & Lords gave land to Knights
Knights promised to serve their lords and fight for them
Knights owned large manors and peasants worked on the manors and paid the lords in food
Through warfare, feudal lords defended their estates, seized new territories, and increased their wealth.
Lords and their armies lived in a violent society that prized combat skills
Here come's the knights!
Wealth from the fiefs allowed Knights to devote their lives to war
As the lord's vassal, a Knight's main obligation was to serve in battle. From each of his knights, a lord typically demanded about 40 days of mounted combat each year
A Knight's pastimes revolved around training for war
Wrestling and hunting helped knights gain strength and practice the skills they would need on the battlefield
Early in the Middle Ages, knights were expected to display courage in battle and loyalty to their lord
The lords also expected their knights to live disciplined and honorable lives
Kind of like a BHS 10th Grader
Knights called their code of honorable behavior CHIVALRY
The Basics of Chivalry
Be brave, loyal, humble and modest
Be kind and generous when dealing with people...ESPECIALLY WOMEN!
Show devotion to your feudal lord, God, and your chosen lady
It was also expected that you protect the weak and the poor (that includes your peasants!)
No seriously, protect your peasants
A cowardly knight who disregarded the code of Chivalry faced public shame.
First the armor is stripped off and the shield is cracked
Second, his spurs were cut off and his sword was broken over his head
Third, the knight is thrown into a coffin and dragged to church for a mock funeral service
Modern day application...is chivalry dead?
The medieval code of chivalry demanded that knights fight bravely, serve their lords, and protect the weak and poor
Turn to a shoulder partner and discuss a modern day code of chivalry
What must people do to be considered loyal, brave, and courteous?
Think of what ideal behavior looks like
Sons of nobles began training for Knighthood at an early age
Age 7: Boys become servants to a Lord as a way to learn courtly manners (this is called a PAGE)
Age 14: Boys become a SQUIRE and are expected to serve the knight. They take care of the Knights armor, weapons, and warhorse. They also escort the knight to battles
At around the age of 21, a squire became a knight
a knighting ceremony would have the lord dub the squire as a knight
Young knights gained experience by taking part in mock battles called tournaments
Tournaments combined recreation with combat training
As many as 3,000 knights might participate in a tournament
Trumpets blared, lords and ladies cheered for their favorite knights
Tournaments were fierce and bloody competitions
Winners would usually demand large ransoms from defeated knights
During this time period there is also a movement in literature to glorify knighthood and chivalry
This is where you get the tales of rescuing the princess and battling dragons
ACTIVITY
Using your notes from this chapter, write a medieval help-wanted ad from the point of view of someone who needs the services of a knight
Task 1: Start your ad by explaining why need knights to help you
Task 2: Write a description of the type of people who will be suitable for the job and how they will be expected to behave
Task 4: Mention what Knights will receive in exchange for their service
Task 3: List the requirements, duties, and benefits of the job
Last but not least; don't forget to title your ad!
example --> WANTED: Courageous Knight to help defend my castle
example --> WANTED: Brave and loyal Knights
CASTLES AND SIEGE WEAPONS
THE CHURCH
The small scaled violence of tournaments did not match the bloodshed of actual battles, especially those fought at castles
Massive stone castles were encircled by massive walls (walls as thick as 33 feet!) and guard towers
Wooden castles were easily destroyed by burning missiles thus the need for a stone construction
The threat of battering rams and slingshot boulders were the reason for thick castle walls
Doors were also reinforced with iron grilles, sometimes castles had a second door
The Castle was home of the lord and lady, their family, knights and other men-at-arms, and servants
It was also the fortress designed for defense
A castle under siege was quite a gory site
Defenders of a castle poured boiling water, hot oil, or molten lead on enemy soldiers
Archers would be able to fire arrows that would pierce armor
There was the threat of being hit by a flying boulder!
SIEGE WEAPONS
The goal of siege weapons were to make the castle walls collapse, thus being able to infiltrate the castle
SIEGE TOWER
Platform on top that lowered like a drawbridge
Could support weapons and soldiers
MANTLET
Shielded Soldiers
TORTOISE
Moved slowly on wheels
Sheltered soldiers from falling arrows
MANGONEL
Flung huge rocks that crashed into castle walls
Propelled objects up to a distance of 1,300 feet
BATTERING RAM
Made of heavy timber with a sharp metal tip
Swung like a pendulum to crack castle walls or knock down a drawbridge
TREBUCHET
Worked like a giant slingshot
Propelled objects up to a distance of 980 feet
Pots of burning lime
Boulders
Severed Human Heads
Captured soldiers
Diseased cows
dead horses
Trebuchet Missiles
WARM UP ACTIVITY
Imagine that all aspects of your lives are influenced by ONE institution
Examples: BHS Controls your entire life. The NFL Controls your entire life. NBC controls your entire life...etc
What would your life be like if all your social activities revolved around this institution?
What would it be like if the leaders of this institution had the most power in society?
Reason for this activity: During the Middle Ages the Christian Church influenced politics, education, art, and architecture
During an era of constant warfare and political turmoil, the Church was the stable force that people could turn to
People's everyday lives were harsh but they were still looking for a path to salvation (everlasting life in heaven)
Priests and other religious officials would conduct religious ceremonies as rites of passage to salvation
At the local level, Church served as a religious and social center
You worship together and socialize together
Gatherings for festive celebrations like Xmas
As time passed, more and more power was shared between religious leaders and Kings...Why you might ask?
If Kings still wanted to be Christian they had to obey the law of the Church (Called Canon Law)
Two of the harshest punishments were Excommunication and Interdict
Excommunication: Banishment from the church and once you die you could not get into heaven
Interdict: Religious services could not be performed in the King's lands

