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400: The Invasion of Scandinavian Tribes

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400: The Invasion of Scandinavian Tribes

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The invasion of Scandinavian tribes (Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Celts) from northern Germany and Denmark marks the beginning of the English language's formation. Each tribe brought its own language, contributing to the diverse linguistic landscape that would eventually evolve into English.

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This period marks the first stage of the English language, known as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. During this time, the language began to develop its unique characteristics, influenced by the various tribal languages and Latin from Christian missionaries.

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The Norman Conquest, led by William the Conqueror, brings significant changes to the English language. French becomes the language of the nobility, while English remains the language of the common people.

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The second stage of English, Middle English, begins. William the Conqueror's family rules England, bringing French influence. The language is enriched with new vocabulary and inflections. French becomes the official language of England, while English remains the language of the commons.

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1450: English Becomes Official Language Again

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1450: English Becomes Official Language Again

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English regains its status as the official language of England, marking a significant shift in the language's importance and use in governance and daily life.

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The Renaissance brings a revival of classical learning and culture, influencing the English language with new words and concepts from Greek and Latin.

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The third stage of English, Modern English, begins. The invention of the printing press revolutionizes book production, leading to wider accessibility of written materials and increased standardization of the language.

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1525: First Printed English New Testament

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1525: First Printed English New Testament

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William Tyndale publishes the first printed translation of the New Testament in English, making religious texts more accessible to the common people and influencing the development of the language.

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This period sees the flourishing of English literature, highlighted by the plays of William Shakespeare. Shakespeare's works greatly enrich the English language with new words and phrases.

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The King James Version of the Bible is published, becoming a cornerstone of English literature and language development.

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Samuel Johnson publishes the first comprehensive English dictionary, standardizing the meaning of words and contributing to the language's consistency.

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Lindley Murray publishes the first English grammar book, standardizing grammar rules and further formalizing the language.

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Lindley Murray publishes the first English spelling book, helping to standardize the spelling of words. This marks an important step in making Modern English a standardized language.

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1880 onwards: Modern Standardized English

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1880 onwards: Modern Standardized English

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By this time, English has become a fully standardized language with established rules for grammar, spelling, and pronunciation. The language continues to evolve, influenced by global communication and technological advancements.