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Case Study: Somalia as a Watershed

1. Wars as the Genesis for Security Governance

2. Mechanisms for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes,

3. Collective Security, Enforcement, and Sanctions

4. Peace Operations

1. Distinguishing Between Enforcement and Peacekeeping

2. Traditional Peacekeeping

3. Complex, Multidimensional Peacekeeping

4. Postconflict Peacebuilding and Statebuilding

Cambodia: Experimenting with interim administration

5. Arms Control and Disarmament

6. Dealing with Terrorism as a Threat to Global Peace and Security:

The al-Qaeda–linked terrorist organization al-Shabab is still active in the nation, has bombed and raided Uganda and Kenya, and recruits Somali Americans, making it a danger to the US. Thus, Somalia provides an excellent case study of contemporary threats to international peace and security and the governance dilemmas posed by changing armed conflicts, state failure, complex humanitarian crises, internationally linked terrorist groups, and the links between nonstate actors and criminal activities.

7. Challenges of Human Security

difficult to get states to contribute military forces (or other types of personnel) for peace operations.

less willing to allow their troops to participate.

Sexual misconduct by some peacekeepers has created thorny issues for both the DPKO and contributing states.

Civilian police forces are considerably tougher to recruit for peace operations than military troops since few governments have police personnel trained for international tasks and scenarios that may be extremely different from what they are used to.

few states have women military or police to offer.

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What is Global Governance?
It is the term used to capture the complexity and dynamism of collective efforts by states and non-states actors to counter arising problems.

Why the growing need for global governance now?
Because of:

Globalization: fundamental shift/transformation from past-> present

Technological advancement

The end of Cold war: International system shifted from bipolar->multipolar

The growth of transnationalism: when a state & non-state actors work together across the state border.

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The Theoretical Foundations of Global Governances

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The Theoretical Foundations of Global Governances

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Why theory?
Theories are the set of various aspects, descriptions, explanations, and predictions of international relations based on a set of key ideas about the nature and roles of individuals, conceptions of the state, sovereignty, and interactions among states and other actors, as well as conceptions about the international system.

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Historical context

Theories

Information

Data collecting

Level of certainty

What is it based on:

A set of key ideas about the nature and roles of individuals,

Conceptions of the state, sovereignty,

And interactions among states and other actors,

Conception about the international system.

Why do we need to understand?

addressing questions of "who governs,"

how governance occurs and with what effects, at different points in time.

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What are the theories of global governance?

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What are the theories of global governance?

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5 Major Theories

1. Liberalism

Neo-liberalism

2. Realism

Neorealism

3. Social constructivism

4. The English school of thought: the combination of theories

5. Critical theory

Marxist & Neo-Marxist

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For liberals, individual human beings are the primary international actors.

States are the most important collective actors, but they are pluralistic not unitary actors.

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States live in a context of anarchy

Human Nature: selfish, greedy for power, and dire to dominate over other.

State is the main actor in international system.

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Constructivism, a relatively new approach to international studies focusing on the role of norms has become necessary in order to study the key pieces of global governance.

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Emerged in 1930 and rediscovered in 1980: remained from the medieval concept

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Critical theories challenge conventional wisdom and provide alternative worldviews. Critical theory prioritizes Marxist and Neo-Marxist views.

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Dependency theory

Critical Feminism

Securitization Studies

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States and their subnational and local jurisdiction

160s & their bureaucracies

NGOs: organizations, individuals who have influence but are not affiliated with states.

