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1381 - JOHN WYCLIFFE TRANSLATES THE BIBLE INTO ENGLISH

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1381 - JOHN WYCLIFFE TRANSLATES THE BIBLE INTO ENGLISH

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From the summer of 1380 to the summer of 1381, John Wycliffe was holed in his room at Queen's College making plans and a translation of the Bible into English. Shortly after the completion of this, his writings were banned from Oxford and all of his followers surrendered. Many biographers see him as "...the first Reformer, fighting almost alone the hosts of medieval wickedness.”

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wycliffe/Translation-of-the-Bible

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1411 - JAN HUS IS EXCOMMUNICATED AND EXECUTED BY THE CHURCH

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1411 - JAN HUS IS EXCOMMUNICATED AND EXECUTED BY THE CHURCH

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After refusing to obey the orders of the pope, Jan Hus was excommunicated by the Catholic Church. He continued to preach and teach people his ideas. The next year, the antipope John XXIII started selling indulgences in order to defeat his opposition. Jan Hus publicly and vehemently disagreed with the use of indulgences, which made the Church upset. This allowed them to take Hus to a trial, and ultimately burn him at the stake for his crimes. His ideas and writings "...were important in the development of the Czech language as well as in the theology of church reform."

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-Hus#ref3413

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1517 - MARTIN LUTHER POSTS HIS 95 THESES

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1517 - MARTIN LUTHER POSTS HIS 95 THESES

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Disgusted with the idea and the sale of indulgences, as well as other upsets, Luther nailed a list of 95 grievances he had with how the church was being run to the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. Scholars say his purpose in history "...was to spark the Protestant Reformation."

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther

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Soon after the postage of the 95 Theses, Pope Leo X made a papal bull demanding that Martin Luther recant his positions and renounce his words. Luther publicly burned the papal bull and refused to recant. Instead of being arrested and burned, he was brought in front of Diet in Worms to once again recant his teachings. He there refused as well. The Pope dismissed the Diet and Luther left Worms.  Soon after, the Edict of Worms "...banned Luther's writings and declared him a heretic and an enemy of the state."

https://www.britannica.com/event/Diet-of-Worms-Germany-1521

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1522 - LUTHER TRANSLATES NEW TESTAMENT INTO GERMAN

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1522 - LUTHER TRANSLATES NEW TESTAMENT INTO GERMAN

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After the Diet of Worms, Luther was hiding out in a castle in Wartburg. In this castle is where he spent several months. translating the New Testament into the German vernacular. During this time, there were two types of German, Low and High. Luther was fluent in both, so his translation was clear and easily accessible. This is significant not only because everyday Germans now had access to a Bible in their language, but in doing so, Luther "...also influenced the future of the German language.

"https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/luther-bible#:~:text=Luther's%20German%20translation%20of%20the,published%20in%20Wittenberg%20in%201534.

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The Act of Supremacy is an act that allowed Henry VIII as the “Supreme Head of the Church of England.” This action "...thereby severed ecclesiastical links with Rome." The act also required an oath of loyalty from English subjects that recognized his marriage to Anne Boleyn. It was repealed in 1555 under Mary I, but in 1559 Parliament adopted a new Act of Supremacy during the reign of Elizabeth I.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Act-of-Supremacy-England-1534

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The Council of Trent was a convening of powers in 1545 to revitalize and reorder the Catholic Church. They met 25 times in three periods over a span of 18 years. They discussed and debated over issues ranging from the sale of indulgences to the existence and point of purgatory, as well as papal duties and the role of saints. These meetings "...served to define Catholic doctrine and made sweeping decrees on self-reform, helping to revitalize the Roman Catholic Church in the face of Protestant expansion."

https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Trent

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The Peace of Augsburg was a Diet that was started by Charles V, though he was not present during the actual assembly. He didn’t want to deal with the religious compromises. Later, the Diet determined that no prince shall go to war over religious grounds. This "...saved the empire from serious internal conflicts for more than 50 years, and Germany thus emerged from the 16th century as a religiously divided country."

https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg

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John Calvin’s theology in The Institutes of the Christian Religion formed the basis for the adoption of Reformed theology in Europe and America. His idea of predestination was widely criticized and was considered too radical for the Catholic Church, who would later excommunicate and burn Calvin for his ideas. Institutes was "...important because it was a visionary exposition of theology, whereas the other Reformers’ theologies were reactionary in nature, being forged in the midst of conflict."

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Calvin

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The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a massacre of the Huguenots by the Roman Catholics. It happened in a two day span from August 24-25. This was significant because “...it radicalized the Huguenot movement.”

/www.britannica.com/event/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day