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- provides barriers to isolate hazardous substances --> to reduce human/ environmental exposure

1. Material compatibility
2. Size of secondary containment
3. level of containments required
4. types of hazardous chemicals stored
5. amount of ventilation required

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Also links together with storage and transportation and waste disposal. --> to ensure that waste hazardous chemicals are properly carefully stored for disposal and ensure they meet requirements of the various regulations

(Produce SWP)

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Primary
- Safety glasses, goggles (basic protection from low-level activity)

Secondary
- Face shields - protect the entire face against exposure)

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Quantitative fit test (Measure quality of seal between users face and respirators)

Qualitative fit test (Performed on respirator user at breathing zone)

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Air purifying (eg: Powered, air purifying respirator)
- both non -powered and powered
-Removes contaminants from air
-Protection against particulate gases, vapors
-Negative pressured respirators

Air supplying (Self-contained breathing apparatus)
-Provide clean source of air
- Rely on pri air source to deliver steady flow of air to facepiece

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Hand protection (chemical and liquid resistant)

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Hand protection (chemical and liquid resistant)

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Rubber gloves (latex, butyl rubber, nitrile)
Plastic gloves (PVC, polyethylene)

The type of material, and level of protection. level of comfort, and limitations to be stated

Workers to be informed and communicated of the types of gloves selection and when to use (depending on the lab activity)

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Level A (Highest protection for skin, eyes, respiratory)
Level B (Highest protection for respiratory, less for skin)
Level C (Medium protection: air purifying respirator)
Level D(Low protection: spalshes, inhalation, skin contact -gloves, labcoat, safety glasses)

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Every company must have an emergency response cert
-> to show that the plan is approved and ready to use in the case of an emergency

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Types of different PPE used to manage hazardous substances

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Types of different PPE used to manage hazardous substances

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SWP for Handling chemicals for storage and transportation (safety precautions, proper PPE worn etc) --> also require safe work procedure, to help protect employees when handling chemicals

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- Looks at the compatibility of chemical to determine if they can be stored together or stored separately

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If contract work involving dangerous substances is done in the workplace, a safety system should be put in place.

• Safe work practices for both the organization's own employees AND the contract workers should be devised and implemented.

• To ensure that contractors take responsibility for the safety and health of their employees, safety and health performance and management should be included as a criterion when selecting contractors.

• Contract workers must be informed about the chemical hazards and trained on control measures for safe work with chemicals.

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1. Product identifier
2. Pictogram

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ERPG estimates the concentrations at which general public (except for sensitive individuals, e.g. sick, old or young children) will begin to experience health effects if they’re exposed to a hazardous airborne chemical for 1 hour

ERPG 1 --> Maximum airborne concentration below which nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or without perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.

ERPG 2 -->Maximum airborne concentration below which nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual's ability to take protective action

ERPG 3 --> Worst-case planning level. Maximum airborne concentration below which nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects

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The different types of chemical waste include liquids, sludge, solids, and mixed waste. They ought to be discarded as hazardous industrial waste.
• Toxic industrial wastes are wastes that need special handling, treatment, and disposal because of the potential harm they could cause to the environment or human health.
• The Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations of 1988 regulate the handling, transportation, treatment, and disposal of toxic industrial waste.

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Users are to be informed on the hazards, safe handling and first aid measures for the use of hazardous substances

Communication can be achieved by:

Prior to assigning tasks to new workers.

Whenever there is a change of hazardous substance used

Whenever there is new information on existing hazardous substance becomes available

Refresher course at least once a year

Topics for training:

Legal requirements on the control of hazardous substances Company policy and guidelines on the hazardous substances management

Risk assessment conducted for the use of hazardous substances.

Use of Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Labeling for chemical containers

Safe work procedures

Selection, fitting, use and maintenance of (PPE)

Emergency response procedures

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Effective Dose is used usually as a measurement of positive effects of therapeutic drugs. It can also be used for evaluating negative responses to chemicals which are minor and reversible (e.g. skin irritation that goes away).

Toxic Dose is used when the response to the chemical is toxic (i.e. an undesirable response that is not lethal but is irreversible, such as liver damage).

Lethal Dose is used when the response to the chemical is death.

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GHS labellling includes

1. Product identifier
2. Pictogram
3. Signal word
4. Hazard statement
5. Precautionary statement
6. Supplementary information
7. Suppliers information (Address, emergency contact number)

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Industrial (Occupational) --> Studies health effects from exposure to chemicals in the workplace such as occupational diseases.

Environmental --> Studies the effects of chemicals that contaminate air, water, soil, food on the natural ecosystems.

Clinical --> Studies the diseases and illnesses associated with exposure to chemicals, medicines and poison management.

Regulatory --> Developing concentration based standards for safe exposure to chemicals.

Forensics -->Studies cause and effect relationships between exposure to chemicals and their effects

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includes contractor carrying out a risk assessment before the contract work begins

Communicating the risk to the contract workers, and providing them with training to avoid the risk

When selecting contractors, a good health and safety track record should be one of the criteria before contracting them to work

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safety systems to be implemented if contract work involving hazardous chemical is being carried out in the workplace for the safety of both companies employes and contract workers

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Exposure rating, Corrective actions and Review and Record 

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Exposure rating, Corrective actions and Review and Record 

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If the chemical used is a liquid at room temperature, values for vapour pressure can be obtained directly from Safety Data Sheet (SDS).

As the vapour pressure depends on temperature, when the liquid chemical is used at a different temperature from what is being stated in SDS

Based on the risk levels, corrective actions have to be taken to reduce the risk of exposure.

