# data[].attributes.headline
Chesapeake Society (Politics and Power)-1619

# data[].attributes.subject
Chesapeake Society (Politics and Power)-1619

# data[].attributes.body
The settlers were granted the opportunity to choose a representative assembly by the Virginia Company of London. However they failed with this system and the England took over the Virginia as their royal colony. The king received several requests from settlers to maintain the right to choose a representative assembly. Charles I reluctantly agreed. Eventually, the assembly evolved into a bicameral legislature. Composed of the Royal Governor's Council and the House of Burgesses, which are both chosen by landowners (appointed by King). The majority of officials in local government were appointed rather than elected. The official church was the Anglican Church. All residents of Virginia had to contribute at set rates to support it. In comparison to New Englanders, Virginians gave religion a far lesser priority in daily life.

# data[].attributes.headline
Puritanism in New England (American and National Identity, Culture andSociety )-1625-1642

# data[].attributes.subject
Puritanism in New England (American and National Identity, Culture andSociety )-1625-1642

# data[].attributes.body
Puritans desired the construction of a city on a hill. In 1625, King Charles I started to purge the Anglican church of all Puritan influence. Members of the congregation and noncompliant preachers received fines and excommunication.
A group of puritan businessmen established the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1628. a charter allowing them to create a colony in North America from the king. The directors and stockholders of the company would relocate alongside the settlers. 700 immigrants were sent over by the firm in 1630 on 11 ships.

Governor John Winthrop- puritan ideal

Sermon titled “ A model of Christian Charity”

They held that merciless exploitation and profiteering ought to be restrained by moral or governmental restriction. 30% of Winthrop's group perished during the first harsh winter in Massachusetts. The colony became economically self-sufficient and saw an increase in population within a year. By 1642, 15,000 colonist lived in New England.

# data[].attributes.headline
New England ways (Culture and Society)-1630

# data[].attributes.subject
New England ways (Culture and Society)-1630

# data[].attributes.body
The majority of people in New England were Church of England members, and most churches operated independently. Each congregation was run by male "saints." Residents were required to pay taxes to support the church and attend services. Candidates for membership had to present a compelling, soul-baring "relation" of their conversion experience in front of their congregation. Towns with more than 50 families were required to appoint a teacher because they wanted children to be familiar with the Bible and that education start early. Grammar schools were required in towns with more than 100 occupants (This was the first step of public education). In 1636, they established Harvard College. supply ministers with New England-style training. Before 1700, just a small portion of English America had its own elite clergy and colleges.
1642-1671=201 graduates (111 ministers)
The church must be independent of government and resist theocracy (govt by clergy). Instead, there was synergy between the church and the state. imposed charges to fund nearby churches.
Roger Williams, a protester who supported complete cleric-state separation and religious tolerance. He was transferred to Providence in 1635, and in 1647 he founded Rhode Island. Later, the only colony in New England to embrace religious tolerance.
Anne Hutchinson publicly chastised the clergy for selecting church members based only on their "excellent work." Hutchinson undermined the clergy's dominance over laypeople, calling into question its spiritual condition. In 1637, she was excommunicated and banish to Rhode Island.

# data[].attributes.body
Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore), who received the land from Charles I, established Maryland, the first proprietary colony. Lord Baltimore intended to establish a place where Catholics might go from England because they were not allowed to practice their religion in public, had to give tithes to the Anglican Church, and were not allowed to run for office. Although Calvert remained in England and governed as an absentee proprietor. Later on more puritans settled into Maryland than Catholics. Majority disfranchised Catholics in 1654 when the Protestant population repealed the Act.
An army was organized to bring back religious tolerance, but it was unsuccessful since the Protestant-controlled legislature fought the proprietary on a daily basis and rejected any political involvement from the Catholic minority.

# data[].attributes.headline
Expansion and Native Americans + King Philip's war (culture and society)- mid 1600s 

# data[].attributes.subject
Expansion and Native Americans + King Philip's war (culture and society)- mid 1600s 

# data[].attributes.body
First, Puritan colonization in 1637 saw little resistance from Native Americans. In the Connecticut Valley, Puritans moved. The Pequots rebelled and waged a genocidal battle. Puritans prevailed and paved the way for them.
Indian population decreased as European settlers multiplied and prospered.
died from diseases brought by Europeans, such as TB, diphtheria, and the measles. Indian hunting grounds were taken away by European loggers, which decreased the availability of food. The Indian population in New England... numbered 10,000 in 1675 and 120,000 in 1600. Native Americans were demoralized and  turned to booze and became a Christian.

King Philip’s War

1675-1676

Wampanoag cheif Metacom(King Philip)

Tried to unite the remaining Indians and remove the English, but failed.

Metacom was killed and later many Indians were captured and sold into slavery

# data[].attributes.headline
Economic and Religious Tension in New England (Culture and Society)- mid 1600s

# data[].attributes.subject
Economic and Religious Tension in New England (Culture and Society)- mid 1600s

# data[].attributes.body
The biggest danger was that colonists would give up on the idea of a close-knit society in favor of pursuing their own interests. To prevent customers from suffering from a persistent lack of produced products, government officials attempted to limit prices. Puritan clergy and farming elite vs. merchants clashed frequently. Political and religious leaders tried to keep the contagious tension out of their hilltop metropolis. Despite the fact that some wanted their dispersed parcels be combined and forced many farmers to build homes outside of town, The most striking example of decline in the New England Way was a problem with church membership. Many of the children of Puritans were not attending church. Most third generation children did not get baptism, which meant that there were no potential converts. Puritan clergy exclusively baptized infants born to saints.

# data[].attributes.body
Compromise= Permit the children of baptized adults to receive baptism
Allow founders descendants to transmit potential church membership to their grandchildren. Adult children “halfway” members who could not take communion or vote on church affairs. Saints became a shrinking minority
The founding fathers failed to pass on their intense religious fervor to the 2nd and 3rd generations.
Decline in puritanism

# data[].attributes.headline
Salem Witchcraft (American and National Identity) 1691-1693

# data[].attributes.subject
Salem Witchcraft (American and National Identity) 1691-1693

# data[].attributes.body
Started in Salem and spread throughout Massachusetts aka  witchcraft hysteria.
This resulted from the breakdown of the religious purpose and a sense of community as well as economic resentments. Specifically directed resentment, powerful, independent women. A bunch of young girls made accusations against a few low-ranking people, and that was how it all began. As more and more people brought accusations against others, including even the governor's wife, the situation got worse. 20 people were found guilty of witchcraft and put to death. By the time the governor stopped the proceedings and freed the prisoners, hundreds were already in jail. They are all Christians, thus the witchcraft is like the devil's activity. The enormous frenzy around witchcraft was an extreme manifestation of more pervasive fears in New England regarding societal change.

# data[].attributes.headline
Chesapeake Society (Culture and Society)-Late 1600s

# data[].attributes.subject
Chesapeake Society (Culture and Society)-Late 1600s

# data[].attributes.body
Over 110,000 Englishmen had arrived in the Chesapeake region by 1700. More workers are constantly needed to cultivate tobacco. 90% arrived as indentured laborers. Compared to NE, the life expectancy was 20 years lower. Births outnumber deaths. Within six years of their arrival, 40% of indentured servants died from illness or overwork. Men were unable to marry and start families since there weren't enough women in the settlements. In comparison to other places, widows in the Chesapeake enjoyed more property rights. By the late 1600s, aboriginal people had developed children immunizations, and the number of epidemic deaths started to decline.