Experts and epistemic communities

Networks and partnerships

Multinational cooperations

Private foundations

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Process of Global Governance: Multilateralism Matters

The Varieties of Global Governance

Politics and Effectiveness of Global   Governance

Priorities of a leader: Economic Challenges

Collective changes

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 IGOs and Foundations of Global Governance 

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 IGOs and Foundations of Global Governance 

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The state system and its weaknesses:
the process of the international organization

Weakness:

growing international trade

migration

democratization

other developments affecting independence and limitation to the state’s sovereignty

tech innovation

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Early governance: The legacy of the 19th century 

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Early governance: The legacy of the 19th century 

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Legacy:

1. the concert of Europe

2. public international union

3. the Hague system

4. league of nations

5. the emergence of a common core of IGO’s structure

6. the UN system

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The expansion of functional and specialized organizations 

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The expansion of functional and specialized organizations 

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6 majors areas of governance evolution and IGOs core functions:

1. Efforts to address health (health and WHO)

2. Communication

3. labor issues and the international labor organization

4. the origin of Bretton Woods institution

5. the food and agricultural organization and int food regime

6. the UNHCR and international refugee regime

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Intl. Courts for adjudication and dispute settlement 

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Intl. Courts for adjudication and dispute settlement 

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the second Hague system established the “permanent court of arbitration”

| permanent court of int justice (PCIJ/PCJI): under League of Nations>> permanent

| Int court of justice (ICJ): under UN

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The Hague plays a fundamental role in establishing a lot of organizations. 

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The Hague plays a fundamental role in establishing a lot of organizations. 

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Intl and Regional Courts

Court OF Universal Scope

AD HOV CRriminal Tribunals

Regional Courts

Private INTL Arbitration

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UN is an intergovernmental organization created with the purpose to maintain international peace and security, and creating cooperation between nations.

founded: Oct 24, 1945.

Headquarters: NY

secretary general: Antonio Guterres

Members: 193 members
6 Main body/organs:

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UNSC:15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members)

veto vote, has a president rotates every month.

UNGA:193 member states, universal representation. once every year meet in the NY for annual General Assembly session. vote require 2/3rd of the majority.

ECOSOC: principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues. 54 members elected by UNGA. 3 years term.

SDGs: 17 Goals aim to reach by 2030.

TRUSTEESHIP: inactive. trusted territories

secretariat: secretary general and 10k UN staff( handles day to day work)

secretary general recommended by UNSC (5years term)

INCJ: judicial organ. settles intl disputes.

ECCC: cambodia khmer rouge court

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peace keepings mission: R2P

R2P: responsibility to protect

is to guarantee that the international community never again fails to end genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, which constitute mass atrocity crimes.

UDHR: universal declaration of human right

It asserts that human rights are universal, to be enjoyed by all individuals regardless of their identity or location. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains civic and political rights such as the right to life, liberty, freedom of expression, and privacy.

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Regionalism: political Ideology to increase political power, influence, and /or

self-determination of the people of one or more subnational regions.

Regional Organizations: (ROs) , (IOs ), incorporate international membership & encompass geo-

Political entities.

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Regionalism

"regionalism refers to three distinct elements: movements demanding territorial autonomy within unitary states; the organization of the central state on a regional basis for the delivery of its policies including regional development policies; political decentralization and regional autonomy".

delineated by administrative divisions, culture, language & religion.

demands to be strong in form of sovereignty, separatism, succession & independence.

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established to foster cooperation + political and economic integration.

reflect the patterns of development and history since

WWII

Fragmentation inherent in globalization

most work alongside with UN.

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the African Union (AU), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Arab League (AL), Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Council of Europe (CoE), Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), European Union (EU), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO), Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), Union of South American Nations (USAN).

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1940-1970

late 1980s

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Member states' assessed and voluntary contributions fund the United Nations. The General Assembly approves the annual budget and determines each member's contribution.

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it is not determined by region but the mutual objectives.
advantages of regionalism

free and open market, economic ties

stability

exchange and promote cultures

Disadvantages
inward-oriented: regional, protected or block the world movement: us vs them

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Africa: AU
Asia: ASEAN, ADB, ARF
America: Organization of American states

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(failed)

Warring tribes took control of Somalia in 1991 and 1992, destroying public order.

warfare, starving hundreds of thousands of people.

The Security Council now has no alternative but to decide to adopt more forceful measures” (UN 1992: 2).

20 years later, Somalia has finally established a national government and functioning economy, but an African Union peacekeeping force of over 21,000 personnel from six African countries is still deployed in the country; conflict and drought-induced famine remain a threat, killing over 200,000 people in 2011–2012; and more than 1 million Somalis are internally displaced and almost 1 million are refugees in neighboring Uganda.

