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after the creation of nuclear weapons, the United states initiated the dropping of an atomic bomb names 'little boy' onto Japan. The bombs were aimed at two cites named Hiroshima and Nagasaki which happened August 6th and 9th in 1945. The goal of the bombing was to force Japan to surrender after the large lost of American soldier's lives.

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https://www.icanw.org/

https://www.britannica.com/

https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/

https://www.loc.gov/

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/

https://www.trumanlibraryinstitute.org/

https://www.loc.gov/

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/

https://www.army.mil/d-day/history.html

https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/

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After Japan launches a surprise attack onto an America naval base in Hawaii, America decides to join the war. America was allied with Great Britain and the soviet Union within the war. The nations economic struggle was benefited after America joined the war from the prior depression.

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many technologies were created during world war 2 in order to help make advances on different territories. The most popular creation was the atomic bomb which was made to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Another helpful device was the radar which was used during combat which could pick up upcoming aircrafts.

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The D-day invasion was an attack led by Europe which used land air and sea to advance. Over 850,000 men landed on Normandy beaches making this the largest invasion in military history. This invasion concluded in the defeat of German Nazis.

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The axis of powers consisted of Germany, Italy and Japan. Their opposition included Great Britain, The united states, and the soviet union. The alliance began from a series of agreements between Germany and Italy.

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As America, Germany and France advanced on Germany from the west alongside soviets entering from the east, Germany had little to no choice but to surrender. To ensure Germans could not wring concessions from the western allies the 'German instrument of Surrender' was created. After Germany surrendered, American troops could now direct their attack's toward Japan.

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https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-american-home-front-and-world-war-

ii.htm#:~:text=People%20moved%20to%20new%20places,country%2C%20often%20including%20worker%20housing.

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-midway

https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/world-war-ii/1942/operation-torch.html

https://www.historylink.org/File/7217

https://goletahistory.com/attack-on-ellwood/

https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/photography/wwii/wwii-europe/italian-campaign/battle-anzio.html

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In November 1944 and April 1945, Japan launched over 9,000 fire balloons toward North America. These balloons landed in North America, hoping to cause forest fires, and other various damage. Casualties were six people (five children and a woman) it was the only deaths due to enemy action to occur on mainland America during World War II. One of the children tampered with a bomb from the balloon near Bly, Oregon in the United States and it exploded.

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It was nearly 70 days after the attack on Pearl Harbor when a Japanese I-17 long range submarine   appeared off the coast of Ellwood at the Barnsdall-Rio Grande Oil Field. Captain Kozo Nishino ordered his deck gun cleared for action. The crew took aim at the Richfield fuel tank just beyond the beach. The Japanese opened fire about 15 minutes later, the first rounds landing near a storage facility. Though the damage was minimal, the event was key in triggering the West Coast invasion scare and influenced the decision to intern Japanese-Americans.

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The American Home Front and World War II-Roslyn A.

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The American Home Front and World War II-Roslyn A.

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World War ll affected the lives of Americans on the home front as well. People moved to new places across the country to work and to train and their lives changed. Factories re-tooled and ran around the clock to produce weapons and other military supplies. New industrial centers were created across the country, often including worker housing.

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The fort Stevens attack was the only attack on an American military installation during World War ll. The Japanese submarine surfaced in the Columbia river, and fired upon Fort Stevens. The submarine was spotted, and was attacked by a US bomber immediately, but it escaped.

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On June 4, aircraft from four Japanese aircraft carriers attacked and severely damaged the US base on Midway. Unknown to the Japanese, the US carrier forces were just to the east of the island and ready for battle. After their attacks, the Japanese aircraft headed back to their carriers to rearm and refuel. Over the next two days, the US troops at sea and on Midway continued their attacks, forcing the Japanese to abandon the battle and retreat.

