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What is a Microcontroller?
It is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation  in an embedded system.

There are many microcontrollers available, which you choose should depend on:

Technical requirements of the use case, e.g. number of inputs/outputs required

How easy the microcontroller is to programme

How the microcontroller can be powered, e.g. Mains, large/small battery

The range of accessories available and if you can find one appropriate for your use case.

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It is a light source that emits light when a current runs through it.

The colour of the light is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap. To change the colour you alter the levels of output from the three main lights, red, blue and green.

They come to full brightness immediately without any warm-up delay.

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Prime source of motion in mechanical systems. Turns a electrical current input into a rotation. Speed and direction can be controlled by a microcontroller

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There are two types of motors AC and DC motor the difference between them is that DC motors are powered from direct current and AC are powered from alternating currents.

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A component to boost the output current
Some output devices need drivers between the microcontroller & output device.  The driver component is called a MOSFET. it has a named drain (d), gate (g) and source (s).

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The microbit is used for educational purposes, and teaches students how an input is turned into an output.

The input comes from code which is written on a computer, and then transferred from the computer into the microbit through a USB.

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Used for electronics projects. The Arduino can come with a kit with different components and inputs and outputs. Arduino also has an IDE where you can programme different functions for differnt components

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Components such as accelerometers  and sensors process the information that they receive - the output is light from however many of the 25  ,  this only happens if a certain code is downloaded via USB.

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A buzzer is an electronic audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Examples of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

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Used for educational purposes, and demonstrates basic flowchart processes. Comes in a range of different types that can prioritise space or functionality

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A Crumble controller is a programmable microcontroller which has 4 inputs and output pads, which can be easily connected to LEDs, switches and LDRs. The most common attachment to them are crocodile switches as they are easily connectible, and the Crumble controller can run 2 motors.

The software to run Crumble is compatible with PC and Mac and Linux. The program is built by connecting command blocks together. Running the program on Crumble is almost instant which allows for rapid experimentation. The Crumble microcontroller can be extended with coloured LEDs, called Sparkles.

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Speakers. Speakers are one of the most common output devices used with computer systems. ... Speakers are transducers that convert electromagnetic waves into sound waves. The speakers receive audio input from a device such as a computer or an audio receiver.

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DC motors are the most common type and their speed and direction can be both be controlled using microcontroller.

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A Type of arduino board