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(Hannah Fryer)
The causes of racism and scapegoating can be due to bias and injustice for those in the black community, this indifference is due to a phobia and hatred towards someone because they have a different skin colour. Making the percentage of those who are black and incarcerated much higher than any other race. The National Academy of Sciences stated that blacks are more likely than whites to received prison terms rather than community service. Black people are imprisoned at twice the rate of white people in the U.S., according to the US Department of Justice. As well, after conviction, blacks are more likely than whites to receive longer sentences. These are clear examples of Racism in the Canadian Justice System and in the United States making the hole system racism and unfair to the black community.

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Week 10-Scapegoating                    ( Amanda Cox-Zamaria)

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Week 10-Scapegoating                    ( Amanda Cox-Zamaria)

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For centuries a very accessible scapegoat to anyone regardless of your age, gender, race, ethnic background, or place in life; God and the Devil have become the favourite, go-to whipping boy to place blame on when things do not go our way. Both have shouldered a fair amount of scapegoating throughout history. When something goes wrong and we can not take the blame or understand a reason why something has happened or refuse to accept blame, many revert to pointing the finger that it is all God's doing. God allows Himself to be the scapegoat for our sins is seen partly in the fact that the practice of scapegoating is found, not just in Leviticus 16, but in all cultures and all religions throughout history.  All societies and individuals within the societies, seek in one way or another to alleviate their own guilt and shame by laying their guilt upon someone or something else. A natural disaster takes place, a car crash, a family member becomes critically ill, a lost job, the spitting of a family, upon a multitude of other things. The real problem with this of course, is that  within only a matter of time before problems resurface and new ones arise that the quest for a new scapegoat must begin again and no one ever really taking accountability and ownership over their thoughts, actions, sins and mistakes.

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Causes of scapegoating - Bethsaida Georges

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Causes of scapegoating - Bethsaida Georges

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An example of scapegoating would be Trumps whole campaign during the 2016 elections. His campaign blamed hispanics for the job losses and increase in gang violence. Trump knew that in order to appeal to white America he would need to blame a certain demographic for the loses that white Americans had been feeling. He appealed to their fear, ignorance and racism in order to win their votes. By doing so he called this demographic rapist, gang bangers and demanded that a massive wall be put in  place. Regardless of the fact that statistics have shown that employment had been on the rise and other factors had led to the increase of gangs in the us. Make america great again is for people to feel comfortable with their racism.

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Scapegoating may be anyone who is blamed for anyone else’s wrongdoings, for example, in the bible it states “a goat let loose in the wilderness on Yom Kippur after the high priest symbolically laid the sins of the people on its head. Lev. 16:8,10,26.” this is a literal example of scapegoating as the priest had blamed and placed upon the innocent goat the wrongdoings of man.

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An example of a scapegoat in society is homeless people in the healthcare system. These people are often blamed for using up healthcare resources that people believe should belong to Canadians who "contribute to society". Unfortunately, this happens often with those who are sent to the hospital for a drug overdose. People fail to address the reasons why homeless people turn to drugs. These reasons come from society's inability to address the homeless epidemic and provide adequate access to food, jobs, shelter and especially mental health and addiction care.

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Racism and Scapegoating started in India since the new Prime Minister was elected in India. He strongly supported the Hindu people and was against the Muslims. He tried to convice the Hindus to take steps and fight with the Muslims causing a lot of problems and violoence on the roads resulting in a lot of deaths in the capital city of Delhi. He introduced a new act called the CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019). This act stated that all the Hindu people, Sikh and other minorities living in countries like Pakistan, Afganisthan, Sri Lanka etc. will be given the Citizenship of India based on their employment history and living history if their religious practices were challenged in those particular countries. Most people of the country were against this act and during the deciding period of implementing this act, many Muslim people along with their families were boycotted with some of the supporting people of the Prime Minister's supporting party.