The Kings followed Canon Law because they feared they might be doomed to eternal suffering in hell
Before we talk about to what extent can religion exercise its power over feudal Kings, let's do some think pair share activities!
Have you ever joined a cause or group that had noble ideals? What activities were you involved in?
If you truly believe you have never joined a noble cause, have you ever been asked to do something courageous or face one of your fears? What emotions do you go through?

This is a hard hitting question...
What are you willing to die for?
The Crusades...A mixture of adventure and possible riches coupled with hazards of death, imprisonment, or being robbed
Before we begin; take a moment and share with a partner your answer to this question:
Who are some people today that believe they are justified in using violence?
Could they be considered a hero to some and a terrorist to others?
For many years, Palestine had been in the hands of Muslims
Turkish Muslims controlled the City of Jerusalem (sacred to both Christians and Muslims)
Christian pilgrims claimed that the Muslim Turks had attacked them in the Holy Land and that the Turks were threatening to spread their empire into the Byzantine capital of Constantinople
There is no time for "calming down!"
The Turks began to move into the Byzantine Empire!
Pope Urban II (of the Roman Catholic Church) asked for help
In response,people joined the Pope's army by the thousands
The fight was termed a "holy war," a Crusade, to gain control of the Holy Land
MAIN IDEA: European Christians tried to end Islamic rule of Palestine in a series of wars called the Crusades
Crusaders from all over Europe flocked to France to prepare for their long journey
They sewed crosses to their clothing to show that they were fighting for god
Crusade: In Latin it means "marked with a cross"
WHY JOIN THE CRUSADES?
1. The Pope claimed that if you joined the fight you would go to heaven
2. Knights hoped to gain land and treasure
3. Merchants saw a chance to make money
Merchants profited by making cash loans to finance the Crusade
Merchants leased their ships for a hefty fee (transportation over the Mediterranean Sea)
Merchants hoped to secure new trade routes

1st Crusade
Unfortunately the Crusaders were ill-prepared for their holy war as they knew nothing about the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land
There was no strategy to capture Jerusalem!
But, believe or not; supplies and reinforcements arrive from Italy and the Crusaders are able to capture Jerusalem
Jewish and Muslim inhabitants are slaughtered (it is said as many of 70,000 inhabitants are slaughtered)

RESULTS
European customs and institutions make their way into the Holy Land
Land is divided into Fiefs (lord and vassal systems emerge)

yeeeeeaaaaahhhhh BUDDDY
2nd Crusade
Not so fast...
The Muslims recapture the land taken by the Christians
A second Crusade is launched but results in a terrible failure
3rd Crusade
The leaders of England, France and the German Emperor are sent to fight for Jerusalem
However, the German Emperor drowns on his way to the Holy Land!
The King of France goes home to take lands occupied by the English
The English King failed to recapture to Jerusalem
4th Crusade
The idea was to embark on another journey to capture Jerusalem, however; the Knights did not have enough money to pay for the voyage
The Knights ended up looting the city of Constantinople instead!
The Children's Crusade
Thousands of children try to hitch a to the Holy Land to take back Jerusalem
They were armed with the belief that God would give them Jerusalem

They are hungry, disorganized, have little to no weapons
Many die on their march to the Mediterranean
Some drowned at sea
Others are tricked onto boarding ships that sell them into slavery!

