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Charles Finney was significant in his non-discriminatory views on religion. He changed American society by preaching that salvation was up to oneself, that one had the agency to choose.

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Charles Finney:
- Believed God welcomed anyone, any sinner
- It is up to one to choose their salvation, one is a "moral free agent"

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Evangelicalism was significant in how it democratized religious information. In addition, it changed American society (albeit temporarily) by interconnecting religion and equality.

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Evangelicalism:
- Spoke from memory, preached by spit balling in simple diction
- Initially very critical of slavery and advocated for gender equality but was scrapped b/c distaste from husbands/planters

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The revivals were significant in how it provided a sense of community for many families that migrated. In addition, it changed American society by further increasing the culture of reverence for religion.

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Revivals:
- Started with Evangelicals in the 1790s, would spread and particularly resonate with south
- Attractive for sense of community it provided to people living in new communities

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Dorothea Dix was significant in how she advocated for gender equality in spaces such as hospitals and jails. She changed American society by influencing lawmakers to create asylums for the mentally ill and improving hospital and jail infrastructure.

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Educational advances and prison reform (pt. 2)

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Educational advances and prison reform (pt. 2)

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Dorothea Dix:
- Set up charity schools to better American children, empathy came from being emotionally abused growing up
- Advocated for creating state asylums for mentally ill (insane women had been jailed with convicted men)
- Visited jails, almshouses, hospitals across various states, resulted in improvement of hospitals and prisons

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Advocating for education, Horace Mann was significant in this aspect as he wanted to better education systems. He changed American society by enacting longer school years, standardizing learning subjects, and hiring educated women as teachers.

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Horace Mann:
- Advocated to improve education, particularly at the elementary level
- Resulted in longer school years, standardization for subjects, educated women being hired as teachers

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Lucrecia Mott was significant in how she fostered the women's rights movement. She would change American society particularly through her organization of the Seneca Falls convention, further spreading ideas of women's rights.

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Lucrecia Mott:
- Organized Seneca Falls convention with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Started off as an advocate for abolishing slavery, would also become a women's right activist as a result

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton was significant in how she worked with Susan B. Anthony to bring tangible change for women's rights. She would influence American society primarily via legislation, where her efforts resulted in greater equality for blacks and women.

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
- Worked closely with Susan B. Anthony, and alongside Anthony she would help gain legal equality for women being able to manage their wages, own property, take full custody of children if widowed
- Began as an antislavery advocate, would also transition to women's rights advocate after being denied lecture spaces by men

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The Declaration of Sentiments was significant in its advocation for gender equality. It changed American society in how it furthered support for gender equality by spreading the word to more people.

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Declaration of Sentiments:
- Reinforced idea of gender equality, declared women and men to created be equal
- Asserted equality in all spheres, expansion beyond just being a housewife

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The Seneca Falls convention was significant as women rallied together to declare their equal rights to men. It impacted American society as it further popularized the gender equality movement.

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Seneca Falls:
- Attempted to get women more legal agency once married, goal of being able to own property
- Declared men and women to be created equal
- Opposed by most men and women, dismissed for not adhering to gender norms

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These anti-immigrant gangs were significant in how they reinforced popular, xenophobic opinion of the Irish and Germans. This impacted American society as this normalized a culture of unjust discrimination.

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Immigration and nativism and cities (pt. 3)

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Immigration and nativism and cities (pt. 3)

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NY anti-immigrant gangs:
- B'hoys gangs beat Irish young people in broad daylight
- Result of xenophobic sentiment, Irish people discriminated against b/c they were Catholic

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The German/Irish immigrants were significant because of the discrimination they faced in the U.S., despite being white. This discrimination perpetuated a culture of racism, as well as xenophobia, influencing American society based on racial stereotype.

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Immigration and nativism and cities (pt. 2)

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Immigration and nativism and cities (pt. 2)

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German/Irish Immigrants:
- Heavily persecuted against (typically of xenophobic motivations, also the fact they were Catholic)
- Irish were discriminated by employers, could only work very low skill jobs
- Germans discriminated against for love for beer

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The Know Nothing Party was important in its demonstration of a cultural, but also political shift in attitudes to immigrants, which was particularly xenophobic. This influenced American society as it encouraged people to develop a sense of superiority for being the "first immigrants."

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Know Nothing Party:
- Thrived in 1850s, had very anti-immigrant sentiments, particularly anti-Catholic
- Emphasized independent American identity, rejecting any foreign powers/potential influence

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Commercialized sex was significant because of the shift in culture it contributed to in terms of sex work. It impacted American society in how many men were clients and supporting such establishments had become ingrained in their routine.

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Changing values and urban pop culture (pt. 4)

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Changing values and urban pop culture (pt. 4)

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Commercialized Sex:
- Prostitution utilized for women to make money, job opportunities were few and far between
- Relatively normalized, married men had mistresses, working men would often visit said establishments

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The Temperance Movement was important in how it promoted abstaining from alcohol, encouraging Americans to engage in this course of action for their health. This impacted American society in how it resulted in the 18th amendment, which prohibited selling and producing alcohol, albeit temporarily.

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Changing values and urban pop culture (pt. 3)

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Changing values and urban pop culture (pt. 3)

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Temperance Movement:
- Favored abstinence from alcohol, gaining freedom by being "free from sin" (in this instance the sin was alcohol)
- Ultimate goal was to reduce alcohol consumption, perhaps not eliminate completely
- Americans had been consuming 7 gal of hard liquor/year

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The female moral reform society was significant in how it countered the recent boom of prostitution as a result of development of urban cities. In addition, it changed American society by changing attitudes towards sex work, as it had been quite normalized but was now deemed as a heavy sin.