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Causes of Racism & Scapegoating - Taylor Running

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Causes of Racism & Scapegoating - Taylor Running

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An example of scapegoating is in  the UK. There is currently an  assumption that obese people and smokers are the ones who are draining the national health service of resources. The population feel that obese people and smokers are the scapegoats for systematic underfunding of the health service by successive governments.
Meaning they’re the ones who are really draining it of resources.

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Causes of Racism and Scapegoating - Agu Demilto

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Causes of Racism and Scapegoating - Agu Demilto

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A recent example of a scapegoat is Rudy Gobert, a basketball player for the Utah Jazz in the NBA. The NBA had recently sent out a memo to players and staff about the COVID-19 virus and warned them to be mindful of signing autographs and touching the hands of fans. After a press conference, as a joke Rudy touched every microphone in front of him making light of the situation. Two days later, the basketball game between the Utah Jazz and Detroit Pistons was cancelled after reports of a Utah Jazz player had tested positive for COVID-19. It was then discovered that Rudy Gobert was the player who tested positive, just two days after the microphone incident. After the NBA heard a player tested positive, the NBA season was cancelled indefinitely along with reports of another Jazz player testing positive, Donovan Mitchell. NBA fans quickly took to social media, blaming Rudy Gobert for the season's suspension and for possibly passing the virus to a beloved All-Star, Donovan Mitchell.

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Causes of Racism and Scapegoating (Alex Jackman)

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Causes of Racism and Scapegoating (Alex Jackman)

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It seems that in the initial start up of the corona virus the different countries of the world started accusing and scapegoating early. The Chinese government accused America of bringing the virus with their soldiers and many Americans started making rumors that the Chinese developed this virus. Both of these accusations are unfair and untrue acts of scapegoating.

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Causes of Racism and Scapegoating - Ovadanee Dakshina Senadheera S.P

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Causes of Racism and Scapegoating - Ovadanee Dakshina Senadheera S.P

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In order to stop and deport the immigrants especially Muslims and Mexicans, Trump declared several untrue statements such as “Year after year,” Trump said, “countless Americans are murdered by criminal illegal aliens.”
Also, he stated that working-class Americans receives less privileges due to mass illegal migration. Basically, Trump is scapegoating the immigrants to pay for national issues that he has failed to attend to so far.

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Trump’s Dangerous Scapegoating of Immigrants at the State of the Union

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Insecure jobs, stagnant wages, crime rates, underfunded schools, an embarrassing health-care system—immigrants are responsible for none of these problems.

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Causes of Racism & Scapegoating - Yash Shah

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Causes of Racism & Scapegoating - Yash Shah

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As a music business student, the history is very much depending on these two terms. Racism is the main reason behind the structure of the genre which we know as blues in today's time. Scapegoating is the blaming or accusing a person or a group of people. Hippes cultures was mostly being blamed on Rock n' roll starts of 1950's to 1970's. The big music companies did racism under the government for selecting a new artist but blamed listeners as racist and don't want to go somewhere else. The history of rock music series has two episodes on this.

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Racism and Scapegoating - Michelle Mborah

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Racism and Scapegoating - Michelle Mborah

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I will be using trump as an example. In an article I came across yesterday , Trump was blaming Obama for the lack of masks in hospitals in the States. In this case Trump is using Obama as an scapegoat; putting his frustrations of not acting and establishing preventative measures for the COVID-19 earlier on the formal president, who has been out of office for over 3 years.

Trump Blames lack of Hospital Masks on Obama. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2020, from https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/trump-coronavirus-hospital-masks-blames-obama-ppe.html

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As we all know of the COVID-19 pandemic, I thought I would also touch base on my feelings towards this situation. As the virus started in Wuhan, China the world and its leaders started the fear and racism towards the chinese and asian cultures. Even if they are born and raised Canadian or American they were still looked at as breeders for this disease. Because of the fast growing infection and the high rate it was infecting people, Trump decided to blame the cultures and label this pandemic a 'Chinese Disease'

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A current scapegoating is the blame the world is putting on chine for the spread of the Coronavirus (Covid-19). Yes, the virus may have originated in China, but they didn't understand the capabilities of the virus. People started blaming the Chinese and mistreating them because of President trump Saying this is the " Chinese Virus" on national television.