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To open a second front on the Axis powers, the Allies chose to invade on French North Africa. The Allied Naval Force was commanded by Admiral Sir Andrew B. Cunningham. The French forces were under Admiral Felix Michelier. The three key landing locations each had a separate task force. This operation gave the Allies a base for future operations. Six months after, all of North Africa would be cleared of Axis forces, opening the way for the invasion of Italy.

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Attempting to free Italy, the Allies land at Anzio, catching the Germans by surprise and quickly securing a beachhead during Operation Shingle. However, there were continued Axis resistance and counter-attacks, resulting in a stalemate that doesn't end until the fall of Rome. It was seen as a failure for the Allies, even though it does keep German troops from moving to France in the days before the invasion at Normandy.

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The battle of Wake Island consisted of three coral islets, which are Wilkes, Peale, and Wake, in the central Pacific ocean. A small group of American Marines and civilian defenders engaged the Imperial Japanese Navy throughout the combat, which resulted in the island's capture but not before big casualties. The reason for the attack was because the American naval planners saw the Wake Island as an ideal site for an advance defensive outpost.

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Naval Battle of Guadalcanal - Amanda He 

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Naval Battle of Guadalcanal - Amanda He 

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The multiphase Naval Battle of Guadalcanal was a series of air and sea battles that were intimately associated with an attempt by the Japanese to improve their land forces on the island. In an effort to recapture Henderson field, the Japanese planned a second Guadalcanal convoy at the beginning of November. They sent 7,000 soldiers and their gear along. Japanese forces were ordered to bombard Henderson Field with their troop landings.

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Between May 4 and 8, 1942, a series of naval actions occurred off the northeast coast of Australia, coinciding with the Battle of the Coral Sea. Four main groups of warships were engaged in combat by Japanese and Allied aircraft. While some of the aircraft were from the opposing aircraft carriers, the majority were land-based. This was the first-ever fight involving an aircraft carrier and the first-ever naval conflict in which the opposing surface ship forces never fired a shot at one another.

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The battle of the Bulge was when the German army began a counteroffensive with the goal of serving the Allied forces in a way that would tip the balance of Hitler's power. Here, the American soldier's bravery and determination were put to the test in the face of extreme hardship. The battle of the Bulge came after the Allied troops' victorious D-Day invasion of Normandy in late 1944.

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Doolittle-Raid

https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Wake-Island

https://www.army.mil/botb/

https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/world-war-ii/1942/guadalcanal/naval-battle-of-guadalcanal.html

https://anzacday.org.au/ww2-the-battle-of-the-coral-sea

https://www.army.mil/asianpacificamericans/bataandeathmarch.html

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/battle-of-wake-island-1941

https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/photography/wwii/wwii-pacific/wwii-pacific-guadalancanal/naval-battles/naval-battle-guadalcanal.html

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What was the Doolittle Raid?

Was the Doolittle Raid successful?

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Doolittle Raid, (April 18, 1942), during World War II, U.S. Army Air Forces bombing raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities. Lieut. Col. James H. Doolittle led 16 B-25 bombers from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Hornet in a spectacular surprise attack that caused little damage but boosted Allied morale. The raid prompted the Japanese to retain four army fighter groups in Japan during 1942 and 1943, when they were badly needed in the South Pacific. The attack also compelled the Japanese to push beyond their originally planned defensive perimeter, thereby increasing the vulnerability of their supply lines.

The state of the war in 1942

The first months of 1942 were a grim time for the Allies. The war machine of the United States had not yet fully mobilized after the shock of Pearl Harbor. Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps was running riot in North Africa, and the Luftwaffe was subjecting Britain's cities to a sustained bombing campaign. On the Eastern Front, the Red Army and a harsh Russian winter had checked the German advance just outside Moscow, but German armies were poised to resume the offensive in the summer. The Allies were losing the Battle of the Atlantic, with German U-boat captains enjoying such success against Allied shipping that they dubbed the period "the second happy time." Japan's armed forces had amassed a virtually uninterrupted string of victories, expanding their sphere of control to include the Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Throughout the Pacific theatre, the Allies were in retreat, with only Japan's Pyrrhic victory at Wake Island and the spirited but ultimately unsuccessful Filipino-American defense of Bataan to provide a glimmer of optimism.

