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British Columbia joins confederation on July 20, 1871. The United Colony of British Columbia decided to join Canada because it was deeply in debt and thought that confederation would help it. While BC desired a waggon route that connected to the east, Ottawa proposed a railway, which was far more advantageous.

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Louis Riel fled here due to fear of lynching by the approaching Wolseley Expedition. Riel awaited news from Red River in the Métis settlement of St. Joseph in the Dakota Territory. He was encouraged to remain in hiding as his life would be in danger if he returned.

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Queen Victoria lived here, who was the Mother of Confederation and greatly influenced the provinces to unite into one under the British Crown.

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Where Fairway Crested Wheat Grass was developed that helped assist the struggling farmers. Wheat was at an all time low in the prairies, and the greatest drought had struck at the same time, chasing out 250k farming families and the dust storms that'd blow the soil. This wheat grass is meant to be drought resistant and its roots would hold the soil down.

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Netherlands are known for growing tulips.

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Following D-Day, Canadian troops move North East to Holland (Netherlands) in order to liberate them. "Sappers" shined here, both in bad ways and good, because they suffered the highest number of casualties, but were responsible for clearing debris and explosives from the path of Allied forces, saving lives. Out of gratitude, every spring the Dutch Royal Family and the people of the Netherlands send 10 000 bulbs of tulips to Ottawa.

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Canadians attacked this beach on D-Day. The soldiers faced artillery, machine gun fire, mines, barbed wire and various other obstacles. Canada suffered over 1000 losses the first day, and in total the Allies lost 4400.

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Arguably the biggest bootlegger in prohibition

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Famous for its 'night life'. Back in the Roaring 20s, due to being the only place that makes alcohol legal, it became a breeding ground for tourists and crime.

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During the boom in Canada, developed slums for the new/poor. Living conditions led to a breeding group for diseases like Typhoid and Diptheria. This led to the pasteurization of milk.

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Winnipeg General Strike led by Helen Armstrong, who was a significant figure in getting women involved and in feeding protestors. The strike lasted over a month, and the government feared this was a communist revolution like in Russia. So, they sent the RCMP which led to voilence and 2 protesters were left dead, with many more injured.

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First oil "Boom Town" during Canada's Boom and Bust through following the dicovery in Alberta 1911 of an oil resrve. This was significant for the economy, and Canada is still the 5th largest oil exporter in the world.

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Battle of Vimy Ridge took place from Apr. 9-12 in 1917. Britain and France tried to take this German stronghold for 3 years. They sent 100k Canadian soldiers in 1917 led by Arthur Currie. At this time, Canada had only filled in for British soldiers and French armies/divisions. The ridge was taken in 3 days, and there is now a memorials for Canadian soldiers on it today. 7000 were wounded in this battle, and 3600 were dead.

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First battle takes place here to avoid Germany taking over. The battle took place on October 19, 1914. Canadians joined in the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, and from April 22-25 the 1st Canadian Division fought hard to hold back German offense.

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Signed on August 22, 1921. The chiefs of the Indigenous people signed what they thought was a peace and friendship treaty, knowing that their rights to hunt, fish, and trap on their ancestral lands would be upheld. In the meantime, the Canadian government desired ownership of the area in order to conduct exploration for minerals and oil and gas. Many worries were voiced during the discussions, but Canada reassured the populace that their rights to hunt, fish, and trap would not be taken away. Chief Monfwi signed the Treaty at a ceremony in Behchoko before the end of the summer.

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Signed in July 1906. These people stated that diminishing food supplies and plummeting fur prices made a treaty necessary for their existence, similar to many Native populations on the southern plains who used real or imminent starvation as grounds for their willingness to sign a treaty. Reassuring them that their rights to harvest would be upheld helped Borthwick win their cooperation. However, he refrained from making any firm guarantees, instead reminding them that their requests and grievances about the treaty would be forwarded to the government.