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You can really see an example of this today in current media about the COVID-19 virus. recently Trump just said something about calling it the "Chinese Virus" this is an example because this is something the world together should be dealing with opposed to blaming it on one culture alone. He's using their culture to blame the disease on when really we should all be working together to get handle on it.

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With the ongoing virus epidemic, many countries are taking preventative actions in order to reduce the risk of infection. On March 12, 2020, President Trump delivered an oval office announcement addressing the outbreak. One part of the announcement features Trump basically blaming Europe for not containing the outbreak there properly. Which resulted in a new cluster of cases entering the United States from Europe. Instead of taking responsibility, Trump only puts the blame on Europe.
https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/11/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-oval-office-speech/index.html

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Timothy Gerard-
Most causes of racism and scapegoating stem form the past and how some people are unable to move forward. The reasons these things are happening g are because people with more power are able to throw those with out any "under the bus" and its easier to do this when t comes to race. One example of this is seen every day on the news, when it comes to terrorism we Americans are able to quickly state that its only the Muslims when that is far form the case but this is what happens. Terrorism is commuted every year and for the most part is commuted by people with in our country, take Conley 2012, that was an act of terrorism but some how the white men are not considered terrorists just homicide maniacs, where if this were to be committed by some one of non-white status, they would instantly be considered terrorists.
PS. it is so bad that this is the first picture you get when you google terrorism.

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Sailavan Raveendrakumar-
As the whole world is aware of, the COVID-19 Corona virus is the pandemic disease that happens to spread around the world from China in Wuhan. Donald Trump recently spoke on news and to the world as a president calling it the "Chinese Virus" because that's where the coronavirus came from which I find that term disrespectful by any means. Using Asians to blame on what they eat or calling it the disease country some people would say is very inappropriate to say. We all could recover this with positive energy and follow the path. Italy is now on lockdown because majority of the people believed the virus is false and media are trying to scare people but look what happened now, they did not expect the virus to spread this big at all. This is a very good example of scapegoating. - Sailavan Raveendrakumar

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Racism & Scapegoating – Ikolet HutchinsonOne of the most painful things for a child is to be the scapegoat of the family. The scapegoated child in the family is the rejected one or the child who was picked out to be abused. Scapegoating is a serious family dysfunctional problem in which one member of the family or a social group is blamed for small things, picked on and constantly put down. It’s a generational pattern of abuse that is passed down to the children.One or both parents made a decision that somebody in the family has to be the bad guy. The mother or father makes one child bad and then looks for things (sometimes real, but most often imagined) that are wrong. Blaming and shaming are heaped on one child. The scapegoated child feels different and abandoned. Scapegoating then becomes a learned family pattern being repeated down through future generations with the parent designating a favorite child and a rejected child. The target’s of the abuse experiences bullying, exclusion, ostracism or later even expulsion.Why is a Child Chosen to Become the Scapegoat of the Family?There are different reasons one child is singled out to be made bad and picked on. Perhaps the child is viewed as vulnerable and the parent has the need to bully. Sometimes the scapegoated child is viewed as one who is weak and cannot defend himself. Or the child is hyperactive, non-compliant or acts out and hard for the parent to handle. At times the parent heaps on the blame because he cannot stand the child who has traits and characteristics that are similar to his own! Sometimes the child has personality traits that are similar to a disliked relative (She reminds me of my aunt Tillie whom I never liked.). Other children in the family can pick up the scapegoating pattern and join in taunting and hurting the scapegoated child. In extremely dysfunctional families, the parent may goad the other children to pick on the disfavored one. https://lynnenamka.com/narcissism/scapegoating-insidious-family-pattern/

