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"The UN Sustainable Development Goal aims to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030". To what extent do you agree that food security is achievable for all? [8]

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"The UN Sustainable Development Goal aims to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030". To what extent do you agree that food security is achievable for all? [8]

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I disagree with the statement to a large extent. I do not believe that food security is achievable for all across the world.  (Mrs Tan)

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Winnie, Jiaru, Khant Kyaw, Zhe Liang

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Group 5 -  Shi Rong, Jocelyn, Donggyu, Raynor, Xander, Chen Lan, Xinyue &Jolyna

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Group 5 -  Shi Rong, Jocelyn, Donggyu, Raynor, Xander, Chen Lan, Xinyue &Jolyna

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1. What type of food security (lack of food or lack of nutrition) is the most prevalent in Nigeria?

Answer: The food security that is the most prevalent in Nigeria is the lack of food due to the frequent dry seasons, therefore leading to insufficient amount of crops harvested, hence caused the lack of food for the people in Nigeria

2. What factors foster food insecurity in Nigeria? [Possible answers: dry season, lack of government support, price instability]

Answer: Such factors are price instability and greater amount of imports than exports even though Nigeria is an oil-rich country. Even though there are some levels of government aid, it is not sufficient and the citizens of Nigeria requires greater aid in subsidies or other economic aid. In addition, there are frequent dry seasons which may inhibit the agriculture plans of the farmers especially during summer seasons. The farmers have insufficient disposable income to buy better seeds, fertilisers and pesticides, which can promise better quality or crops and greater yield of crops as well.

3. What conclusions can you draw about the role of government in ensuring food security from this video?

Answer: The government played a small role to help the farmers with the changing weather patterns. As a result of complicated political factors, prices are surging and one farmer said 1 litre of Diesel used to cost 2 NGN and has since increased by 9000% to 180 NGN. Free market and lack of control of prices of commodities caused hyperinflation of crops and many commoners cannot afford food as a result.

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Oba Keiko, Charlotte Seah,  Charis Soon, Kimberly Tham, Xiong Luyao 

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Oba Keiko, Charlotte Seah,  Charis Soon, Kimberly Tham, Xiong Luyao 

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1. Lack of food. Poor irrigation.

2. Lack of government support, price instability. The weather is extreme, with long periods of drought. Hence, even with irrigation facilities, there is no water flowing through to the crops. There is the lack of government support

3. The role of the government in ensuring food security is important and crucial. They can implement agricultural policies, which are laws pertaining to domestic agriculture. Agricultural policy is a part of government policy and work together with food policy to achieve food security for the country. Under agricultural policies, the amount of food produced is regulated to ensure that there is sufficient food supply and to ensure that food is affordable for the people. They can also carry out land reform which is the redistribution of land in an area in order to increase agricultural productivity. Land reform increases food production by making land more accessible to farmers. In the process, it also has the potential to address the problem of land fragmentation and land tenure.

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Chan Wei Ting (5) Chen Anni (7) Yao Xinyi (35) Yin Moe Aye (36) Yu Youjing (37)

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Answer the questions in your group after watching the video and reading the article  in the following links:http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/mar/26/nigeria-food-crisis-short-rainy-season
Questions:
1. What type of food insecurity (lack of food or lack of nutrition) is the most prevalent in Nigeria?
2. What factors foster food insecurity in Nigeria? [Possible answers: dry season, lack of government support, price instability]
3. What conclusions can you draw about the role of government in ensuring food security from this video?

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FRED DE SAM LAZARO, correspondent: This busy food market in Mayadoua sits just inside Nigeria's northern border. A lot of produce, like these beans, is from neighboring Niger, even though that nation's 13 million people are often on the brink of starvation. The economics are simple: Prices are higher in oil-rich Nigeria.

But why is Nigeria even importing food? Agricultural produce used to be its main export. Now it must turn to neighbors to feed its growing population, already Africa's largest at 140 million.

Most Nigerians live on farms, but today many, like the extended Usman family, can barely provide for themselves. The rains provided a good crop of sorghum and maize this season, maybe enough to get through the dry season. But even as the ladies sing to celebrate a good crop, Ramatu Usman and Aisha Yusuf say each new year brings new uncertainty.

AISHA YUSUF SAY: We've had difficult times when rainfall was poor, when we had to rely on leaves and shrubs.

RAMATU USMAN: We pluck them, boil them, sprinkle with salt, sometimes eat them with peanut butter.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Not that the food they enjoy today is either bountiful or balanced. The U.N. says almost a third of Nigeria's young children are moderately to severely underweight.

In this family's main daily meal is a starchy porridge, flavored with chilies, dried tomatoes, and monosodium glutamate, or MSG, an additive that mimics the taste of meat, as they rarely have the real thing. The few goats and poultry are the savings account, sold to buy clothes or medicine or to pay for a wedding.

Much of the blame for the poor state of Nigerian agriculture lies with the successive military dictatorships, which since the 1970s promised, but never delivered, on grandiose modernization plans.

Muhammad Sabo Nanono heads a group of large farmers.