These were crucial days, dominated by holding actions and desperate defensive strategies, but, in the immediate wake of Pearl Harbor, U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt tasked his military leaders with carrying out a strike against Japan that would boost American morale. The damage done to the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor obviously limited the scope of the U.S. response, but American planners nevertheless conceived of an audacious thrust against the heart of the Japanese empire. The U.S. would carry out an air attack on Tokyo itself. The primary purpose of the raid would be twofold: to cause material damage by destroying military targets and consequently hampering Japanese war production and to create fear in the Japanese populace, thus making it necessary for military leaders to recall combat equipment from other theatres for home defense. This would ease the pressure on Allied units elsewhere in the Pacific. It was also hoped that the raid would demonstrate American resolve to the other Allied powers, as well as give the American people a respite from the torrent of bad news from the fighting fronts.

Planning and training for the Doolittle Raid

In January 1942 U.S. Navy Capt. Francis S. Low approached Adm. Ernest King with the idea of launching U.S. Army Air Forces bombers from the deck of an aircraft carrier. King's staff briefed U.S. Army Air Forces commander Henry ("Hap") Arnold, and, with Arnold's approval, "Special Aviation Project No. 1" became a joint Army-Navy operation. Arnold tapped Doolittle to handle planning on the Army side, and both Doolittle and Low agreed that the only aircraft in the American arsenal that could possibly work would be the B-25. On February 3, 1942, Doolittle and Low demonstrated the feasibility of the plan when they launched two B-25 Mitchell bombers from the deck of the carrier USS Hornet while it was at sea off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia.

In the original plan for the raid, the bombers were to return to the carrier upon completion of the mission. However, in actual practice, it was found that although takeoff was comparatively easy, landing a bomber on a moving carrier flight deck was extremely difficult. It was thus decided that, after the aircraft had dropped their bombs, they would head for unoccupied China or the Soviet city of Vladivostok. While the latter destination was much closer to Japan, negotiations with the Soviets about possible landings in their territory were unsuccessful. This left China as the only alternative.

The aircraft and crews for the mission were selected from the 17th Bombardment Group. Before training could begin, the B-25s were subjected to an initial round of modifications to make them lighter and extend their range. The bombers' fuel capacity was almost doubled, their radios were removed, and their belly turrets were replaced with an additional gas tank. To make up for the removal of the defensive turret, a mock "tail gun" was crafted out of painted broomsticks, which, it was hoped, would deter Japanese fighters from attacking from the rear.

It was decided that the entire mission would be flown at extremely low altitude-treetop level on the approach to the target, 1,500 feet (roughly 460 metres) during the bombing run, and back down to treetop level during the departure. Each plane would carry 2,000 pounds (900 kg) of either incendiary or high explosive bombs, depending on the target assignment. Because the B-25's Norden bombsight was a heavily guarded secret and not especially effective at low altitude, a simplified replacement was devised by Capt. C. Ross Greening, one of the mission's pilots. Dubbed the "20-cent sight" due to the low cost of its materials, Greening's bombsight was also significantly smaller than the bulky Norden, an important consideration for a mission where fuel economy was a greater priority than bombing accuracy.

Some 140 men from the 17th Bombardment Group traveled to Eglin Field (now Eglin Air Force Base) in Valparaiso, Florida, to begin three weeks of intensive mission training in March 1942. White lines simulating a carrier flight deck were drawn on two runways of an auxiliary field near Eglin, and pilots practiced getting the fully loaded bombers into the air in the required distance. Crews received instruction in cross-country flying, night flying, low-altitude bombing, and navigation. Flights over the Gulf of Mexico were scheduled to permit pilots and navigators to become accustomed to flying without visual landmarks or radio guidance. Gunners received rudimentary training with their weapons, as there was not time to perform air-to-air drills with towed targets. Although Doolittle himself acknowledged that additional preparation would have been ideal, time was of the essence, and the raiders departed for California at the end of March.

