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an “awakening” of Europe after the Middle Ages which challenged many current ways of thinking. A 'cultural rebirth'.

Rebirth of the arts.

Started in Italy

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The first Renaissance man.

Artist and inventor

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Secularism: maintained a focus on worldly things and an emphasis of the individual

Humanism: artistic theme focused on the importance of man, as opposed to a divine or supernatural idea

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Inventor of the printing press, leading to education becoming more common.

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Martin Luther, a monk from Germany, contested the idea of indulgences. Taught a concept called 'justification by faith' meaning one can find salvation in their faith alone.

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First protestant faith. Maintained belief of vocations (jobs assigned by their god). Politics spread the faith rapidly around Europe.

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Spice trade was extremely profitable, and led to the original ideas that influenced the exploration of the rest of the world.

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Money

Spread their faith

The promise of glory

Wanted a direct route to Asia for more spices

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Discovered the "New World"

Sailed for over nine weeks, and made the trip 4 times

Thought he'd found India

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Split the newly discovered land between Portugal and Spain

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Intricate communication system

Mountainous home within South America

Tools and weapons considered primitive to Europeans

Died due to disease and Spanish attacks

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France: Much of canada

Netherlands: West India Company, global trade

English: Claimed much of the future US

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Slaves were traded within the 'triangular trade' system often.

many died in the process

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Europe to Africa – manufactured goods

Africa to North America – slaves

North America to Europe – crops

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Anywhere between 10-24 million people

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A time period when philosophy and reason were used to study the world

People sought evidence and proof rather than just accepting tradition and what they were told

Technically a continuation of the renaissance

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There were many people who sought reason to add to politics, ut there are two prominent ones

Thomas Hobbes (humans are animals, must be controlled)

John Locke (Natural rights)

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Aka: Beginning of Revolution in England

Divine Right vs. Parliament

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Oliver Cromwell: establishes a military state

Charles II: works with Parliament

James II: Disregards Parliament

Parliament eventually cements their power

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The American Colonies decide that they're being taxed too much from a tiny island across the sea. They didn't listen to the British Governor in their colony anyways.

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The Boston Massacre, which wasn't really a massacre, was the first makings of American propaganda

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Goals

Unite the colonies

Begin regulating own laws

End trade w/GB completely

Organize/prepare armies

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A book written by Thomas Paine, advocating for the free states of the US

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Almost like a declaration of war, but it did NOT create a new government in the colonies.

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The french pitch in! Then they make a new revolution in their country!

Except that goes horribly wrong.

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Revolution doesn't go the same for the French, and man was their old king dumb. Wanted to make peace with the people, but locked them out of delegations. Bring out the guillotine, apparently.

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An infamous prison that fell when a mob of angry French citizens invaded. Soldiers opened fire, killing 98 and caused the Great Fear

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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Gave freedoms to more citizens

“Natural and inalienable rights”

Equality before the law, free speech, no unjust arrest

Separation of powers

basically they copied the states

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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Robespierre.

The guillotine must have been his favourite thing ever, because man did he use it a lot. 40k people arrested and executed.

Eventually he dies by guillotine.

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French dictator, attempts to overtake Europe too. Established more personal freedoms for the french people though.

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African regions were conquered by Europeans. They promoted the ideas of fairness, democracy, and equality, but did not give the African people these.

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Spanish-American war, US supported the Cuban revolution from Spain. United States began to fund the Panama canal, eventually finishing it.

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Eventually lead to ww2.

Causes:

Nationalism

Imperialism

Militarism

Secret Alliances

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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Officially ended WWI, but made circumstances for WWII possible. Pinned the blame on Germany, making them pay back debts for the war. League of Nations is formed

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Axis:

Germany, Italy, Japan, Soviet Union (beginning)

Allies:

United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union (end)

Caused by the Great Depression, and the blame pinned on Germany during WWI. Nationalism became a primary cause as well.

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The way the US got Japan to stop attacking them, after every other Axis power surrendered (or was taken). Two bombs were dropped, and those who weren't instantly vaporized by the initial blast radius were exposed to mass amounts of radiation. That radiation can cause cancer, and in high enough doses acute radiation syndrome. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) essentially irradiates a person so badly that their organs stop functioning, and their bone marrow begins to liquefy. Their organs begin to liquefy as well, in a long and slow painful death. All transplants and skin grafts reject, meaning it is practically incurable in high enough doses of radiation.

Anyways, the bombs dropped on Japan were tiny compared to what we can now make!

A bonus fun fact: the submarines with enough nuclear missiles on them to turn a country to glass are called "boomers" in the navy!

yes I like nuclear history (whether it be bombs or power.)