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a group of layers to which a mask is applied.

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a powerful feature that allows users to modify images or objects within the program to fit their creative needs.

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Kerning is the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters. Tracking is the process of loosening or tightening a block of text. Note: Values for kerning and tracking affect Japanese text but normally these options are used to adjust the aki between roman characters.

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the amount of space between two letters

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a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image

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when the camera physically moves through the scene rather than simply panning around from one static spot.

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The Straighten tool lets you straighten crooked images and objects interactively by aligning a straightening bar with an image feature. After you align the straightening bar, Corel PHOTO-PAINT rotates the image so that the straightening bar is perfectly horizontal.

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The Select and Mask Properties panel has multiple controls for refining all the edges of a selection. The Radius slider can often be useful to improve soft edges, such as foliage or hair.

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What is the Sharpen Tool? Adobe Photoshop includes a number of useful tools that allow you to accomplish a variety of effects in your images. One of those is the Sharpen tool, which enables you to tighten up a picture and make it clearer by making it sharper.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image. Select the Blur tool . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Size, Hardness, and Strength, to get the effect you need. Click and drag over the part of the image you want to blur.

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The Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes. From the toolbar, click and hold the icon for the Dodge, Burn, or Sponge retouching tool, whichever is active.

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation. Select the Dodge tool (O) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like brush size, range, and exposure, to get the effect you want. Drag over the part of the image you want to lighten.

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The sponge tool in Photoshop works on color saturation. It can either saturate a color or desaturate a color. This means by using the sponge tool, we can either increase the color intensity of some pixels or decrease the color intensity of some pixels

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The Smudge tool simulates a brush smearing wet paint. The brush picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you swipe or nudge it. Use the Smudge tool to gently reshape important edges into more appealing and softer lines. In the Photoshop toolbox, the Smudge tool is a pointing-finger icon.

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The Crop tool removes the part of an image surrounding the selection. Crop to remove distractive background elements and create a focus on your desired object in the image. When you crop an image, by default, the resolution remains the same as the original image.

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The Straighten tool lets you straighten crooked images and objects interactively by aligning a straightening bar with an image feature. After you align the straightening bar, Corel PHOTO-PAINT rotates the image so that the straightening bar is perfectly horizontal.

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The Paint Bucket tool paints individual pixels, and you can alter how it behaves. The Contiguous option will paint only pixels that are directly attached to ones of the same color. The Anti-Alias option helps smooth out jagged edges of the areas you fill.

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The Gradient tool allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images. Select the Horizontal Type tool (T) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Font Style, Font Size, and, Text Color, to get the effect you want. Add point text (to add a few words like a heading or title) or paragraph text.

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view. Select the Hand tool (H) from the tool bar or press and hold the spacebar key to temporarily switch to the Hand tool.

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Magnify or reduce the view of your image with the Zoom tool. Select the Zoom tool from the toolbar. In the tool options bar, choose the Zoom In option to magnify your view or the Zoom Out option to reduce the image view

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What does the brush tool do in Photoshop?

The brush tool is one of Photoshop's most versatile and important tools. This tool allows you to paint freehand, add color, refine layer masks and make dozens of other changes to your images. So, having a thorough understanding of how the Brush Tool operates is key to becoming a great photo editor.

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The Marquee Tool in Photoshop is a fundamental selection tool that aids in selecting specific areas within images. Located on the default toolbar, it helps users create accurate selections in various shapes such as rectangles, ellipses, and single-pixel lines.

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The Quick Selection tool looks for edges and contrasts to find objects. It uses Adobe Sensei AI technology to determine where elements in an image begin and end.

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The Polygonal Lasso Tool creates selections with straight edges. It is perfect for selecting objects like buildings and products. In this tutorial, learn how to use the Polygonal Lasso Tool to select architecture and replace a sky.

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The Magic Wand tool automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select. If you click on the sky, it selects the sky; click on a person's face, and you have the entire face selected in just seconds.

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The Lasso tool is helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image. It allows you to soften the edges of your selection or add a feathering effect; it's also useful for anti-aliasing.

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The Healing Brush and Patch tools allow you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image. They work very much like the cloning tools. You sample pixels in one are of an image, then paint over another area replacing it with the sampled pixel

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The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image. Photoshop selects and replaces pixels from another part of your image to blend in seamlessly

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The Clone Stamp tool copies pixels from one area and applies them to another. Think about it as “copying and pasting,” but you're “pasting” the content by painting. When to use the Clone Stamp tool. The Clone Stamp tool is most effective when you need to copy exact detail from one part of an image to another area.