# data[].attributes.headline
VA and MD (Work, Exchange and Technology)- late 1600s 

# data[].attributes.subject
VA and MD (Work, Exchange and Technology)- late 1600s 

# data[].attributes.body
Growing tobacco and population dispersion on farms and plantations close to rivers impacted life in VA and MD. Few towns or commercial hubs were established. Ships from England docked right at the planters' riverfront docks. The planters acted as middlemen for the local small farmers as the ship captains bought the tobacco and marketed their wares from Europe. Planters construct docks, which turn into ports, and then they simply wait for the vessels to arrive. Some planters abused their enslaved laborers while taking advantage of the head rights system to amass vast estates. Indentured servants who made it through their unpaid term of service had a difficult time buying their own farms because they lacked sufficient capital.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bacon Rebellion (Culture and Society)=1675-1676

# data[].attributes.subject
Bacon Rebellion (Culture and Society)=1675-1676

# data[].attributes.body
The backdrop for Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 was racism, low tobacco prices, and the hatred of the landless and small farmers toward the wealthy planters and the ruling class. People who felt unjust were led by Nathaniel Bacon. M ade up primarily of farmers who are struggling financially. Extermination campaign against all remaining Native Americans in VA. with the intent to enslave them and take their lands and harvests. The royal governor made an effort to stop Bacon and his supporters.
They invaded Jamestown, burned it down, and then ransacked their adversaries' plantation. After Bacon's passing, Rebels is over.

# data[].attributes.headline
From Servitude to Slavery (Culture and Society)-late 1600s

# data[].attributes.subject
From Servitude to Slavery (Culture and Society)-late 1600s

# data[].attributes.body
In 1619, the first Africans came and were first treated as indentured servants.
The Chesapeake colonies recognized the institution of African slavery after 1660 and enacted laws that outlined the practice and strictly regulated blacks.
Slave imports from Africa increased significantly in the 1680s. Black slaves made for 22% of the population by 1700. A number of factors led to the substitution of African slaves for white indentured servants. racism, the intention of wealthy white landowners to keep poor whites out of social turmoil. white landowners' want to keep their relationship with lower-class whites amicable. decreased white immigration from England As more businesses entered the global slave trade, more Africans were taken straight to the Chesapeake colonies.
Social stratification: class division.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1686 Charles 2 gave a huge grant of territory in America to William Penn
to repay a debt Charles 2 owed Penn family. William Penn was a wealthy Englishman who had joined the much-persecuted Quakers. Penn wanted to base the colony on Quaker principles that would offer a haven to his fellow worships.
Laid planned Philadelphia and began the colony in 1681.
Additionally, he prepared a constitution and established a legislative assembly to give colonists a say in how the colony was managed. Favorable ties with the Indians. By cultivating grains on the rich terrain and exporting them to the West Indies, the settlers flourished. By 1700, trade made Philadelphia a significant port.
Immigration and natural rise both contributed to a rapid expansion in population.
Penn's requests for rent annoyed some of the colonists. Dutch and Swedes in lower Delaware were the main culprits. obtained the ability to choose their own legislature in 1704.

# data[].attributes.headline
Rivals for North America: France and Spain (Migration and Settlement)-1660s-1670s

# data[].attributes.subject
Rivals for North America: France and Spain (Migration and Settlement)-1660s-1670s

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1660s and 1670s, the French empire expanded inland. Every year, Louis 14th sends 600 settlers. Missionaries and fur traders are currently relocating to Ohio. By the early 1700s, the French had explored the Mississippi up to the Gulf of Mexico and had claimed the entire region. opened fur trade posts in Biloxi and Mobile, Alabama. In this huge kingdom, few French people lived, yet many of them did.

# data[].attributes.headline
 New Mexico: The Pueblo Revolt (Migration and Settlement) -1680

# data[].attributes.subject
 New Mexico: The Pueblo Revolt (Migration and Settlement) -1680

# data[].attributes.body
Spain made an effort to enslave the Pueblo Indians in order to tighten her grip over New Mexico. Native Americans were coerced by Franciscan missionaries to give up their customary way of life and adopt Catholicism. Indians were forced to work on Spanish landlords' encomiendas. Due to years of drought and Spanish exploitation, many Native Americans were starving by the 1670s, which sparked the Pueblo rebellion in 1680. The most successful Indian insurrection in American history involved an attempt by an Indian religious figure to push the Spanish out of New Mexico. Up until 1700, there was a rebellion, and the Indians forced the Spanish to leave.