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Changing values and urban pop culture (pt. 2)

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Changing values and urban pop culture (pt. 2)

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Female Moral Reform Society:
- Started by evangelical women in 1834; New York
- Highly opposed prostitution, which had been thriving as a result of booming urban cities
- Stigma created, deemed sex work a sin

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Minstresly was significant in how it contributed to further berating and racial stereotypes of Black people, all at their expense for the sake of entertainment. In addition, it changed American society by perpetuating the idea that Blacks were less than whites making racism even more rampant.

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Minstresly:
- Involved rural blood sports, animal fighting (rats and terriers), boxing
- Avenue for blackface, actors would sing and dance, expressed racist ideas on how blacks were lazy and not to be trusted
- Reformist could enjoy abolitionist lectures, an oxymoron

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The first ammendment was significant in its contributions to individual freedoms, although it wasn't completely followed. It would change American society as it made sure individuals were protected, and the federal government did not override them.

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Freedom of Religion (first ammendment):
- Established by the founding fathers who feared the government may favor a religion
- Wasn't strictly followed, as evidenced by the prosecution of Mormons

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Religious persecution (specifically against the Mormons) was significant because it would influence them to move elsewhere. In addition, this would change American society as violent attacks against the Mormons would decrease since they moved to Mexican land.

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Religious persecution:
- Joseph Smith Jr., founder of the Latter-day Church, faced lots of Protestant backlash for trying to find a place for his followers to settle in (Jackson County in Missouri)
- Illinois officials arrested Smith as he claimed to find a "revelation" that justified polygamy
- Smith and brother killed in prison by anti-Mormon mob, led to migration of Mormons

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The Mormon Trail was significant for its role as an avenue for the Mormons to escape prosecution. In addition, it changed American society in how Mormons would later create a state, or at least, the territory of Utah, demonstrating their political leverage as a result of their transportation through this route.

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Mormon Trail:
- Settled in, as well as passed through Mexican land with little Native Americans
- United States would later acquire these lands, leading for Mormons to advocate for their admission as a state
- Notably utilized the Oregon Trail, also crossed through Great Plains

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Brigham Young was significant in how he was the leader of Mormons, particularly those that valued polygamy, and led them to Utah. He influenced change in American society as his resistance against the banning of polygamy allowed for Utah to be ratified as a state, as a compromise, ban polygamy, but only as a formality (it was never strictly enforced).

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Brigham Young:
-  Led 6,500 Mormons as they fled the US to present-day Utah, established agricultural communities
- Named governor by Congress of the Utah Territory (est. 1850)
- Openly vowed to not obey federal law, believed in polygamy, President viewed this as a declaration of war and dispatched an army, resulted in massacre

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The significance of the Leaves of Grass derives from how it furthered individualistic ideals, prioritization of the individual over societal norms, as a result of its publication. Its publication, in addition, allowed for the spreading of transcendentalism, changing American society.

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Leaves of Grass:
- Series of poems that document Whitman trying to break the boundaries in society
- Heavily influenced by Emmerson and his individualistic ideals, particularly in celebrating the individual
- Whitman was idealistic in his literature but also wrote about the human condition, suffering

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Oneidas were significant in how they avoided monogamy. This changed American society as they partially rejected gender norms by allowing women to not become property to a husband.

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Oneidas:
- Focused on perfectionism, the idea that Christ had already accomplished the Second Coming, his followers were to be as sinless as possible
- Members were all married to each other, in turn rejected women from being property to a husband
- Sexual manipulation utilized by Noyes, fled to Canada to escape prosecution (adultery)

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Shakers were significant in their famously radical views of God, such as how God was simultaneously man and woman. In addition, they changed American society by providing gender equality, particularly positions of religious leadership, to women.

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Shakers:
- Americans viewed them with apprehensiveness, fearful of community-based property & vows to celibacy, as well as their dancing
- Radical in their views of God, believed he was both woman and man, thus religious leadership was vested in women and men
- Because of distaste for sexual intercourse, population increased with adoption of orphans and conversions

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Henry David Thoreau was significant in how he furthered individualistic ideas. In addition, he contributed to changes in American society, with these individualistic ideals, as a whole by publishing works heavily focused on transcendentalism.

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Henry David Thoreau:
- Inspired by Emerson's ideas, ventured out into woods in order to build reverence for natural world, be separated from society
- Also shared Emmerson's ideals in individualistic emphasis
- Believed in prioritizing what was right over what was not socially acceptable

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Ralph Waldo Emerson was significant in how he influenced American writers (and American literature as a result) to diverge from European cliches and be more organic to the American identity. In addition, he was significant in how he kickstarted the transcendentalism movement, which which allowed for a newer reverence for religion in American society, based on individualism derived from nature.

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Transcendentalism was significant and changed American society in its more tolerant ideals, such as its advocation for the abolitionist movement, which would create the foundation for the Civil War later on, as resistance against slavery grew stronger. In addition, it changed American society and was significant in how it advocated for the working class, working towards more equality in America.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson:
- Led transcendentalist movement, believed people, if they rediscovered their pre existing bond with nature, would reform
- Heavily emphasized individualism, particularly in literature, wanted American authors to diverge from European topics and focus on American experiences
- Resident/frequent visitor of Brook Farm, community-based experiment to shift away from work/consumption culture (believed it devalued spirituality, also Farm was an economic failure)

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Transcendentalism:
- Began in New England amongst people who questioned their Puritan roots
- Main ideal was individual self-realization; connecting with God typically through nature (nature imbued with God's presence)
- Individualistic, tended to reject tradition, emphasized self-discipline and civic duty
- Attempted to reform new market society via educating workers & abolitionist movements