On April 1, 1942, 16 modified B-25s were loaded onto the flight deck of the Hornet at Naval Air Station Alameda, and the carrier steamed out of San Francisco Bay under the cover of a heavy fog the following day. Accompanying the Hornet were the cruisers USS Nashville and USS Vincennes, the oiler USS Cimarron, and four destroyers. The flotilla was collectively named Task Force 18. It was to rendezvous with the carrier USS Enterprise and William ("Bull") Halsey's Task Force 16 and then proceed to the launch area some 400 miles (640 km) off the coast of Japan. Because Halsey outranked Hornet skipper Capt. Marc Mitscher, he would take overall command of the naval force. The Hornet's flight deck was covered with the raiders' B-25s, so aerial patrolling and reconnaissance was left to the aircraft of the Enterprise.

The raiders' training regimen continued aboard the Hornet, with gunners engaging in turret practice using kites flown from the ship as targets. Crews were thoroughly briefed about their specific primary and secondary targets. Each flight of three planes was assigned to a specific course, but the raiders' approach was spread over a 50-mile (80-km) front. This was done to create the impression that more aircraft took part in the raid than were actually used and to dilute the effectiveness of Japanese air defenses. The five flights were assigned as follows: the first flight, led by Lieut. Travis Hoover, was to target the northern part of Tokyo; the second flight, led by Capt. David M. Jones, would cover central Tokyo; the third flight, led by Capt. Edwin J. York, would attack southern Tokyo and the north-central part of Tokyo Bay; the fourth, led by Capt. C. Ross Greening, would strike Yokohama and the Yokosuka navy yard, and the fifth flight was to veer south of Tokyo, proceed to Nagoya, and break up, with one plane each targeting Nagoya, Ōsaka, and Kōbe. Doolittle, in the lead aircraft, would target central Tokyo.

The timing of the attack was subject to much debate, and the initial plan was for the raiders to take off several hours before daybreak. This would have put the B-25s over their targets near dawn, maximizing surprise and providing good visibility for bombing, as well as permitting the raiders to arrive at their destinations in China well before dusk. This plan was scuttled by the Navy, which felt that a nighttime takeoff was inadvisable and that lighting up the flight deck of a carrier while in enemy waters was an invitation to disaster. A second plan was for a dawn takeoff, an early morning bombing, and landings in China before dark. This plan was discarded as it was believed that a significant amount of daylight flying over Japan would surrender the element of surprise. The final attack plan called for the B-25s to take off at dusk, bomb their targets at night, and proceed to Chuchow ( Quzhou) in unoccupied China in the morning. Doolittle's plane was to take off ahead of the others and strike military targets in central Tokyo with incendiary bombs, illuminating the area for the rest of the raiders. As the naval force traveled west, however, events would reinforce the often repeated military maxim that no plan survives first contact with the enemy.

The raid on Tokyo

At 3:10 am on April 18, American radar operators on the Enterprise detected a Japanese picket boat far outside the expected patrol area. The course of the task force was changed as each new Japanese vessel appeared on the radar screen. Finally, at about 7:38 am, lookouts on the Hornet spotted a Japanese patrol craft just 20,000 yards (18 km) from the carrier. Although the USS Nashville quickly sank the ship, the Hornet radio room intercepted an outgoing message alerting the Japanese military to the presence of the Americans. While Doolittle had hoped to launch aircraft at a distance of 400-600 miles (640-965 km) from the target, Halsey was unwilling to risk his valuable carriers by pushing deeper into the Japanese defensive perimeter. Halsey dispatched an order to the Hornet: "LAUNCH PLANES. TO COL. DOOLITTLE AND GALLANT COMMAND, GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS YOU." At the same time, Halsey launched his own aircraft to engage the Japanese surface vessels in the area. At this point, the Hornet was more than 820 miles (1,320 km) from Tokyo.