# data[].attributes.headline
English conquests New York and New Jersey (migration and Settlements)- 1665 to 1702

# data[].attributes.subject
English conquests New York and New Jersey (migration and Settlements)- 1665 to 1702

# data[].attributes.body
Dutch-founded fur-trading colony of New Netherland became America’s first multiethnic society. Population included Dutch, Germans, Swedes, Africans, Protestants, Catholics, Jews Muslims, which spoke 18 different languages.
In 1655, New Netherland’s governor Peter Stuyvesant took over and annexed the Swedish fur-trading.

James Duke of York received New Netherland, the conquered Dutch province, from Charles 2 in 1664. The majority of the Dutch residents were given permission to maintain their land and stayed in the settlement. James became king in 1685, making New York a royal colony. Large land concessions were given as rewards to the devoted subjects of the British royal governors. Mostly from New York, along the Hudson river. These manor lords became almost as wealthy as rice planters in South Carolina.
Rents they collected from their tenant farmers. James gave part of the former New Netherland to a group of proprietors (led by Lord Berkely and sir Philip Carteret). Settlers were mix of New England, Puritans, Quakers, Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterians and Swedish lutherans. 1702 the crown took over NJ and became a royal colony

# data[].attributes.headline
Florida and Texas (Migration and Settlement)- late 1600s

# data[].attributes.subject
Florida and Texas (Migration and Settlement)- late 1600s

# data[].attributes.body
Florida
Guale, Timucua, Apalachee Indians rebelled periodically against Spanish coerced labor and conversions. In 1680s situation further deteriorated when the English in Carolina and their Creek allies began invading FL and carrying off Indians to sell in the slave trade

Texas
France’s establishment of LA further challenged the Spanish, but Spanish responded by finding the province of Texas in 1699. Although White settlement did not begin there until 1716.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Spread of Slavery: The Caribbean and Carolina and Sugar and Slaves: The west Indies 1630-1713s

# data[].attributes.subject
The Spread of Slavery: The Caribbean and Carolina and Sugar and Slaves: The west Indies 1630-1713s

# data[].attributes.body
Nearly 60% of English immigrants went to the Caribbean between 1630 and 1642. The West Indies established a plantation-based economy centered on the production of sugar. Later, some of these English colonists relocated to the Carolina and Chesapeake colonies, taking their slaves with them. Black slaves constituted the bulk of the population in Carolina by 1710.
Each of the major North American and European colonizing nations, including Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands, colonized one or more of the West Indies' islands. The first export was tobacco, which was predominantly grown with the help of white indentured workers until the 1640s, when the majority of them moved to sugar farming. Then, because they needed more labor than tobacco, planters imported an increasing number of slaves. Blacks outnumbered whites 4 to 1 until 1713.

# data[].attributes.headline
Rice and Slaves: Carolina (work, exchange and technology) - 1663 to early 1700s

# data[].attributes.subject
Rice and Slaves: Carolina (work, exchange and technology) - 1663 to early 1700s

# data[].attributes.body
In 1663, King Charles 2 gave a group of his English supporters a grant of land in America. Named Carolina in his honor. Proprietors adopted the "headright system" to attract colonists.  Most settlers came from English mainland and Barbados
Northern Carolinas

Cultivated tobacco

Exported limber pitch

South Carolinas

Raised livestock

Neither regions used many black slaves and instead used own family labor.
Southern Carolinas discovered a staple crop in the 1690s that would make them wealthy: rice. You required enough money to begin growing rice. Invest in pricey dams, dike systems, and slaves. Rice production on a large scale brought prosperity. The only rich mainlanders were West Indies sugar planters.
Malaria-carrying mosquitoes were proliferating in the muggy rice patties.
Numerous English indentured servants passed away suddenly. The planters' response was to bring in Africans who they thought were immune to malaria and had extensive knowledge of rice cultivation.
The only British colony on British soil with a majority of Africans was South Carolina.
Whites from Southern Carolina also collaborated with the Yamasees and Creeks to seize Native Americans residing in Spanish Florida and sell them as slaves, primarily in the West Indies.