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Polish priest and mathematician. He denies the medieval belief. Inherited from the classical Greek astronomer Ptolemy (c. 90-168), that the Earth is the center of the universe, and develops the revolutionary theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun ( heliocentric theory) in his De Revolutions orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. completed 1530)

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English philosopher. His Novum Organum (1620) stresses the importance of proper scientific method: theories mush be supported by proof acquired expenmentation and obervation.

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Belgian physician and anatomist. In his De humani corporis fabrica libri septem ( Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body, 1543) he describes human anatomy more acccurately than the classical Greek scientist Galen (c. 130-201)y, whose works have been the standard reference throughout medieval Europe. His work brings a sentence of death from the Inquisition ( Catholic Church tribuanal) for immorality, but he is not executed.

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Italian mathematician and scientist. The first to use telescopes for astronomy. He describes the surface of the Moon and the rotation of the moons of Jupiter. Also establishes basic laws of motion from experinetation. He is arrested by the Inquistion and forced to recent endorserment of the helicontric theory mande in his Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo ( Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Word Systems, 1632)

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French philosopher and Mathematichan. Develops analytic geometry and other mathematical techniques useful in theoretical science. He believes that mathematical proof is the model for ratioal scientific inquiry. His best known philosophial work, Meditaiones de prima philosophia ( Meditations on first Philiosphy, 1641), emphasizes the importance of accepting only indubitable evidence.

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German mathematiction and astronomer. Accepts the heliocentric theory after examing data gathered by the Danish astronomer tycho Brahe ( 1546-1601). His Astrinomia nova ( New Astronomy, 1609). and De Harmonice mundi ( Hamonies of the world, 1619) explain that the orbits of the planets are elliptical and not crcular as Copemicus ghas sugggets.

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Irish philosopher and chernist. He investigates the properties of air and develop a theory describing the relationships between the perssue and volume of gasses ( known as Boyle's Law) . In the sceptical Chemist (1661) he questions the accepted belief that the world is made up of just four elements ( Earth, Air, Fire, and Water) and argues that they can be broken down into more fudamental, chemical elements.

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Dutch physicist and astronomer. He proposes the wave theory of light, discovers the ring of Satum, and bulids the first reliable pendulum clock ( origianally and ideas of Galileo's)

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Dutch biologist. He designs a powerful microscope and uses it to describe bacteria, protozoa, spermatoza, and blood cropuscles.

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French chemist. In traite eiementaire de chime ( Elementry Traitse on Chemistry, 1789) he describes the constitution gasses of air (calling the two most significant, oxegen and nitrogen), and show the combution can only take place in the presence of oxygen. Develops the more system for for naming chemical compounds and proses that matter in never destroyed in chemical reactions ( Laes of Conservation of Matter)

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English physicist and mathematicon. One of the greatest theoretical scientists in history. HE discovers the law of gravition fter studing Kapier's laws planetary monion, and formlastes three laws of montion wich form the basis og physics until the 20th centry (called Newtonain Mechanic). Also invents the reflecting telescope (uses a curved mirror to focus light), and develops the mathematical system known as calculus. Best known work in Philoshae naturals pincipa mathematica ( The Mathematical Principles of Natrul Philosophy, 1587)