By 1291, the Muslim Armies had taken back all of the Holy Land and the Crusades had ended
Spain increasingly distrusts Muslims and Jews and made the use of Inquisition (to suppress Heresy...a person whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of Christianity)
Those Muslim and Jews who are not expelled from Spain were tortured and burned at the Stake
The failure of Crusades lessened the power of the church (power returns to the Kings) and thousands of knights lost their lives and fortune
REVIVAL?
Due to the growing population of Europe, people realized they needed to get creative in order to live a healthy and sufficient lifestyle
Between the years of 1100 and 1150, the population of Europe grew from 30 million to 42 million
Improvements in agriculture, trade, and even finance improved the lives of many
Iron Plow
Horse Harness
Three-Field System
Money lending
Growing trade and growing cities brought a new interest in learning...The University is born!
For most students, the goal was a job in government or the church
Bachelor's in theology: 5-7 years of school
Master of theology: at least 12 years of school
"Class" consisted of memorizing a master's lecture (writing materials were scarce)
All student exams were oral
Books were handwritten and a single book might cost the equivalent of $600 to $700 in today's money
Now after the failure of the Crusades, Kings looked to retake power from the Church
Kings felt like they could do as they please, whether their nobles agreed with them or not
Kings even began to create new taxes and take nobles land
In 1215 a group of nobles decided to force the English king to respect their rights
The Nobles revolted and made the king sign the most celebrated document in English History...
The Magna Carta guaranteed basic political rights (for everyone)
No taxation without representation
Entitled to a jury trial
Protection of the law
Right of Habeas Corpus
Could not be kept in jail without a reason
Before Kings could arrest people for no reason
Magna Carta required that everyone - even the king - had to obey the law
The Magna Carta guaranteed what are now considered basic legal rights both in England and the United States
Huh...Yeah!
What is it good for?
Although the Magna Carta changed England's government, it had no effect outside of the country
Kings in other parts of Europe continued to rule as they always had
In 1328, the King of France died with no sons
The King of France and the King of England launched a war for the throne known as ...
This war was a seesaw battle fought on French Soil that lasted from 1337 to 1453
The English Longbow proved to be deadly as archers were able to unhorse French Knights
Stakes that were hammered into the ground formed a barrier between the archers and a charging warhorse
After nearly 100 years of fighting, a French peasant girl named JOAN OF ARC felt moved by God to rescue France from its English Conquerors
She believed that heavenly voices spoke to her to drive the English out of France
Joan of Arc led a successful victory over the British at the Battle of Orleans (she was 18 years old at the time). This gave France the Throne they sought
But in 1430 Joan was captured by the British
Due to her claim to hear voices, the British condemned her as a witch and on May 30, 1431; Joan was tied to a stake and burned to death
The 100 Years War gave birth to European Nationalism (feeling devoted to one's country). But, it also marked the extinction of the Medieval Knight
The Twin Pillars of the Medieval World - Intense Religious Devotion and the Code of Chivalry - were coming to end
But what could possibly spell the end for religious devotion???
Artists of the 1300s depicted death as the Grim Reaper, a skeleton on horseback whose scythe cut people down.
The Grim Reaper image was quite appropriate for the time because approximately one-third of the population of Europe died of the deadly disease known at the BUBONIC PLAGUE
Think about that!
If the plague struck America today, nearly 79 million people would lose their lives
Or here is another way to put it...
Stand up and count off by threes. All the Ones sit down because the plague killed you off