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Racism & Scapegoating – Ikolet HutchinsonOne of the most painful things for a child is to be the scapegoat of the family. The scapegoated child in the family is the rejected one or the child who was picked out to be abused. Scapegoating is a serious family dysfunctional problem in which one member of the family or a social group is blamed for small things, picked on and constantly put down. It’s a generational pattern of abuse that is passed down to the children.One or both parents made a decision that somebody in the family has to be the bad guy. The mother or father makes one child bad and then looks for things (sometimes real, but most often imagined) that are wrong. Blaming and shaming are heaped on one child. The scapegoated child feels different and abandoned. Scapegoating then becomes a learned family pattern being repeated down through future generations with the parent designating a favorite child and a rejected child. The target’s of the abuse experiences bullying, exclusion, ostracism or later even expulsion.Why is a Child Chosen to Become the Scapegoat of the Family?There are different reasons one child is singled out to be made bad and picked on. Perhaps the child is viewed as vulnerable and the parent has the need to bully. Sometimes the scapegoated child is viewed as one who is weak and cannot defend himself. Or the child is hyperactive, non-compliant or acts out and hard for the parent to handle. At times the parent heaps on the blame because he cannot stand the child who has traits and characteristics that are similar to his own! Sometimes the child has personality traits that are similar to a disliked relative (She reminds me of my aunt Tillie whom I never liked.). Other children in the family can pick up the scapegoating pattern and join in taunting and hurting the scapegoated child. In extremely dysfunctional families, the parent may goad the other children to pick on the disfavored one. https://lynnenamka.com/narcissism/scapegoating-insidious-family-pattern/

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Racism and Scapegoating- Britney Dainard 

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Racism and Scapegoating- Britney Dainard 

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Scapegoating is a person who is blamed for wrongdoings, mistakes of others or faults for no explained reason.  For example, When three employees plan a prank together and then blame it on one person, getting him fired, the person who was blamed is an example of a scapegoat.

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I think the cause of all this is because people are unwilling to face their deficiencies and mistakes squarely. There is a couple on YouTube who blamed those who had Chinese faces, masks and protected themselves in their videos, calling them virus carriers. I think they mistake these people as scapegoats. The cause of New Coronary Pneumonia is not in these people, but the couple mistakenly regarded them as carriers of the virus because of racism, and even laughed at them.

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Racism and Scapegoating by Rhonda Brazeau

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Racism and Scapegoating by Rhonda Brazeau

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I'm going to refer to a press conference from the US on Wednesday afternoon by Donald Trump, where he specifically accused China was to blame for the vast spread of the Corona virus due to lack of proper information. Considering that this president did call the virus a hoax, prior to scientific research proving otherwise, this is a perfect example of scapegoating to China in making himself look good while under scrutiny for not taking matters seriously, in my opinion.
President Trump has created yet another purpose for racism towards the Chinese people that both live abroad and in the US. He has created division among people instead of unity at a time where everyone must stand together and help each other no matter what race.

Work cited:
Subramanian, C., Wu, N., & Jackson, D. (2020, March 20). Trump uses China as a foil when talking coronavirus, distancing himself from criticism. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/03/20/coronavirus-trump-blames-china-distancing-himself-fallout/2876983001/

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Racism and Scapegoating .

First Nations are a direct coloration towards racism and scapegoating. I think this due to what we have studied throughout the course and how this article of how Canadians and companies threaten them over their protest over the growth of the pipelines that go over the first nations land. In the article gives information towards how during their protest they were called racial slurs and judged over their rights towards free speech. This whole demonstration envelopes how the government thinks they can just walk over them and not value their opinion. In the end the First Nations were in Canada first and it seems the government always leaves them off the table when they are making Canada a greater place.

First Nations receive death threats over Canada pipeline battle-Brandi Morin 1 Mar 2020

https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/nations-receive-death-threats-canada-pipeline-battle-200301054458822.html

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A book written by Stephen King describes the events of a penitentiary death row in 1932. A very large black man (John Coffey) is imprisoned at the penitentiary for raping and murdering two white girls. A guard has suspicions throughout his time there that John is innocent, and is eventually proven right when it is discovered that another white man at the penitentiary is the real murderer of these two girls. This is an example of scapegoating because the black man is found to be guilty of the murder instead of the true culprit.