MUHAMMAD SABO NANONO, farm organizer: The focus was how to improve farming through a large-scale effort, as well as through the creation of facilities for dry-season farming. And this resulted in the construction of several dams in this country, in several irrigation schemes.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: The Djibiya dam project was one part of the grand plan. Its canal network is supposed to water surrounding fields during the dry season, affording two crops a year instead of one. But much of the network is bone dry.

The water should be gushing through this canal. Instead, there's grass growing in it. The problem is that the electric supply is erratic around there and there's no diesel to run the pumps. No diesel in one of the world's most energy-rich nations.

A few fields have benefited in Djibiya, alongside sloped canals that get water through gravity. But Yusuf Suleiman, a nearby farmer, says many growers have been burned trying to plant dry-season crops.

YUSUF SULEIMAN, Farmer: There were times before when people were mobilized, activity took off very well, but, unfortunately, somewhere in the middle there was a scarcity of water, so some people lose whatever they might have put in to place.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Other farmers say they've been crippled by soaring costs of fertilizers, seeds, and especially diesel fuel.

KABIR ABUBAKER MATAZU, farmer (through translator): We used to get five gallons of diesel for two naira. Now it is 180 naira.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: In Katsina province, Kabir Abubaker Matazu has seen nothing but losses since buying 1,000 acres in the early 1970s.

KABIR ABUBAKER MATAZU (through translator): The aim was to go into mechanized farming, using tractors, et cetera. But as you can see, they are here lying idle; 1987 was the last time we cultivated the whole farm.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Matazu says the government has done little to assure farmers can recover their costs, let alone make a profit.

KABIR ABUBAKER MATAZU (through translator): There should be some control of price of commodities in the market. Farmers need support from government to find a market that will make it work. As it is, there is no control on prices. One season, the price is very low; another year, it's very high.

MUHAMMAD SABO NANONO: So the farmers are exposed to the vagaries of price volatility. Today, if maize was given more money, people will rush to maize next year, and then the price of maize will collapse.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: For decades, the government plan has been to stabilize prices by building a strategic reserve. That would enable it to buy grain and to store or release it into the marketplace to curb wild price swings.

GUIDO FIRETTI, Contractor: Well, this is the 25,000-ton strategic grain reserve for Kaduna. It's presently at 75 percent stage of completion.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: There were supposed to be about three dozen such facilities, but fewer than half were ever completed, and those that were, never been more than half-filled. This one was started 20 years ago, says Guido Firetti, whose Italian firm was hired to finish it.

GUIDO FIRETTI: I believe it was awarded in '89, '90, and construction started here in '91 and stopped in '92, due to some various problems. Some of their materials were missing. And since then, it has been in a state of non-completion, until recently, when it was re-awarded.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: It's one more symbol of a government flush with oil revenues that lost its bearings, says Sabo Nanono.

MUHAMMAD SABO NANONO: The reality of the situation is the easy money that we get from the oil industry has created more problems than solutions, that we became virtually a consumer nation rather than a productive nation. And that culminated into huge imports of actually rice, even maize, and also imports of all other luxury items.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: He says oil revenues went to buy everything that should have been made or grown here, policies that urbanized the country, even built a whole new capital city, Abuja.

Thomas Odemwingie is with the non-government group, Action Aid.

THOMAS ODEMWINGIE, Action Aid: A lot of the able-bodied people, you know, who otherwise were involved in our culture now are headed for the cities. The local people, what do they have to show for the big dams? You know, their poverty -- their situation never changes.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Who made the money with all these dams?

THOMAS ODEMWINGIE: Who made the money? The private, you know, contractors who got the contract to build the dams, and most of them are foreigners. They are foreign, you know, firms.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: There are glimmers of hope that things are turning around in a country that only in the last decade or so has moved from military to democratic rule.

Guido Firetti points out that projects like this silo are finally being completed.

GUIDO FIRETTI: And it is the first time in so many years that we are -- we are hearing that they want to increase capacity and they want to boost agriculture. And, of course, we have to believe them until we are proven wrong.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Farmer Yusuf Suleiman, a member of the ruling party, is betting things will turn around, that government will become more responsive. He's investing in a dry-season crop for the first time in years.

YUSUF SULEIMAN: The minister of water resources was in Djibiya about four weeks ago on this project, and he made a pledge that the government is going to supply all the facilities that are required for this irrigation plan.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: You're prepared to bet that this government will deliver the water you need this winter? YUSUF SULEIMAN: Inshallah, inshallah, by the grace of God.

FRED DE SAM LAZARO: It's critical for the larger region that farmers like Suleiman succeed, that Nigeria begins to meet more of its own food needs. With its large population and oil revenues, there's widespread fear that Nigeria will increasingly crowd out its smaller, impoverished neighbors from the region's food market.

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The first in a series of reports from around the world about food, food policy, and food security: Nigeria, a country that has historically enjoyed food surpluses. That was before vast oil reserves were discovered.