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What is the Patch Tool? The Patch tool is one of the most used and most helpful tools for photo editors. If you want to remove something distracting from the background of an image or even out an area that appears irregular, such as acne on a model's face, you're going to want to use this tool.

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Move Tool - The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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Contrast is the range of brightness, from lightest to darkest, in an image. A high-contrast image will have very bright highlights and very dark shadows. Sometimes an image's highlights may be almost pure white, or the shadows may be almost pure black: high contrast.

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Vibrance is primarily used when working with images that have people. Portrait editing usually requires vibrance. While vibrance is used with certain nature images like flowers or landscapes, it's just to add a subtle brightness without a lot of intensity.

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Hue refers to the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color, but you can think of it as the basic color on the color wheel. Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly.

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Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is. A grayscale or black-and-white photo has no color saturation, while a full-color photo of a field of sunlit wildflowers might be extremely saturated.

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A Scrim Light is a lighting technique used in studio photography and video/movie productions. A Scrim Light combines a sheet of translucent material, called a scrim, with a separate light source shining behind it. The front of the scrim emits a nice diffuse lighting effect, similar to a softbox.

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A reflector is a photography tool used to redirect light to a subject or scene. It doesn't create light; rather, it redirects light that is already there. A reflector is good for creating fill light or lessening shadows.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter.

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What is Full-Frame? A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size – 36mm by 24mm – and the distinctive look it makes possible. Compared to a Super 35mm sensor, a full-frame sensor has over twice the surface area while providing a wider angle of view and shallower depth of ﬁeld.

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The crop factor is sometimes referred to as "magnification factor", "focal length factor" or "focal length multiplier". This usage reflects the observation that lenses of a given focal length seem to produce greater magnification on crop-factor cameras than they do on full-frame cameras.

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer.

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The term post-processing (or postproc for short) is used in the video/film business for quality-improvement image processing (specifically digital image processing) methods used in video playback devices, such as stand-alone DVD-Video players; video playing software; and transcoding software.

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images.

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Metadata means "data about data". Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data; it is used to summarize basic information about data that can make tracking and working with specific data easier. Some examples include: Means of creation of the data. Purpose of the data.

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DSLR is a term that's become synonymous with digital cameras, but a digital single-lens reflex camera (notable for allowing interchangeable lenses on the same camera body) is just one type of digital camera. Explore more about what makes DSLR cameras so popular and find out if they're the right choice for you.

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. Using a VR NIKKOR lens can result in sharp images in low light, under windy conditions or when using a physically large NIKKOR lens, at up to four stops slower with a VR lens than a non-VR lens.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens.

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Red, blue, and yellow are three primary colors that create a triadic color scheme. Triadic colors create a vibrant color palette by separating each color, regardless of the specific hues.Nov 6, 2023

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Telephoto lenses, unsurprisingly, have the opposite effect to wide-angle lenses. The entire composition becomes compressed, foreground objects become a blur, and distant objects appear closer. There is less emphasis on movement on objects moving to or away from the camera.

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A prime lens is a lens with a fixed focal length, typically with a maximum aperture of f/1.2-f/2.8. They're fantastic for filmmakers and photographers who want the best optical quality and prefer a shallower depth of field in their images and footage. Popular prime lens focal lengths are 35mm, 50mm, and 85mm.

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A macro lens is a camera lens designed to capture small subjects at close distances. There are two important distinctions between a macro lens and a regular lens. A macro lens increases the magnification of the subject to make it look bigger.

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The golden hour occurs just after sunrise and before sunset, when the sun is low on the horizon, creating that signature warm glow.

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The blue hour arrives shortly before sunrise and after sunset, when the sun's position just below the horizon produces those cooler tones.

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Use Adobe Photoshop to create a double exposure effect. In film photography, a double exposure is a combination of two exposures in one image to produce evocative results.

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In photography, HDR stands for high dynamic range. Dynamic range is simply the range of the lightest tones to the darkest tones within a photo. Put another way — it's a measure of the light intensities from the highlights to the shadows.

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PSD files are the native file format of Adobe Photoshop. You've probably seen files with the . psd extension format, especially if you've been an Adobe Photoshop user. Most commonly used by designers and artists, Photoshop Documents are powerful tools for image data storage and creation.

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What is a JPEG file? JPEG files (or JPG files) are a type of raster image file format that uses compression to store data, and has the file extension . jpg. This compression allows for smaller file sizes, which makes them ideal for use on the web.

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PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It's particularly popular file type with web designers because it can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds.