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In recent news with this new virus Covid-19 there has been a big example of scapegoating. Ignorant people are essentially assigning asians the blame. This is what happens when someone is scapegoated. This is causing people to be racist towards asians for no reason because of the way it has originated in China. Innocent people are suffering because of racial comments.

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Racism and Scapegoating

Scapegoating can be used as picking a innocent person and getting blamed for something out of their control. This recently happened with Asians. Due to this COVID-19 virus most of the population has been blaming all Asians or people that look like Asians for causing this virus. Kids are getting spit on and bullied because of this.

Another look at this is people of colour do not fit the beauty standards. In India bleaching cream is a very popular product. The advertisements basically tell the audience to be pretty you must be fair or white.

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Scapegoating is falsely blaming someone else for something bad. Usually black young males or people of color are are used as scapegoat in the places where dominants are whites.

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Racism and scapegoating.
This is cleally seen in the case of the  cental park five, where five coloured boys 14-16 years of  in the city of new york were accused of raping a white  lady and  were accused based on their colour and partially coersed police confessions they were  charged with attempted murder, rape and assult and  finally sent to jail for more than 13 years.(Harris 2019). Despite all that they maintained their innocence and they were exonerated. Finally Matias Reyes who was the actual rapist confessed into raping the woman. All these acusations was due to racism and scapegating
Aisha H. (2019). When the see us. New york times. retrived from
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/30/arts/television/when-they-see-us.html

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A racist scapegoat in society can be To Kill A Mockingbird. This is because the book deals with racism and the black man Tom was used as a scapegoat for sexual assault in the book, causing Atticus and Scout emotional turmoil. Racism itself comes from past prejudice and unfair judgements based on something as little as skin colour. This is ridiculous and disgusting that we as a human race have ever behaved and discriminated in such a way, and it is awful that racism is still occuring in society today.

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Pandemic Crisis’s - By Kelsey Piszczek In the past there has been other pandemic’s such as SARS, EBOLA, and now very recently the big Pandemic is The Coronavirus. Since the virus has come about we have seen “darker side of human nature and our responses to new diseases and other catastrophic events: mistrust, fear and outright racism. Here in Canada, we have seen racism and stereotyping of the Chinese community as the number and location of cases of Coronavirus have spread and fear of the outbreak festers (Pasch, 2020).” Scapegoating has been common in all pandemic events. It lays the blame on the first people who experience the start of the Pandemic. China is experiencing the scapegoating because they tried to hide the virus for a few weeks before the virus got out of hand. China is now blamed for creating this pandemic. 

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Pandemic Crisis’s - By Kelsey Piszczek In the past there has been other pandemic’s such as SARS, EBOLA, and now very recently the big Pandemic is The Coronavirus. Since the virus has come about we have seen “darker side of human nature and our responses to new diseases and other catastrophic events: mistrust, fear and outright racism. Here in Canada, we have seen racism and stereotyping of the Chinese community as the number and location of cases of Coronavirus have spread and fear of the outbreak festers (Pasch, 2020).” Scapegoating has been common in all pandemic events. It lays the blame on the first people who experience the start of the Pandemic. China is experiencing the scapegoating because they tried to hide the virus for a few weeks before the virus got out of hand. China is now blamed for creating this pandemic. 

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Bibliography

Pasch, K. (2020, 03 12). Coronavirus. Retrieved 03 19, 2020, from Conversation.com : https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-the-latest-disease-to-fuel-mistrust-fear-and-racism-130853

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Macey Schweller - Scapegoat (Leon Trotsky)

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Macey Schweller - Scapegoat (Leon Trotsky)

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One example of someone used as a scapegoat in the past is Leon Trotsky. He was a politician in Russia and lived from 1879-1940. He supported Vladimir Lenin during the Russian Revolution. Trotsky became one of the original members of the “Politburo” in 1917, which was a policy making committee for the newly formed Soviet Union. After Lenin became sick, Trotsky strived to opposed Joseph Stalin, who led the USSR. Eventually, Lenin died in 1924, and Stalin gained enough support to kick Trotsky out of the Politburo. He was completely expelled from the communist party and exiled to Kazakhstan in 1928, followed by a deportation out of the Soviet Union the following year. Trotsky continued to oppose Stalin’s “reign of terror” from other places, and was assassinated in 1940. Stalin even awarded the assassin for this murder. After his death, any positive images about Trotsky were erased and he was portrayed by Stalin as being responsible for everything wrong in Russia. Even those who formerly supported Trotsky were executed. Although Trotsky did cause harm, there is no doubt that Stalin used him as a scapegoat to blame much of the failings of his communist government on.