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Signed on November 6, 1905. This treaty's main goal was to buy off the Cree and Ojibwe residents' rights to lands and resources so that white colonisation and resource exploitation could proceed. The Dominion and Ontario governments worked out the details of Treaty 9 in advance and presented them to the leaders of the Indigenous people as finalised agreements. For its part, the Province of Ontario made four requests. First, a provincial appointee was to serve as one of the three treaty commissioners. Secondly, the three commissioners were to decide on those reservations, rather than letting the Indigenous peoples choose. Third, the Dominion was liable for annuity payments and other treaty expenses. Lastly, no site within the limits of any reserve was to be used for the production of water power that exceeded 500 horsepower.

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Signed on June 21, 1899 with various First Nations of the Lesser Slave Lake area. The treaty involved First Nations whose social organisation was different from that of the Indigenous peoples the government had previously encountered in Numbered Treaties negotiations. It was prompted by the discovery of valuable resources in Canada's north, particularly the Klondike gold rush. Government officials felt a great feeling of urgency to conclude a treaty as soon as feasible. When 500 Indigenous peoples refused to let miners and police into the Fort St. John region until a treaty was signed in June 1898, they made a strong impression on the federal authorities about the urgency of a treaty.

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Signed on September 22, 1877 with mainly Blackfoot and other First Nations band governments in the area. To enable them to construct a railway across the country, the Canadian government desired the pact to be signed. The railway had to pass through the territory of the Indigenous peoples. In order to expand settlement and establish a railway, the Canadian government started negotiations for a treaty. The First Nations in what is now Alberta were worried about the frightening spread of illnesses like smallpox and the dwindling buffalo population as a result of overhunting. They believed that signing the treaty would guarantee their people's survival as a result.

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Signed on September 9, 1876 with the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine and other band governments at Fort Calton and Fort Pitt. Treaty 6 had conditions that had not been included in Treaties 1 through 5, such as more agricultural implements, protection from starvation and plague, on-site education, and a medicine chest at the residence of the Indian agent on the reserve.Indigenous peoples demanded that alcohol be outlawed in Saskatchewan, that every reserve have access to education, that each family be given an ox and a cow, that agricultural implements be made available, and that aid be given to the impoverished and jobless. The Indigenous peoples also requested the right to relocate their settlement before the land was surveyed, the opportunity to take resources from Crown holdings (such as wood, stoves for cooking, medicine, a hand mill, and access to bridges), and the right to decline to fight in a war.

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Signed in 1875 and involves the Salteaux and the Swampy Cree First Nations. There were two processes involved in this treaty. On the southern end, negotiated in 1875, the Native people in that region believed that their Aboriginal rights should be recognized by the goverment who recently acquired their land. Northern part was negotiated in 1908. The Canadian government needed the territory covered by Treaty Five in order to build the railway because they thought Winnipeg would serve as a hub for links between the plains. Because Lake Winnipeg could be used for trade and transportation, it was considered a vital reservoir of water.

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Signed on September 15, 1874 with the Cree and Salteux First Nation Band Governments. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald saw the land as necessary to complete a transcontinental railway, which would run through the cities of Regina, Moose Jaw, and Swift Current in southern Saskatchewan. Indigenous people knew that change was inevitable because their natural food source was fading and settlers were arriving. They believed treaty negotiations would provide protection and resources. The discussions for Treaty 4 got off to a sluggish start and were postponed multiple times. Disagreement between the various bands led to conflict around the negotiations. In addition, they harboured grudges against the commissioners and the Canadians because of the sale of Rupert's Land and the £300,000 that the Hudson's Bay Company made.

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Signed on October 3, 1873, and is also known as the Northwest Angle Treaty. It should be noted that the Ojibwe, the other party in the signing, did not see the reason to write offers they were already verbally promised, showing a cultural difference between the two sides. Known for including Metis as well. "I will give you lands for farms, and also reserves for your own use. … It may be a long time before the other lands are wanted, and in the meantime you will be permitted to fish and hunt over them. I will also establish schools whenever any band asks for them, so that your children may have the learning of the white man. … I will give you ten dollars per head of the population, and for every other year five dollars a-head. But to the chief men, not exceeding two to each band, we will give twenty dollars a year for ever. I will give to each of you this year a present of goods and provisions to take you home, and I am sure you will be satisfied.," from Morris in negotiations.