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RAW files contain uncompressed and unprocessed image data, allowing photographers to capture practically every detail they see in their viewfinder. The RAW file format stores the largest amount of detail out of any raster file type, which photographers can then edit, compress, and convert into other formats.

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PSD files are the native file format of Adobe Photoshop. You've probably seen files with the .psd extension format, especially if you've been an Adobe Photoshop user. Most commonly used by designers and artists, Photoshop Documents are powerful tools for image data storage and creation.

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The Society of Camera Operators (SOC) advances the art, craft, and creative contributions of the camera operator. The SOC is an internationally recognized professional honorary society.

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In digital photography, resolution is the level of detail contained in an image. More specifically, it refers to the number of pixels that exist within that image. The higher the resolution, and the richer the pixel count, the more detail and definition you will see.

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An aspect ratio is a proportional relationship between an image's width and height. Essentially, it describes an image's shape. Aspect ratios are written as a formula of width to height, like this: 3:2.

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To “crop” an image is to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio. In other words, photo cropping is the act of improving an image by removing unnecessary parts.

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The options bar is right underneath the menu bar. It's a horizontal menu that, by default, is on the left side of the screen. Don't see the options bar? Bring it back by going to the Window drop-down menu and selecting Options (on both macOS and Windows).

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!

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Workspace Switcher displays a visual representation of your workspaces,

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A white card is usually used for judging exposure when shooting. and a gray card is used for setting white balance in post processing. Put a white card in a scene, shoot a frame, and look at the histogram.

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure.

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In Manual mode, the exposure level indicator shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera bel

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Basically, when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures. This technique gives you a range of options to choose from when you're editing. As a result, it's much less likely that you'll end up with a badly underexposed or overexposed photo.

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An AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something. When looking through the viewfinder, these points are denoted by small squares clustered around the centre of the frame.

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Technically speaking, sepia toning is a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants. This helps photos hold up over time.

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black. That range is key to an image's depth and drama. If a photo has poor dynamic range, the image can appear flat or gray.

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Within The Realm Of Photography, Midtones Refer To The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph.

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If you want to learn how to master the use of light in your photographs, look to the shadows. Shadows are the dark areas where a light source is blocked by an object. Shadows change shape, intensity, and even color along with the angle, direction, and temperature of light.

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By definition 18% gray is the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and white.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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Center-weighted average metering works on the basis that your subject is most likely to be located in the center of the frame. The camera measures exposure from the center of the viewfinder. This diagram shows how it works. The gray circle shows the area metered by the camera.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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The most precise of the metering modes, spot metering evaluates light around the chosen focus point or centre of the frame. This provides a precise reading from a very small area of the scene, which means it can be a very effective choice for high-contrast situations.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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Panning is a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object. It is a way to keep your subject in focus while blurring your background. Panning is typically done on a subject moving horizontally, such as a moving car, or a running dog.

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Light painting is the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.” A light painting photographer opens a camera's shutter and keeps it open as they draw in the air with a light source.

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements. Long-exposure photography captures one element that conventional photography does not: an extended period of time.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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As the name implies, a “tri”-pod has three legs. Remove the two legs and you are left with a “mono”-pod. Tripods are more stable while monopods are more mobile. It all boils down to your type of photography such as landscape, events, or even wildlife shooting.

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In photography, motion blur is the purposeful streaking or blurring of an object in motion in a photo for visual effect. It's a great technique for capturing movement in a still image, and is often used in both nature photography and sports photography.

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Bulb mode simply allows the photographer to take a picture for as long as the shutter is depressed (that means pushed down, not sad…). You can use bulb mode by choosing manual mode or shutter priority, then start scrolling your selector wheel all the way to the end of the shutter speeds.

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Shutter speed is exactly what it sounds like: It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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The photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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Shutter speed priority, also known as shutter priority mode, is when a photographer manually designates a shutter speed for a given exposure, and the camera automatically chooses an appropriate aperture and ISO setting to go with that shutter speed.

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Manual mode means you're in charge of adjusting aperture — one of photography's most important elements. It's the hole in the back of your lens that controls light and depth of field via f-numbers. If you want more exposure, you'll need a low f-number for a wide aperture.

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Program mode is the mode that is almost still like auto, but you can change where the camera sits the two principle settings, aperture and shutter speed. When you change your settings, it will adjust both aperture and shutter speed to suit the scene that you are pointing the camera at.

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Auto mode works exactly the way it sounds: It gives your camera complete control over its various settings, including the ISO, the aperture, the shutter speed, the autofocus mode, and even the flash. Therefore, with your camera set to Auto mode, your camera does all the heavy lifting, while you simply point and shoot.