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any transparent areas of the clipping mask layer will mask out those same areas of any layers 'clipped' to it.

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clicking "Edit" from the menu bar and then selecting "Free Transform" or simply by pressing the keyboard shortcut "Ctrl+T" (or "CMD+T" on Mac)

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In the Character panel or the Control panel, type or select a numeric value in the Kerning menu.

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open the Character palette, located under Window and then Character (Type → Character in Illustrator), and change the number in the leading field

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To apply a stroke, select the text layer in the Layers panel, then go to Layer > Layer Style > Stroke

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The Select and Mask Properties panel has multiple controls for refining all the edges of a selection.

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The Sharpen tool focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look. You can avoid oversharpening by setting a lower Strength value in the options bar

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The blur tool in Photoshop works by softening the edges and details of an image, creating a smoother appearance

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The Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes. From the toolbar, click and hold the icon for the Dodge, Burn, or Sponge retouching tool, whichever is active

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation.

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The sponge tool in Photoshop works on color saturation. It can either saturate a color or desaturate a color. This means by using the sponge tool,

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The Smudge tool is a Photoshop feature that allows you to mix or blend the content in an area of your image.

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Select the Crop tool in the Photoshop toolbox (also known as the Tools bar). Its icon looks like two intersecting right angles. To locate it quickly, just press the letter C on your keyboard.

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The Straighten tool lets you straighten crooked images and objects interactively by aligning a straightening bar with an image feature.

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What does the Paint Bucket tool do in Photoshop?

The Paint Bucket tool fills an area, that is similar in color value to the pixels you click. You can fill an area with the foreground color or a pattern. Choose a foreground color

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view.

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Zoom tool. Click the magnifying glass in the toolbar to access the Zoom tool, and then click on the specific area you want to zoom in on.

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The Brush tool allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush. You'll also have different settings to choose from, which can help you customize it for different situations.

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To activate the Rectangular Marquee tool, press "M." For the Elliptical Marquee, press "M" and then hold Shift while making a selection. Switching between different types of Marquee tools can also be done by holding down Shift and pressing "M" repeatedly.

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It's very easy to find this tool in Photoshop because it's right there on the tool panel (left side of your screen). It's the fourth option below the lasso tool and looks like a paintbrush painting a square-shaped dotted line at its tip.

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he Polygonal Lasso is what you use when you need to select an unusual, angled shape. It is ideal for shapes that are not proportional and are therefore poorly suited to the marquee. Likewise, it is the right choice for complex, multi-sided shapes.

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What does the Magic Wand tool do? The Magic Wand tool automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select.

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The Lasso tool is helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image

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The Healing Brush and Patch tools allow you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image.

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The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image.

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The Clone Stamp tool copies pixels from one area and applies them to another.

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The Patch tool is one of the most used and most helpful tools for photo editors.

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he move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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Contrast is the range of brightness, from lightest to darkest, in an image. A high-contrast image will have very bright highlights and very dark shadows. Sometimes an image's highlights may be almost pure white, or the shadows may be almost pure black: high contrast.

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Vibrance is primarily used when working with images that have people

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Hue refers to the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color,

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors

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Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is.

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a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light.

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an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size—36 mm by 24 mm

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the diagonal measurement of a camera's sensor size when compared to the diagonal measurement of a traditional 35mm frame of film

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer.

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Thumbnails are reduced-size versions of pictures or videos, used to help in recognizing and organizing them, serving the same role for images as a normal text index does for words.

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metadata is a set of data describing and providing information about rights and administration of an image.

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A digital single-lens reflex camera is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a solid-state image sensor and digitally records the images from the sensor.

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When we talk about blue hour photography, we refer to pictures taken during a specific window of time that generally happens twice a day

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A triadic color scheme uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. For example, the three primary colors form a triadic color scheme: red, yellow, and blue.

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Double exposure is a technique that combines two different exposures or images that are layered on top of each other.

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HDR stands for high dynamic range. Dynamic range is simply the range of the lightest tones to the darkest tones within a photo. Put another way — it's a measure of the light intensities from the highlights to the shadows

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an image format that supports layers of graphics in a single file

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a lossy raster file format that compresses an image to make the file smaller.

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Portable Network Graphic

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A RAW file is lossless, meaning it captures uncompressed data from your camera sensor.

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a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera

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PPI describes the resolution in pixels of a digital image whereas DPI describes the amount of ink dots on a printed image

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the level of detail contained in an image.

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the proportional relationship between an image's width and height.

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remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio.

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right underneath the menu bar.

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This is where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop.

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the entire range of colors that can be rendered by a digital device such as a camera LCD or a computer monitor, or the range of colors contained within a specific image.

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where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with

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displays a visual representation of your workspaces,

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shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal,

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you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures.

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zones on the camera sensor that are sensitive to changes in image contrast.

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a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound.

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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the lightest elements in an image

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The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows,

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the dark areas where a light source is blocked by an object.

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if the light in an average scene being photographed is averaged out, it will produce an 18% gray tone (neutral).

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the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography

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uses the center of the frame to base the exposure on

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covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject.

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evaluates light around the chosen focus point or centre of the frame

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shoot several images in close succession.

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a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object.

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the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.”

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements

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In photography, a tripod is a portable device used to support, stabilize and elevate a camera, a flash unit, or other videographic or observational/measuring equipment. All photographic tripods have three legs an

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the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded

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allows you to use shutter speeds slower than the standard maximum of 30 seconds

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the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes.

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the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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when a photographer manually designates a shutter speed for a given exposure, and the camera automatically chooses an appropriate aperture and ISO setting to go with that shutter speed.

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When in manual mode you are in charge of everything.

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the mode that is almost still like auto, but you can change where the camera sits the two principle settings, aperture and shutter speed.

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It gives your camera complete control over its various settings, including the ISO, the aperture, the shutter speed, the autofocus mode, and even the flash.

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a very distinct, well-defined subject with a blurred background represented by soft, blurred circles of light.

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the distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image.

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tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be.

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the term used to denote aperture measurements on your camera.

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the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes.

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Digital noise is when a picture has too much iso so it makes the image grainy, noisy

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a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device

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an arbitrary rating of film speed

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your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor.

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image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis.

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a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards