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1. Landslides are defined as a mass movement of rock, debris, or earth on the slope and have come to include a broad range of motions whereby falling, sliding, and flowing under the influence of gravity dislodging earth material.

2. Take place in conjunction with

1. Earthquakes.

2. Floods/ prolonged rainfall.

3. Volcanoes.

3. Hilly terrains are highly sensitive to landslides - Himalayas and Western Ghats.

4. Landslides can do great damage and change the land very quickly.

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1. The objective of landslide information is to identify which relatively landslide-susceptible areas are best suited for what types of development activities.

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1. Topples-This occurs due to fractures in rocks. It causes tilting for gravitational pull without collapsing.

2. Falls- This involves the collapse of rocks or debris from a cliff or slope. It results in the collection of debris at the base of a hill.

3. Spread- It occurs in gentle slopes where soft debris or other materials are widely available.

4. Slides- It occurs when debris, rocks, or soil slide through a slope.

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1. Deforestation.

2. Shifting Cultivation.

3. Heavy Rainfall and Earthquakes.

4. Mining.

5. Urbanization.

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1. Mud, debris, and rocks slide from the slope during landslides. This restricts human movement and creates a traffic barrier on highways and railway lines.

2. Loss of human lives is one of the severe effects.

3. It damages houses, roads, and buildings. This further creates a financial burden for rebuilding infrastructure to rehabilitate the masses.

4. The debris sliding down from slopes block the river channel fully or partially. This makes it difficult for locals to get the water supply.

5. Landslides also increase the risk of floods. It is because the debris increases the river sediment. As a result, irregular course rivers become frequent, resulting in floods.

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Moderate-Low Vulnerable Landslide Zones

Trans Himalayan region

Spiti of Himachal Pradesh

Aravalli mountains

Deccan Plateau

Chhattisgarh

Jharkhand

Odisha

High Vulnerable Zones

Northeastern region

Eastern Ghats

Konkan Hills

Nilgiris

Very High Vulnerable Zones

Andaman and Nicobar Island

Western Ghats

Darjeeling

Sikkim

Uttarakhand

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1. The Government of India has made plans to identify the areas where landslides occur repeatedly. This is achieved through Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) maps which show areas in different colors. Red, Yellow, and Green signify dangerous, cautious, and safe in Hilly regions of the Coast, Himalayas, and rough terrain.

2. To draw up a strategy of action for monitoring the impact of landslides.

3. To provide advice and guidance to State Governments on various aspects of landslide hazard mitigation.

4. To monitor the activities related to landslide hazard mitigation including landslide hazard zonation.

5. To evolve an Early Warning System and Protocols for landslide hazard/ risk reduction.

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1. The Fifteenth Finance Commission has recommended an allocation of Rs 1.6 lakh crore to the state disaster risk management fund (SDRMF), which also includes the SDRF, from FY22 to FY26.

2. Union Home Minister has approved ₹1,682.11 crores of additional Central assistance under the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) to five States and one Union Territory for floods/landslides that occurred during the year 2021.

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1. The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to ,land and loss of natural resources.

2. Landslide material can also block rivers and increase the risk of floods. They also have a devastating effect on farmers’ livelihoods as they can prevent access to land for years, destroy seed and food stocks, and will commonly result in the loss of livestock and standing crops.

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1. Landslides are one of the major disasters which affect 15% of the landmass.

2. Its leads to the destruction of life and properties.

3. Disaster management of landslides is an important step towards reducing the event's effect.

4. Disaster management should be practiced by all individuals and the community in pre- and post-disaster situations.