Final instructions were given to the flight crews: nonmilitary targets were to be avoided at all costs, especially the Imperial Palace complex in central Tokyo (it would be almost entirely razed in an American firebombing attack in May 1945). If it proved impossible to make it to the Chinese coast, pilots were ordered not to divert to the Soviet Union, but to proceed as far west as possible, ditch their planes at sea, and make their way to shore in rubber boats. This would prove unnecessary for most of the aircraft, as they were aided by a 25 mile-per-hour (40 km-per-hour) tailwind throughout the last 1,200 miles (1,900 km) of their journey. After this final briefing, the crews boarded their B-25s, and Doolittle's plane was the first to lift off from the deck of the Hornet at 8:20 am. Despite heavy seas, the remaining B-25s took off without mishap, and within an hour all of the raiders were airborne.

The approach to the target was uneventful. About an hour into the flight, the raiders spotted a vessel that they took to be a camouflaged light cruiser, and an hour later they crossed paths with a multi-engine land-based plane. From that point they tried to avoid contact with various civilian and military craft that appeared on the water. Landfall was made north of Cape Inubō, a short distance from the mission's intended course.

With the other flights proceeding according to their instructions, Doolittle's group approached Tokyo from the north. The raiders flew as low as the terrain would permit and spotted several small biplanes, evidently trainers, in the air above them. Roughly 10 miles (16 km) north of Tokyo, nine Japanese fighters (in three flights of three planes) were spotted, but they did not move to engage the B-25s. As they neared their targets, the raiders climbed to a bombing altitude of 1,200 feet (366 metres). They released their bombs, dipped back to treetop level, and flew west over the outskirts of the city.

An estimated 14 tons of bombs were dropped on the Japanese mainland during the raid, and air crews claimed hits on virtually all of the assigned primary targets. Several of the planes reported seeing large fires as a result of incendiary bombs, while high explosive ordnance did visible damage to factories, ammunition dumps, naval facilities, and military barracks. After the mission, crews stated that antiaircraft fire was intense but inaccurate. While the Japanese gunners judged altitude well, the bursts were to the right or left of the planes, and the raiders did not lose any aircraft or personnel to flak.

Aftermath and significance of the Doolittle Raid

After leaving Tokyo, most of the raiders turned south and headed out to sea, bound for the China coast. Although skies had been clear over Japan, bad weather set in over the East China Sea. The pilots attempted to climb to get over the storm, and by the time the aircraft reached the Chinese coast, they were at an altitude of 6,000 feet (1.8 km). At that point, visibility was almost zero, and the raiders were flying entirely on instruments. Doolittle, whose plane had retained its command radio, attempted to reach Chuchow but received no response. With his fuel almost gone, he ordered his crew to bail out. After setting the aircraft's automatic pilot, Doolittle followed, but not before glancing at the clock on the instrument panel-it was 9:20 pm, exactly 13 hours since he had taken off from the Hornet.

Everyone in Doolittle's plane landed safely in friendly territory, and they quickly made contact with local Chinese authorities. Doolittle asked Gen. Ho Yang Ling (He Yangling), director of the branch government in western Chekiang ( Zhejiang) province, to keep a lookout along the coast for planes that might have gone down or boats that had reached the shore. Doolittle's crew was initially taken to Chuchow and, after a few days, eventually reached Chungking ( Chongqing). By the early morning of April 20, four additional planes and crews had been located, and Doolittle wired Arnold from the embassy in Chungking: "Tokyo successfully bombed. Due to bad weather on China coast, believe all airplanes wrecked. Five crews found safe in China so far." Among the crews who reached China, there were three fatalities from accidents during bail-outs or crash landings: Corp. Leland Faktor, Sgt. William Dieter, and Corp. Donald Fitzmaurice.