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Signed on August 21, 1871, very close in time to Treaty 1. The same people in charge of it also were in charge of Treaty 2: Commissioner Simpson, Lieutenant-Governor Archibald, and James Mckay. It was agreed to give a large, valuable lands to the west to the settlers, and in return, to receive reserves large enough to provide 160 acres for each family. It is possible that Indigenous negotiators thought the treaty as a promise to share land with newcomers, with each group able to pursue its livelihood still.

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Signed on August 3, 1871. Archibald led negotiations on the settlers side. When Indigenous negotiators returned to Archibald with a list of demands from the Indigenous peoples. Desired land equivalent to "three townships per Indian," which Archibal estimated about two thirds of the province. As Archibald put it to Secretary of State Howe in a letter on 29 July, “The Indians seem to have false ideas of the meaning of a reserve. They have been led to suppose that large tracts of ground were to be set aside for them as hunting grounds, including timber lands, of which they might sell the wood as if they were proprietors of the soil.”

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Chinese Head Tax prevented Chinese immigrants from coming to Canada to work, a method to try and save dying employment rates.

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The location of the Capital of Canada, personally chosen by Queen Victoria due to its defensible position between Canada East and West--two major settlements.

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The Canadian Pacific Railway begins/ends here. Construction finished 4 years after initial start, in 1885. Though the railway is still significant today, it was done at the cost of pour labourers and racism. Such as the Chinese Head Tax and worker conditions.

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The Canadian Pacific Railway begins/ends here. The transcontinental railway was a major motivator for confederation and the first Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald's promised goal along with having British Columbia john confederation. Construction began in 1881.

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Sir John A. Macdonald was born here. He could speak Scottish Gaelic and a bit of Latin. After his father's business ventures left him in debt, the family immigrated to Kingston, in Upper Canada (today the southern and eastern portions of Ontario), in 1820, as the family had several relatives and connections there.

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Where Louis Riel was hung after being tried for treason following the 1885 Metis Resistance. His life ended November 16, 1885. Riel said that he would give himself up to carry out God's will and that he desired freedom for his people and all of his council in response to the government commander's demand that he surrender. In order to carry on defending the Métis cause, he would give up.

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK

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The Metis Resistance of 1885 took place here. Anxiety about land claims and a shifting economy sparked opposition to the Canadian government. From May 9 to May 12, 1885, a force of 800 troops under the direction of Major-General Middleton was engaged in combat by 300 Métis and Indians under the leadership of Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont.

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Roughly the border between Prussia and the Austrian Empire, where conflicts heightened the British-French conflict.

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The Acadian Deportation occurred here, removing many Acadians from their home.

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Fort Niagara State Park, Scott Avenue, Youngstown, NY, USA

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Fort Niagara State Park, Scott Avenue, Youngstown, NY, USA

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Fort Niagara State Park, Scott Avenue, Youngstown, NY, USA

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Where the Royal Proclamation was signed

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Where the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the American Revolution.

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Where the Treaty of Utrecht was signed, an agreement between the French and British.

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Where the Quebec Act was passed, granting the people of Quebec religious freedom.

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Battle of Quebec took place here 1775.

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Formation of the Hudson's Bay company in 1670.

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Originally where Fort Oswego was. When the French took over this fort, it served them a great advantage over the British as they would eventually the over more British forts.

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Important river for trades and Acadian escape to Quebec.

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This is where the last Residential school closed in 1996.

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Underground Railway Tunnels sometimes led to Canada before slavery was abolished.

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Al Capone, a famous Canadian gangster had signficant control here.

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This is considered the "birthplace" of Canada becoming Canada, with the confederation signing in 1867.

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Signing location of Treaty 4. It is where colonisers and Indigenous people signed a treaty to "share" the land, and is proof of the lies Indigenous people were told.