Source: History Collection. (n.d.). 18 Times in History That a Scapegoat was Blamed and People Fell For It. Retrieved from https://historycollection.co/18-times-in-history-that-a-scapegoat-was-blamed-and-people-fell-for-it/17/

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Racism and scapegoating is seen in the the story of the central park five in the year 1989. The story was about five young men who were then between the age of 14 - 16 years then were accused of assult and rape of a white female jogger and eventually convicted  based on police coerced confessions , they were randomely picked bassed on their colour black and white and convicted and charged with attempted muder, rape,  and assult, each spent over 13 years in prison. This case symbolises the injustices of black and brown people within the legal justice system. These 5 men, the  then boys maintained their innocence throughout the case, trial and even prison time and they were  all exonerated. Finally the actual rapist Matias Reyes confessed. Even though the five men were compensated all that could not bring back their childhood and the pain that they went through. There had to someone as a scapegoat and it just happened to be the 5 young five young boys then.
Aisha H. (2019). When they see us. New York times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/30/arts/television/when-they-see-us.html

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bringing in a comparative focus - Shelby Wright

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bringing in a comparative focus - Shelby Wright

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The first thing to note at this point is the implication that legal racial domination was likely not an artifact of social dysfunction after all. We tend to see such segregation as an unfortunate but inescapable legacy from past prejudice. I suggest, instead, that racist practices were deliberate and ongoing choices designed to address a more pressing problem— White conflict threatening a unified nation-state and functioning economy. Indeed, these racist policies were repeatedly refined and heightened precisely because they worked at resolving the problem of intra-White conflict, thereby serving the interests of those who sought national unity and development, and profited from them. Segregation, later apartheid, helped ease the English-Afrikaner conflict because exclusion of Blacks was the one thing Whites agreed upon. Similarly, in the United States, although tensions between North and South did not disappear, they diminished enough for the Union to be stabilized, and the exclusion of Blacks appeased the South enough to make this possible.

"Racial Trends and Scapegoating: Bringing in a Comparative Focus." National Research Council. 2001. America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume I. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9599."

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bringing in a comparative focus - Shelby Wright

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bringing in a comparative focus - Shelby Wright

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The first thing to note at this point is the implication that legal racial domination was likely not an artifact of social dysfunction after all. We tend to see such segregation as an unfortunate but inescapable legacy from past prejudice. I suggest, instead, that racist practices were deliberate and ongoing choices designed to address a more pressing problem— White conflict threatening a unified nation-state and functioning economy. Indeed, these racist policies were repeatedly refined and heightened precisely because they worked at resolving the problem of intra-White conflict, thereby serving the interests of those who sought national unity and development, and profited from them. Segregation, later apartheid, helped ease the English-Afrikaner conflict because exclusion of Blacks was the one thing Whites agreed upon. Similarly, in the United States, although tensions between North and South did not disappear, they diminished enough for the Union to be stabilized, and the exclusion of Blacks appeased the South enough to make this possible.

"Racial Trends and Scapegoating: Bringing in a Comparative Focus." National Research Council. 2001. America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume I. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9599."