Only 3 of the 16 crews failed to reach Chungking. Capt. Edwin J. York, who had led the third flight of planes into Tokyo, was desperately short of fuel and was forced to land near Vladivostok. He and his crew were interned by the Soviets in various locations for more than a year before they managed to "escape" into British- and Soviet-occupied Iran. Their "escape" was, in fact, an elaborate NKVD operation that had been staged to repatriate the Americans while giving the Soviets plausible deniability with the Japanese, with whom they were still nonbelligerent. Two crews were captured by Japanese forces in China after bailing out, one near the coast and one near Lake Poyang. The Chinese attempted to purchase the freedom of the captured air crews, but they were unsuccessful. Four of the raiders remained prisoners of the Japanese until the end of the war. One, Lieut. Robert J. Meder, died of dysentery in 1943. Three-Lieut. Dean Hallmark, Lieut. William Farrow, and Sgt. Harold Spatz-were executed by the Japanese in October 1942.

The bombing did comparatively little physical damage, but it had an enormous psychological effect in both the United States and Japan. Doolittle was promoted to brigadier general and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor, and the Army Air Forces used the raid as an effective recruiting tool. Capt. Ted W. Lawson, a pilot involved in the mission, would write Thirty Seconds over Tokyo (1943), a best-selling account of the raid that would be adapted as a feature film starring Spencer Tracy in the role of Doolittle. While Japanese planners had not ruled out the possibility of a strike on the home islands, the reality of American bombers in Tokyo's skies forced them to accelerate the expansion of their defensive perimeter. This would culminate in the planned invasion of the Midway Islands in the central Pacific. U.S. cryptanalysts had penetrated the Japanese JN25 naval code, however, and Pacific Fleet commander Adm. Chester Nimitz ordered his carriers to intercept the Japanese naval force. At the subsequent Battle of Midway (June 3-6, 1942), U.S. naval air power destroyed Japan's first-line carrier strength and reversed the tide of the war in the Pacific.

While the Japanese navy was fighting for its survival, the Japanese army was carrying out a terrifying campaign of reprisals in southeastern China. The Second Sino-Japanese War had reached something of a stalemate in 1942, but the Doolittle Raid highlighted the threat posed by airfields in Nationalist-controlled territory along the Chinese coast. Within days of the raid, Japanese planners began formulating a campaign to neutralize the airfields and punish those who had aided the Americans. In early June 1942 the Japanese launched an offensive into Chekiang and Kiangsi ( Jiangxi), and the brutality directed at the civilian population drew comparisons to the Nanjing Massacre. Trinkets and souvenirs left by grateful Americans-parachutes, cigarettes, pieces of military kit-doomed entire villages, as the Japanese would judge all the residents as having been complicit. Japanese bombers devastated Chuchow, and Kiangsi's provincial capital of Nancheng ( Nanchang) was razed, its population annihilated. It was estimated that some 250,000 civilians were killed during the three-month reprisal campaign. As the Japanese army prepared to withdraw from Chekiang and Kiangsi, members of its infamous germ warfare program, Unit 731, moved in. They seeded the area with dysentery, typhoid, and cholera, and disease ravaged those who had survived the initial Japanese attacks. In 2018 a museum commemorating the Doolittle Raid and celebrating the Chinese villagers who had aided the American air crews was opened in Chuchow (Quzhou).

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Michael Ray.

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Doolittle Raid | Date, Casualties, Summary, Facts, Map, Video, & Plane

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Doolittle Raid (April 18, 1942), during World War II, U.S. Army Air Forces bombing raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities. Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle led 16 B-25 bombers from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Hornet in a spectacular surprise attack that caused little damage but boosted Allied morale.