This actions can further improve the standard operating procedures as well as for handling the chemicals.

Can involve infrastructure of area where activity is carried out --> Implemented before construction of area specifically for activity.

Records of risk assessment have to be kept permanently.

Review is needed when:
• There is a change in the volume of production, materials, processes or control measures
• A work-related ill health is reported
• Occurrence of accidents due to inadequate control

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Chemicals that are used or produced (e.g. raw materials, intermediates, main products and secondary products) are to be identified.

Physical form, i.e. solid, liquid, gas, vapour, dust, mist or fume of the chemicals that are used or produced are to be listed down.

The hazards posed by a chemical depends on its:
• Toxicity (carcinogen, systemic poisons: teratogen, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, etc.)
• Routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption, injection)
• Other factors (toxicological interactions: additive, synergistic, potentiating, antagonistic, etc.)

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Liquids, sludge, solids or mixed waste
t their nature and quality may be potentially detrimental to human health and/or the environment (require special management, treatment and disposal)

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1. First aid response
2. Fire Fighting procedure
3. Evacuation and rescue plan
4. Liaison with authorities and decontamination/emergency services company for response/ cleanup
5. Decontamination plan(if any)

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Emergency response and preparedness procedures have to be established to build resilient infrastructure and skilled workers in responding to any unplanned event that can result in:

- loss of lives
-  Environmental Pollution
- damage to infrastructure

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MUST BE:
- Documented
-Communicate internally through otganization
- Can be produced for inspection as and when needed

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Any procedure for carrying out work safety, and includes any procedure which is to be taken to protect the safety and health of persons in the event of an emergency.

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Pre-placement medical examination (within 3 months of employment)
Periodic Medical Examination (every 12 months)

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• The type of hazardous chemical kept; the levels of containment necessary

the compatibility of the chemical with the material.

the amount of ventilation necessary

the procedures that need be devised to train workers handling chemical storage

Special storage regulations for compounds that require a license, such as explosive precursors, poisons, flammables, etc.

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Least effective control method

Use of PPE doesn’t reduce or eliminate the hazard.

PPE is not suitable for continues use (creating other hazards due to the use of PPE, e.g. heat stress, dermatitis).

Defective/ ineffective PPE might expose the workers to hazard without the worker knowing.

Not suitable to be used for workers with underlying health problems.

Factors Determining PPE:

Exposure (concentration, Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL), Immediate Danger to Life or Health (IDLH))

Task-related factors (frequency, length of exposure, working environment, mobility, visibility)

Chemicals properties (physical form, vapour density)

Operator-related factors (medical fitness of users, physical characteristics, ethnic considerations, e.g. facial hair)

Environmental factors (humidity, temperature)

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-Any procedure for carrying out work safely, and includes any procedure which is to be taken to protect the safety and health of persons in the event of an emergency

-SWPs have to be Documented , Communicated , Can be produced for inspection as and when needed.

- Provision of suitable personal protective equipment in carrying out the work safely
- Safety precautions to be taken in the course of work and during an emergency

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Ensure safe use of hazardous chemicals by enabling users to:

Identify the hazards of the chemical

Assess the risk involved in handling the chemical

Take the precautionary measures to eliminate or minimize the risk

SDS provides a communication link between Chemical manufacturers Employers who:

purchase the chemicals

Employers and employees who use or handle the chemicals

Suppliers and factory occupiers

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• Procedures for the development and implementation of chemical selection and procurement should be created in order to assess the hazards and risks of new chemicals as well as processes involving chemicals.

Establishing an authority to approve the purchase of chemicals, assigning competent staff or a team of staff to assess potential risks and determine whether safer chemicals or processes can be used, requiring the requestor to conduct a risk assessment prior to submitting a purchase request,

requiring all chemical suppliers to provide safety and health information, such as Safety Data Sheets and GHS labels

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Company policy and guidelines on the hazardous substances management

Legal requirements on the control of hazardous substances

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1. Identification
2. Hazards identification
3. Composition/information on ingredients
4. First aid measures
5. Firefighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure controls / personal protection
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information 16.Other information

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Physical, Health and Environmental

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Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) 

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Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) 

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Covers all hazardous chemicals
Communication of chemical hazards is done via
- Chemical Hazard classification
- Chemical Product Labelling
- Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

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Responsibility and commitment of management

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Responsibility and commitment of management

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ensure the safe use of chemicals,

the protection of employees against chemical
hazards.

A broad strategy on how hazardous chemicals can be
managed should be outline by the management. This can
include:
• Control measures put in place
• Responsibilities of employees when dealing with
hazardous chemicals.

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Commitment of Management --> Hazards Identification & Rating --> Exposure Evaluation --> Assessing Risk

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The permissible exposure limit over a 15-min period during any working day.

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8. Workplace Monitoring and Medical Surveillance

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8. Workplace Monitoring and Medical Surveillance

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The permissible exposure limit over an 8-hour working day and a 40-hour work week.

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The maximum time weighted average concentration of a toxic substance to which any person may be exposed.

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- Effective Dose (ED50) --> dose at with 50% of the test subjects show a positive response

- Toxic Dose (TD50) --> dose at with 50% of the test subjects show a toxic effect

- Lethal Dose(LD50) --> dose at with 50% of the test subject die

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Study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms

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10. Emergency Planning and First Aid Procedures

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10. Emergency Planning and First Aid Procedures

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7. Safe Work Procedures and Personal Protective Equipment

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7. Safe Work Procedures and Personal Protective Equipment

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3. Register and Chemicals and Safety Data Sheet

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3. Register and Chemicals and Safety Data Sheet