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bringing in a comparative focus - Shelby Wright

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bringing in a comparative focus - Shelby Wright

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The first thing to note at this point is the implication that legal racial domination was likely not an artifact of social dysfunction after all. We tend to see such segregation as an unfortunate but inescapable legacy from past prejudice. I suggest, instead, that racist practices were deliberate and ongoing choices designed to address a more pressing problem— White conflict threatening a unified nation-state and functioning economy. Indeed, these racist policies were repeatedly refined and heightened precisely because they worked at resolving the problem of intra-White conflict, thereby serving the interests of those who sought national unity and development, and profited from them. Segregation, later apartheid, helped ease the English-Afrikaner conflict because exclusion of Blacks was the one thing Whites agreed upon. Similarly, in the United States, although tensions between North and South did not disappear, they diminished enough for the Union to be stabilized, and the exclusion of Blacks appeased the South enough to make this possible.

"Racial Trends and Scapegoating: Bringing in a Comparative Focus." National Research Council. 2001. America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume I. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9599."

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bringing in a comparative focus - Shelby Wright

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bringing in a comparative focus - Shelby Wright

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The first thing to note at this point is the implication that legal racial domination was likely not an artifact of social dysfunction after all. We tend to see such segregation as an unfortunate but inescapable legacy from past prejudice. I suggest, instead, that racist practices were deliberate and ongoing choices designed to address a more pressing problem— White conflict threatening a unified nation-state and functioning economy. Indeed, these racist policies were repeatedly refined and heightened precisely because they worked at resolving the problem of intra-White conflict, thereby serving the interests of those who sought national unity and development, and profited from them. Segregation, later apartheid, helped ease the English-Afrikaner conflict because exclusion of Blacks was the one thing Whites agreed upon. Similarly, in the United States, although tensions between North and South did not disappear, they diminished enough for the Union to be stabilized, and the exclusion of Blacks appeased the South enough to make this possible.

"Racial Trends and Scapegoating: Bringing in a Comparative Focus." National Research Council. 2001. America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume I. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9599."

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The first thing to note at this point is the implication that legal racial domination was likely not an artifact of social dysfunction after all. We tend to see such segregation as an unfortunate but inescapable legacy from past prejudice. I suggest, instead, that racist practices were deliberate and ongoing choices designed to address a more pressing problem— White conflict threatening a unified nation-state and functioning economy. Indeed, these racist policies were repeatedly refined and heightened precisely because they worked at resolving the problem of intra-White conflict, thereby serving the interests of those who sought national unity and development, and profited from them. Segregation, later apartheid, helped ease the English-Afrikaner conflict because exclusion of Blacks was the one thing Whites agreed upon. Similarly, in the United States, although tensions between North and South did not disappear, they diminished enough for the Union to be stabilized, and the exclusion of Blacks appeased the South enough to make this possible.

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The first thing to note at this point is the implication that legal racial domination was likely not an artifact of social dysfunction after all. We tend to see such segregation as an unfortunate but inescapable legacy from past prejudice. I suggest, instead, that racist practices were deliberate and ongoing choices designed to address a more pressing problem— White conflict threatening a unified nation-state and functioning economy. Indeed, these racist policies were repeatedly refined and heightened precisely because they worked at resolving the problem of intra-White conflict, thereby serving the interests of those who sought national unity and development, and profited from them. Segregation, later apartheid, helped ease the English-Afrikaner conflict because exclusion of Blacks was the one thing Whites agreed upon. Similarly, in the United States, although tensions between North and South did not disappear, they diminished enough for the Union to be stabilized, and the exclusion of Blacks appeased the South enough to make this possible.

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Marie Antoinette was married to Louis XVI in order to repair the relationship between Austria and France. Austria was an enemy of France. Marie Antoinette was a victim of ridicule because she took too long to have a child. When the French Revolution occurred, the hardships of France increased. The citizens of France blamed Marie Antoinette for all the financial hardships that France was having instead of blaming Louis XVI. She was forced into a political position that she was not mentally prepared for and was forced into an unhappy marriage which caused her to make some bad decisions. The long time hatred that the French had for Austria led Marie Antoinette to become the perfect scapegoat for the financial  position that France was in at the time. She was executed on October 16th, 1793.
Citation: Fraser, Antonia. Marie Antoinette. London: Random House of Canada, 2001. Print.