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While every other island and country in the Pacific and Southeast Asia fell to the Japanese, the American and Filipino soldiers of U.S army forces in the Far East held out against the Imperial Japanese Army for four months during the Battle of Bataan. With the exception of the Philippines, Japan rules over the whole Western Pacific by March 1942. MacArthur intended to maintain his positions on the Philippines islands of Corregidor and Bataan Peninsula until American naval forces could deliver supplies and reinforcements.

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On April 18, U.S army air forces bombed Tokyo and other Japanese cities during World War 2. Leading 16 B-25 bombers from the US navy aircraft carrier Hornet, Lieut. Col. James H. Doolittle carried a stunning surprise attack that raised Allied spirits while causing minimal damage. The Japanese supply lines became more vulnerable as a result of the attack, which also forced them to advance past their first defensive line.

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The Invasion of Poland in 1939 marked the beginning of World War II, a conflict that would engulf the globe for the next six years. On September 1, 1939, without a formal declaration of war, Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, launched an attack on Poland using a strategy known as Blitzkrieg, or "lightning war." This tactic emphasized rapid movement, the use of armor and air power, and aimed to quickly overwhelm and incapacitate the enemy. The German assault was met with resistance from the Polish forces, but they were significantly outmatched in terms of technology and military might. The situation for Poland deteriorated further when, on September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, as per the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact that had been agreed upon between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. This pincer movement effectively split Poland in two, and despite valiant efforts, Polish resistance was unable to hold back the invading forces.

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The Battle of Britain, fought between July and October 1940, stands as a significant chapter in the annals of World War II, representing the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces. This historic aerial conflict was waged between the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and the German Luftwaffe, as Nazi Germany aimed to gain air superiority over the RAF as a precursor to the planned invasion of Britain, codenamed Operation Sea Lion. The battle was a test of both strategy and will, as the Luftwaffe launched relentless attacks on RAF airfields, radar stations, and later, cities and civilian targets in a phase known as the Blitz.

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The Battle of Stalingrad, which raged from August 23, 1942, to February 2, 1943, was one of the deadliest and most pivotal confrontations of World War II. This brutal battle took place in the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in Southern Russia and became the symbol of Soviet resistance and German overreach. The encirclement forced the Germans into a dire situation, with freezing temperatures and dwindling supplies taking a heavy toll. Despite Hitler's orders to fight to the last man, German Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus eventually surrendered, marking the first major defeat of the German military in the war. The Battle of Stalingrad was a catastrophe for the Axis powers, with approximately 2 million casualties suffered on both sides. Its outcome shifted the tide of the war in favor of the Allies, starting a relentless Soviet westward push that would eventually lead to the fall of Berlin and the end of the war in Europe.

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The attack on Pearl Harbor, a pivotal moment in World War II, occurred on the morning of December 7, 1941, when the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service launched a surprise military strike against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The intent behind the attack was to prevent the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japan's planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States.

The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft, including fighters, level and dive bombers, and torpedo planes, launched from six aircraft carriers. The attack claimed the lives of over 2,400 Americans, wounded 1,000 more, and destroyed or damaged numerous U.S. Navy vessels, including eight battleships, with the sinking of the USS Arizona resulting in significant loss of life. In addition, nearly 200 U.S. aircraft were destroyed.

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The Manhattan Project was a secret research and development endeavor during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. Initiated in 1942 with the support of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, the project was led by the United States and named after the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, because much of the early research was done in New York City. The project brought together some of the greatest minds in physics, including scientists like Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, and Niels Bohr, among others. The goal of the Manhattan Project was to ensure that the Allies developed nuclear weapons before Germany, which was also rumored to be pursuing similar technology. Working in strict secrecy, the project developed two types of atomic bombs: a uranium-based design, codenamed "Little Boy," and a plutonium-based weapon, codenamed "Fat Man." These weapons were tested in July 1945 at the Trinity site in New Mexico, where the successful detonation confirmed their devastating power.