In 2007, the UN Security Council authorized an African Union peace-keeping operation (AMISOM) to protect the transitional government.

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Reasons for Slow Development in Africa >> Crisis
War Crisis

Slavery

Colonization

people in multi-culture (many cultures) (diversified)

Somalia people living in bad condition

Rwanda Crisis

Nigeria Crisis

Food Crisis

Poverty

low living condition

Economic Crisis

Political Crisis

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:  an Ideology from the west to make people live harmoniously.

Free-trade

trade liberalization >> break the tariff barriers

capitalism: Humans are intelligent enough to make their interactions financially. >> that's why the west believes Capitalism can make people's lives better.

FBI provide > money > jobs > exchange technology. >> market

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State-owned

non-interference

Observations of Western commentators:

replacing trust in the free market for economic growth with "a more muscular state hand on the levers of capitalism"

an absence of political liberalization;

strong leading role of ruling political party;

population control

Chinese professor of international relations from Fudan University:

down-to-earth pragmatic concern with serving the people

constant trial and error experimentation

gradual reform rather than neo-liberal economic shock therapy

a strong and pro-development state

"selective cultural borrowing" of foreign ideas

a pattern of implementing easy reforms first, difficult ones later.

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Contemporary world:
liberal economic theory:

emphasize the role of the market, and trade: stimulate the individual act

MNCs represent the most

Interdependence between states, individual, and regional actors

Challenges:

the dependency

new economic order

To break the barriers between north and south >> resolution of the human development program.

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key to development

DCC:

free trade

Capital states have little control over the business. states have limitations in interference.

Competitive- Capitalist -no monopoly

BJC:

blend between socialism and capitalism

🧙🏻‍♀️

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Take One: Nonstate Actors as Initiators of Policy Change

The changes in the Tobacco market toward developing states ->NGOs got involved -> policy changes and Convention on Tobacco Control came into effect in 2005.

Take Two: The Dark Side of Non-state Actors

opening borders: allows entry for good-do-er thus come along the bad, Terrorists, organized crime, and people traffickers have exploited fewer trade and transit restrictions.  these dark-side players' have different roles, methods, and effects on international and local politics and global governance.

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NSAs work within the state-centric framework

they are not sovereign

but = do not have the same power resources as states

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NGOs/INGOs

Transnational Networks and Coalitions

Experts, Epistemic Communities

Multinational Corporations

Social Movements

Foundations and Global Think Tanks

Terrorist, Criminal, and Trafficking Groups and Networks

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is an organization form independently from gov't.

NGOs are generally the most visible of the NSAs

Some address a specific issue area

others are organized to address broad issues such as human rights, peace, or the environment.

Some provide services, humanitarian aid (Catholic Relief Services) or development assistance (Grameen Bank), while many do both.

Other NGOs are information-gathering and information-disseminating bodies (Transparency International).

E.g. World animal Protection
Function

Protect: farm animal, wild animal

Provide: foods, shelters, publications and news to educate people about animal protection

Stop: animal cruelty

Movement

call out, online petition, protect, help, and follow the wildlife code, brought awareness and share, to help people learn and change

Vision

tackle he root causes of animal cruelty

Funding

donations

Linkage to world issues

wildlife animal are important to nature

pets are important to its needed owner

reducing meat consumption -> better climate change

UN SDGs 13 Climate Change 15 Life on Land

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"Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss".

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transnational networks and coalitions build multilayer links between organizations that keep their organizational nature and memberships but increase power, information-sharing, and reach.
NGOs -> difficulty working with local ppls/groups -> TNC have better connections
Informal and formal linkages among NGOs and ad hoc groups on behalf of a certain issue (Third World Network, Landmine Survivors Network). Transnational advocacy networks are dedicated to promoting a specific cause (International Campaign to Ban Landmines).

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Transnational networks help professionals comprehend problems, frame them for debate, and provide solutions.

