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- Invention that was created by John Kay in 1733
-  It was a more efficient way of weaving on hand looms
- It only needed one weaver to shoot the yarn from one side of the width of the loom to the other

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- It made it quicker for the weavers to produce cloth
- Increased the demand for spun yarn

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- An invention created by James Hargreaves in 1756
- It could spin eight threads at once

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- It helped to increase the supply of yarn

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- Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1768
- a spinning frame that improved on James Hargreaves' invention
- Powered by a water wheel

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- It can produce yarn of any type

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- Invented by Samuel Crompton in 1799
--> It was created by combining the spinning jenny's carriage and the water frames rollers
- Required a skilled weaver to operate
--> They were later developed so that they could be used by unskilled workers

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- It allowed a single power

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- Before the IR iron producers had to smelt the iron rock to extract raw metal
- To generate the required heat for smelting iron ore charcoal was needed
--> However making charcoal was time-consuming and required a large supply of wood; Due to this the wood supply across Britain decreased
- An Iron producer at Coalbrookdale in Derbyshire, England discovered a way to bake coal which created a substance known as coke
--> Coke was a smokeless fuel that burned hotter than coal
--> Coke had replaced coal as the fuel to smelt iron ore
- In 1784 iron producer Henry Cort was able to combine to process known as 'pudding' and 'rolling', which made the large-scale production of pig iron possible
- As production increased, new uses of iron were discovered such as:

knives

forks

iron pots & pans

building material in houses & factories

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- New purposes of iron discovered
- Coke burned hotter than coal and wasn't as time-consuming as coal was

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- Two inventors Thomas Savery (around 1698) and Thomas Newcomen (around 1710) developed early steam engines to pump water from mines
- In the process of repairing a Newcomen steam engine, engineer James Watt discovered that he could greatly increase its efficiency
- In 1769 Watt developed an improved version of a steam engine that was more practical and powerful

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- James Watt had created an improved steam engine that was not only used in the mining industry but also in:

cotton-spinning factories

flour mills

breweries

sugar cane crushing mills

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- The first steam locomotive was built by an English man known as Richard Trevithick in 1801
- Trevithick was the first person to drive a steam locomotive on the railways of a tramway
- The first locomotive built and used for commercial purposes was known as the Stephenson's rocket
--> It was built by George Stephenson in 1829

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- As time went on they became far more powerful & capable of reaching greater speeds

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- In 1807 the first commercial steamship was developed by an American named Robert Fulton
- The steamship went through multiple different designs and improvements over the next 100 years
- By 1838ships were crossing the Atlantic Ocean driven purely by steam power
- Steamships quickly began to replace sailing ships as the preferred ocean-going transport
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- Although their cargo space was reduced due to the amount of space required for storing the coal, they were faster and more reliable

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- In 1859 Belgian engineer Etinne Lenoir developed an engine that sucked coal gas and air into a cylinder, where it was ignited by a spark pushing down a metal pistol that turned a wheel
- It's used in all modern cars and engines
- German engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhem Maybach experimented with an engine that used a new fuel, which later became known as gasoline or petrol
- As internal combustion engines became more reliable and powerful, cars became more and more common
- In 1908 Henry Ford made the dream of having a car possible for the common people
- Internal combustion engine also allowed the development of an engine that would be light yet strong enough to power flying machines
- Powered flight was to develop rapidly, triggered by ww 1

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- There were cars that where made so that common people could also afford them
- By using an assembly-line technique with a sequel of specialised workers who repeated the same task on a series of components he (Henry Ford) was able to produce more cars cheaply and quickly

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- In the early 1700s most roads in Britain were built and maintained by local inhabitants that carried out repairs when absolutely necessary --> This meant that most roads outside of London were in poor condition
- By the 1830s 1000 turnpike trusts --> As a result roads improved and travel times decreased
- As roads improved, demand for more reliable and convenient ways of crossing rivers grew
- In 1799 Abraham Darby began building the world's first cast-iron bridge to link a small mining town with nearby factories in the town of Coalbrookdale
- A toll was charged for using the bridge which became known as the Iron Bridge
- In 1795 the bridge became famous after it remained standing after a major flood

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- Bridges were made from stone and iron after the Iron Bridge was able to withstand a flood

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- In 1825 the world's first railway line was built between the coal fields in Darlington and the seaports of Stockton in north-east England
- It combined two innovations the steam engine and rail-mounted mining trucks
- In 1830 a new track linking the Manchester cotton industry to the port of Liverpool opened goods for export --> This was the first railway to link two major cities
- Throughout the 1830s & 1840s the building of rail tracks and strong iron bridges and new train routes meant that iron production doubled at this time
- Travel for holidays became more common & some commodities became more readily available such as:

Fresh flowers

Milk

--> Delivered to London on the early morning 'milk trains' from Cornwall and Devon in the south-west
- The demand for railway bridges led to increased demand for iron production

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- More workers were needed in the iron factories to meet railway orders
--> another 200,000 men were employed to lay railway tracks
- By 1839 the travel time had dropped to just under 2 days by train from London to Edinburgh

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- Over 100 canals were dug across Britain from 1760-1820, linking major rivers creating a transport network for the transportation of food and freight
- One of the longest canals was the Liverpool to leeds canal at 204km long --> Work on  it began 1770 and finished in 1816
- Canals were also used to move coal and other heavy goods, placing the slower method of coastal shipping

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- As the high price of coal was due to the cost of moving it, new canals caused the price of coal to drop by half
- The new lower price fed even faster in cotton mills
- Cheaper coal transport also dropped the price of cotton weaving, increasing the profits for mill owners