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Winnie KhantKyaw Zheliang Jiaru
1. What type of food insecurity (lack of food or lack of nutrition) is the most prevalent in Nigeria?
~Lack of food is the prevailant type of food insecurity in Nigeria.
-One third of population suffer from moderate to severe malnutrition
2. What factors foster food insecurity in Nigeria? [Possible answers: dry season, lack of government support, price instability]
~Terrorism by Boko Haram in Northern Nigeria
~Food wastage as farmers abandon farms to escape terroris
~Natural disasters i.e. droughts/shortening rain seasons

3. What conclusions can you draw about the role of government in ensuring food security from this video?
- The government plays a very important role in ensuring the foor security within a country
-Agriculture policy and Food policy are indeed essential.
-Since Nigeria's agricultural sector is heavily dependent on the rains, with the bulk of its produce cultivated in the north and central region, the government should put in effort to make a change whereby, the country would not be so dependent on the climate for agriculture. Such effort can be developing of infrastructure for an improved irrigation system all year round.
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Benny (4), Myo (17), Valerie (21), Chee Keong (25), Charmaine (27)

1. What type of food insecurity (lack of food or lack of nutrition) is the most prevalent in Nigeria?

A:  The lack of food is the most prevalent food insecurity in Nigeria.

2. What factors foster food insecurity in Nigeria? [Possible answers: dry season, lack of government support, price instability]

A: The dry season is a huge contributing factor to the food insecurity in Nigeria. With the dry season, crops cannot grow as well and therefore the agricultural output is drastically decreased in Nigeria, leading to lesser food available for people in Nigeria.
Price instability of food in the is also a huge contributing factor to the food insecurity in Nigeria. When the prices of one type of food soars, farmers would all grow that type of crop the following year, causing the prices of that crop to drop drastically.  Fluctuation leads to the Nigerian farmers not able to sell their harvest and make enough profit to sustain themselves, and other people in Nigeria would not be able to afford enough food.

3. What conclusions can you draw about the role of government in ensuring food security from this video?

A: The government played an important role such that it ensures the stability of the prices of staple food in the country. For example, a silo was built as a reserve of staple food so that when there are too much of a type of food released into the market, the extra is stored in the silo to keep the price of that type of food stable and preventing it from collapsing.

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Wei ting(5), Chen Anni(7), Yao Xinyi(35), Moe Aye(36), Yu Youjing(37)

1. What type of food insecurity (lack of food or lack of nutrition) is the most prevalent in Nigeria?
-Lack of food is the most prevalent in Nigeria.

2. What factors foster food insecurity in Nigeria? [Possible answers: dry season, lack of government support, price instability]
-The factors are poor rainfall in dry season, lack of government support because of successive military dictatorships, and underuse of the agriculture facilities like the silos and dams. Moreover, the fluctuation of the food prices due to the unstable rainy season is another factor for the food insecurity. Soaring cost of diesel makes it difficult for the farmers to practice agricultural mechanism like tractors for mass production of food.

3. What conclusions can you draw about the role of government in ensuring food security from this video?
-The government needs to ensure good cooperation with the farmers. The government needs to channel funds to support the farmers. Moreover, it needs to ensure that the silos and dams built for agricultural development are put in use.

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1. What type of food insecurity (lack of food or lack of nutrition) is the most prevalent in Nigeria?
Lack of food

2. What factors foster food insecurity in Nigeria? [Possible answers: dry season, lack of government support, price instability]
Lack of government support fosters the food insecurity in Nigeria. They don't control the prices of crop which leads price fluctuation depending on demand. Even though they built dams to improve the lives of the farmers, it was a failure because there was insufficient diesel to power the dams,

3. What conclusions can you draw about the role of government in ensuring food security from this video?
The role of government is very important. They are the one who hire the companies to build storage facilities such as the silos so that the food can be consumed in times of droughts. If they prioritise other developmental needs of the country over ensuring food security, governments will threathen the food security. In the case of Nigeria, they used the profits from oil sales to build a new capital city instead of improving the lives of the farmers.

Done by: Choo Jia Ying (9), Dawn Liu (10), Jordi Ong (14)

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Group 4-Keiko, Charlotte, Charis, Kimberly, Luyao

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Group 4-Keiko, Charlotte, Charis, Kimberly, Luyao

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1.
2. -lack of variety of crops

3.

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Political reasons for world hunger.
Q1: Lack of food.

Q2: dry season, lack of government support, price instability and transport links

Dry season: crops unable to grow properly, shorter length of growing season, the increase in need to seek alternative food sources.

Lack of government support: incompletion of projects leading to lesser productivity of factories, resulting in lesser food production. Lesser budget for commercial farming, thus lesser output

Price instability: the spike in a particular production of a food crop leads to downfall of prices; the drop in the production of another food crop will lead to an increase in price.

Poor transport links: unable to transport food effectively

Erratic power supply: affects water supply for irrigation

Q3:  The government has the most important role in ensuring food security for the country. The government has the most influence and ability to obtain and utilise resources. Lack of government aid for the local farmers lead to further rich-poor divides. Farmers or private sectors that have more resources and financial capabilities will be richer, whilst those poor farmers who only have enough to practice subsistence farming, are unable to earn profits.

Group members: Asher Lim(1),  Audrey Soh(2),  Jason Chan (6), Samuel Kwik (12), Kelly wong (31) and Adeline See Qi Rui (24)