Experts were drawn from governments, research institutes, international organizations, and nongovernmental community

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Large, generally informal coalitions of mass publics, individuals, and organizations dedicated to major social change (e.g., international human rights movement, women’s movement).
Social movements use mass gatherings, rallies, and demonstrations, as well as public media, to address concerns and mobilize resources.

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Private actors doing business in three or more states whose goal is to make a profit (e.g., Nike, Shell Oil Company, Sony).

key actors, they have been for many years targets of international and state efforts to regulate their behavior.

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Nonprofit organization funded by individuals, families, or corporations, established for charitable or community purposes (e.g., Ford Foundation, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust).

Global think tanks provide research, analysis, and policy advice to governments and the public (e.g., Brookings Institution, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace).

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Terrorist, Criminal, and Trafficking Groups and Networks 

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Terrorist, Criminal, and Trafficking Groups and Networks 

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Transnational entities, often connected in networks that engage in crime, trafficking of drugs, arms, and people, as well as terrorism (e.g., Mafia, al-Qaeda).

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Nonstate actors need access to the places where decisions are made, where states try to reach consensus on norms and principles, form treaties and conventions that codify rules, coordinate their policies, resolve their disputes, and allocate resources to implement programs and activities, and where international bureaucrats work to play a role in global governance.

NGOs must be consulted, advocate, participate, contribute data, and vote to impact government and IGO policies and initiatives.

5 NGO activities w IGOs:

1. consultation in regime formulation and implementation,

2. lobbying,

3. monitoring of governmental actions,

4. international program implementation, and

5. decision making.

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Liberalist-state sovereignty compromised
Realist- NGOs are no threat to state sovereignty
Constructivist-recognizes the key roles of ideas and norms, hence NGOs is an important sources and transmitters.

In terms of size, resources, power, and legitimacy, NGOs clearly cannot and should not replace states and IGOs.

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3 out of 4 are being trafficked for sexual exploitation, and 1 out of 4 forced labour

Cause: Financial issues, one victims are poor and easily got fall for traps, two the industry makes a lot of money

first aids to individuals: security, education, independence, reintegration (legal ands, medical care, food, and counseling)

second aids to stakeholders: government, business, civil safety, media
Ex. in 2014 traffichers become increasingly active
(Middle East & North Africa)

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the Holocaust (Nazi Germany's genocide tendency against the Jews, Gypsies...)

can be found through:

religious tradition

Philosophers and political theorists

Roles of States

Protection of Human rights

Abusers of human rights: in authoritarian/autocratic/small states
ex. China (suppression of Uighurs & Tibetans)

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Global governance brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the level of the planet.

Global governance issues defy easy categorization.

Despite conventional IGO categorization, there are no obvious classifications. Like piracy and slavery, the trafficking of women and children is commercially driven yet breaches human rights.

Both developing new IGOs to address new issues and adding tasks to existing ones have been tried.

States and IGOs no longer solve major global issues alone. Civil society, NGOs, global advocacy networks, and social movements want government inclusion on many topics. Private enterprises are becoming essential partners and providers of resources that governments and NGOs cannot give.

Power diversity:

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New concepts like SDGs.

Filling information gaps, collecting data: domestic violence, terrorism, and corruption.

Promoting and monitoring goals: SDGs, global poverty...

Global agendas.

Flexibility.

Innovation.

Share data.

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Enforcement:

Reacting Quickly in a Crisis

Managing Large, Long-Term Projects on Behalf of Broad Goals

Coordinating the Activities of a Variety of Agencies

The Struggle to Deal with the Dark Side Within States

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The challenge of legitimacy

The challenge of accountability

The challenge of effectiveness

The dilemma of leadership

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1. Concert of Europe

2. League of Nations

3. the UN

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1. Early warning

2. diplomacy

3. disarmament

4. preventive

5. deployment

6. sanctions...

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Promote human security

Good governance

Equitable development

Respect for human rights

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the UN acts as a bridge to build cooperation between the UN, countries, NGOs, private sectors, as well as CSOs.