The Black Death was a a plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
The plague originally came from central and eastern Asia
Unknowingly, traders brought rats carrying disease to Mediterranean ports in 1347
Victims of the Black Death could be identified by purplish or blackish spots/swellings on their skin
A more serious form of the plague could spread through the air and kill people in less than a day
Who is to blame???
1) Doctors at the University of Paris claimed the Plague was caused by the unfavorable alignment of certain planets
2) Others believed that the plague was carried by "poisonous vapors" released by disastrous earthquakes in Asia, that had drifted over Europe
3) Many believed that the plague was God's punishment for the sins of humankind. People tried to atone for their own and others sins by beating themselves with whips studded with iron tips; often ripping the flesh from their bare backs
4) People thought the Jews poisoned wells. Because of this, Jews were driven from their homes or, worse; massacred
5) But mostly, people blamed the church because even with constant prayer the church and god was not making the Bubonic plague go away
The plague was able to spread quickly because
People did not bathe (almost all had fleas and lice)
People through their garbage and sewage into the streets (a breeding ground for rats)
The Black Death killed so many people that victims were buried in mass graves
Villages were abandoned in fear that the plague would spread to their homes
Because of the Plague
Town populations fell
Trade declined
Prices rose (fewer workers as well)
Any healthy peasants who survived the plague found their skills in high demand and could suddenly demand higher wages
The Age of Chivalry had died with the 100 Years War
Kings and the Feudal System were now "Victims" to governing documents like Magna Carta
Discrediting of the Church occurred with the onslaught of the Bubonic Plague
Middle Ages Europe has now come to an End

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
LEVEL COMPLETE READY FOR THE FINAL!!!??? THE MIDDLE AGES When the Roman Empire collapsed, Europe lost its center of power, and a new period called the Middle Ages beganMIDDLE AGES: The time between the end of the classical ages and the beginnings of the new world Brief Geography of Europe EUROPE AFTER THE FALL OF ROME THE BLACK DEATH THE CRUSADES WAR!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Classical Era set the scene. It brought us the major civilizations, religions, and trade routes. But, what happens when all of the major world powers collapse? This is the Post-Classical era. The major world powers come from places you might not expect.

# data[].attributes.body
north africa, west africa

# data[].attributes.body
cairo, jerusalem, damascus, medina

# data[].attributes.body
He was 45 years old and when death was all around him he traveled home to see his family.

# data[].attributes.body
- entered through the high mountains of Afghanistan
-sought employment with the Muslim sultan of Delhi

# data[].attributes.body
Traveled through that land when it was divided into sultanates. Was there when the Ottomans came to power

# data[].attributes.body
*Went by himself
*Stopped in Malaysia, India, Chittagong, and Samudra.
*Got to china on a boat.
*Takes him 40 days

# data[].attributes.body
http://theancientcivilizations.weebly.com

# data[].attributes.body
brenna , lilly , pretynn , addy https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LJmxnAx_83_SylAXcNeF60GC2JFDwOslOBrPQ6RafxU/edit?ts=581b6708

# data[].attributes.body
Mayans

# data[].attributes.body
https://docs.google.com/document/d/12R5Lua0w-ThRoFeozQfLFzcTTJE9sDbY05cZ5h-lYGc/edit

# data[].attributes.body
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pzftRKOQu_JgfznKROlTN73DRRWTTYSX9B2CXPEAXgE/edit

# data[].attributes.body
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1f4wrPf2K9tUXsw3Qyr6eZsveeguZZ2ZI4Yi1us9O4xs/edit

# data[].attributes.headline
Persian Chart for Mayan, Aztec, Incas, Olmec

# data[].attributes.subject
Persian Chart for Mayan, Aztec, Incas, Olmec

# data[].attributes.body
https://quizlet.com/58484420/whap-persian-chart-4-flash-cards/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Rise Of Genghis Khan And The Mongol Empire Documentary - Documentary Channel

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Rise Of Genghis Khan And The Mongol Empire Documentary - Documentary Channel He pertained to power by joining numerous of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After starting the Mongol Empire and being declared "Genghis Khan," he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols: Crash Course World History #20

# data[].attributes.body
This should help with the Folder Project due November 1st!

# data[].attributes.body
evan and kaitlynn

# data[].attributes.body
#groupie

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa: Crash Course World History #16

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars: Crash Course World History #13