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Memory is how the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information. It allows us to connect past experiences with new learning.

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👁 Sensory Memory: Holds sights, sounds, and feelings for a few seconds.

💭 Short-Term / Working Memory: Keeps information active for 15–30 seconds while we think or problem-solve.

📚 Long-Term Memory: Stores facts, experiences, and skills indefinitely (includes declarative & procedural memory).

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Learning forms new neural connections in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Repetition, attention, and emotional engagement strengthen these connections (called long-term potentiation).

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How well information is stored and recalled over time.
It’s reinforced through practice, review, and meaningful engagement.

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The ability to apply what’s learned in one setting to new or different contexts.
It shows deep understanding and adaptability.

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When learners relate new information to what they already know, more neural pathways form — improving both memory retention and real-world application.

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The amygdala triggers “fight or flight” when a person feels unsafe.

The hippocampus (which forms new memories) may function less effectively during stress.

Result: difficulty focusing, recalling, or organizing information.

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Learners who’ve experienced trauma may appear distracted or forgetful. Their brains are protecting them, not resisting learning.

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💬 Link new concepts to personal experiences or prior knowledge.
→ Strengthens neural connections and long-term understanding.

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🎨 Use visuals, movement, storytelling, and reflection.
→ Sensory and emotional learning enhances encoding and recall.

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⏰ Review content regularly; use quizzes or reflection prompts.
→ Strengthens memory traces and prevents forgetting.

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💗 Keep learning environments calm, structured, and emotionally safe. This supports memory and engagement for all learners.

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Jensen, E. (2020). Teaching with the brain in mind (3rd ed.). ASCD.

National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (n.d.). Effects of trauma on learning. https://www.nctsn.org

Sousa, D. A. (2022). How the brain learns (6th ed.). Corwin Press.

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Build calm, predictable environments.

Use positive relationships and consistent routines.

Offer reassurance and flexibility to help the brain feel safe enough to learn.