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Women during World War II -Jaslene Perez

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Women during World War II -Jaslene Perez

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During World War II, women played an indispensable role on the home front and in many cases, in military service. With a significant portion of the male population enlisted in the armed forces, women stepped into roles that were previously dominated by men. In the United States, they worked in factories and shipyards, producing weapons and supplies crucial for the war effort, symbolized by the cultural icon "Rosie the Riveter." Women also served in the military, with organizations like the Women's Army Corps (WAC) and the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) in the UK, providing support roles that freed more men to fight on the front lines. Beyond industrial and military roles, women also contributed as codebreakers, nurses, and pilots, among other positions. The war effort necessitated the breaking of gender norms and demonstrated women's capabilities in a wide range of professions.

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https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II

https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/second-world-war

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii

https://www.75thwwiicommemoration.org/history/history-of-wwii

https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/world-war-ii

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/specialfeatures/world-war-ii-major-events-timeline/

https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/world-war-ii

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The Draft was a branch of service, Many men volunteered rather than wait to be drafted. In late 1942 only men age 18-64 were in need and required to register for the draft. In total 36 million men registered for the draft devoting to give their all, which considered factors like the importance of a man's occupation to the war effort, his health, and his family situation. The men who volunteered rather than waited to get drafted got to pick out which branch of service they wanted and if a man passed these exams, he was fingerprinted and asked which type of service he preferred, though his assignment would be based on the military's needs.

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The Allied Power war that went on since 1941-1945. They were a group of nations that fought against the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) during World War II. The main Allied Powers were United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union and France. The Allied Powers in World War II were referred to as the “Big Four” because of the four main powers that made up the alliance: the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China. These four powers played a crucial role in the war effort and were the main architects of the Allied strategy.

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Allied forces invade Sicily- Sarah Gomez

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Allied forces invade Sicily- Sarah Gomez

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The Allied invasion of Sicily, code-named Operation Husky, began on July 9, 1943, and lasted until August 17, 1943. The plan was to capture the island of Sicily from the Axis powers to secure southern Italy. The invasion force had consisted of over 160,000 troops from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and France, as well as smaller lands from Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The German forces in Sicily, led by General Albert Kesselring were suddenly caught off guard and were unable to mount a strong defense and eventually regrouped. On August 17, 1943, the Italian government surrendered, and the Allies took control of the island

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August 15, 1945 (officially) and September 2, 1945 (formal surrender. The day Japan surrendered to the Allied Powers, effectively ending World War II calling the day now V-J Day. The war in the Pacific had been ongoing since December 1941, with the United States and other Allied nations fighting against Japan. The Allies had been making significant gains and went to extreme measures, and the Japanese government was facing increasing pressure to surrender. Finally on August 15, 1945, Japan formally surrenders, and the war in the Pacific comes to an end.

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The united States had different forms and ways of communicating and giving signs and signals which were, Propaganda: The US government used propaganda to spread messages and boost morale.

Newspapers and Magazines: Newspapers and magazines played a significant role in disseminating information to the public.

Radio: Radio was a primary means of communication during World War II. It was used for propaganda, news broadcasting, and communication between troops and commanders. Radio also played a crucial role in giving out information about the war to the public.

Animals: Animals, such as dogs and pigeons, were used to deliver messages and communicate between troops.

Airplanes: Airplanes were used to deliver mail, packages, and messages to troops and allies.

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Cryptology, the study of codes and ciphers, played a crucial role in communication during World War II. The US military used cryptology to encrypt and decrypt messages, ensuring secure communication with its allies and troops. The communications needs of telegraphy and radio and the maturing of mechanical and electromechanical technology. They came together in the 1920s to bring about a major advance in crypto devices which became the development of rotor cipher machines.

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https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/draft-and-wwii

https://www.vehiclesforveterans.org/4-facts-about-vj-day-2016/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/cryptology/Developments-during-World-Wars-I-and-II

https://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-16/72-16.htm

https://www.ducksters.com/history/world_war_ii/ww2_allied

https://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/heres-what-communication-looked-like-during-wwii/_powers.php