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A trip to the moon was created in 1902 by George Méliès, an important step on how we know movies. The innovative special effects and the combination of the stop-Motion and dissolve techniques, open new ideas. Méliès laid the foundation for science fiction and fantasy in cinema. We cannot mention the impact the movie had on the narrative ambition, with their dreamy scenography that shows the importance of scenography and make-up and costume. Méliès was not only a filmmaker, he was an artist.

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1912: Independanta Romaniei by Aristide Denetriade

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1912: Independanta Romaniei by Aristide Denetriade

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Independenta Romaniei was the first propaganda movie, published in 1912 directed by Aristide Denetriade, depicting the Romanian war of independence against the Ottona Empire. The movie was a powerful tool for propaganda, creating a nationalistic narrative to legitimize the regime. It promoted themes of national strength, unity and pride, in Romania.

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Cabiria is an Italian epic silent movie, directed by Giovanni Pastrone and written by Gabriele D’Annunzio in 1914. Considered to be the first epic film genre. We have a development on the use of special effects, such as miniatures of volcanic eruption and naval battles.The movie influenced Hollywood as we know it today. Introduced the carrello and the special effects. Giovanni Pastrone was a pioneer in using the movement camera. It will influence filmmaker Griffith, who will create the nationalist movie “The birth of a Nation”. The movie was such a huge success that even the Nazi and fascism will be influenced by it.

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Hollywood was created as a subdivision of a rural area in 1887 by Harvey Wilcox. In the early 1900, filmmakers moved to Hollywood to escape the restrictive patents of Thomas Edison’s Motion Pictures Patents Company. By 1915, a large group of filmmakers went to Hollywood, leading to the establishment of major studies like Paramount, Warner Bros, and 20th Century Fox, becoming the center of the film industry.

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During the war, a group of artists escaped to Switzerland and created the artistic movement. The Dada wanted to create a universe that was completely different from the one they lived in, an escape from the situation happening.

Weaponising nonsense against the institution that had brought the start of WW1.

The dada were anti everything. The artistic movement will lay the foundation of surrealism.

“Dada is for the senseless, which does not mean nonsense, Dada is for natu and against art” Jean Arp

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1915: The birth of a Nation by D.W. Griffith

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1915: The birth of a Nation by D.W. Griffith

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Birth of a nation was a movie that emphasized the union of the state. Had a positive and negative impact on society. The movie was praised for its technical and narrative innovations, but also spread a powerful and racist propaganda, creating stereotypes that influenced racist attitudes. Griffith was quite racist, and had no problem declaring it, the reason for him to be a controversial person.

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American Epic Movie will characterize Hollywood, with the majority of their production beige one : Gone with the Wind (1939), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Dances with Wolves (1990). They are characterized by extravagant settings, historical events or mythological narratives and sleeping visual style with large budgets.

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1920: The Cabinet of Dr.Caligari by Robert Wiene

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1920: The Cabinet of Dr.Caligari by Robert Wiene

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Francis is telling a story to an old man, about how the doctor Caligari has a dreamwalker Cesare, was capable of predicting the future. Cesare predicted that a friend of Francis was going to die, but Francis discovered that the Dr. Caligari was the murderer behind all of it. He will recognize the Dr. In a hospital, and was able to imprison him, then we find out that everything was a hallucination for Francis.

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German film became dark, the control of the government banning foreign films also aided to their isolation. The artistic style comes partly from German romanticism and gives a subjective view of the world. Represent the country’s collective anxiety through distorted and nightmarish imagery. So for this reason the principal team used are: possession, dual Personality, physical and mental illness. With a style: deformed scenography and acting, unrealistic light, the shadows hides a part of a reality.

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1922: A Noi! Dalla sagra di Napoli al trionfo a Roma by Umberto Paradisi 

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1922: A Noi! Dalla sagra di Napoli al trionfo a Roma by Umberto Paradisi 

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A noi! Is a “Documentary” on how Mussolini achieved the conquest of Italy through the march on Rome. The documentary is a perfect execution on how propaganda should be made. Have a great use of montage technique to narrate something that there isn’t. The movie manages to tell us that Mussolini was with the fascism marching to Rome, when in reality he was in Milan, and when they informed him that the fascism were near Rome, he decided to take a train, so that he could enter the city with the army.

Recommendation: The March on Rome by Mark Cousins.

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1925: Battleship Potemkin by Sergei Eisenstein

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1925: Battleship Potemkin by Sergei Eisenstein

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Story divided in 5 parts:

1) Men and Maggots

2) Drama on the Dock

3)The Dead Man Calls out

4) The Odessa Steps

5) Rendezvous with the squadron

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The Moscow Film School was founded in 1919 during the midst of the Russian Revolution.

From them we will have the introduzione of the Kuleshov Effect, which would put unrelated images to create an idea on the viewer's mind. The goal behind this method was to create a montage where the combination of shots would evoke something different each time. Kuleshov was credited with pioneering the evoking of emotion through contrasting image.

And the most revolutionising with Eisenstein vision with his 5 methods of montage: Metric, Rhythmic, Tonal, Overtonal and Intellectual. The viewer became a participant.   The battleship of Potempik,  shows the dramatic oppressions that Russians had to endure under a regime. A movie that encourages the spettatore to side with the revolution.

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Un chien andalous was a movie that criticized the social repression and the irrationality it creates. Symbols became an important theme. The movie's primary goal was to provoke and challenge societal norms and create a dreamlike experience. The movie was deeply influenced by psychoanalysis, for being an exploration of trauma,which lies at the core of post WWI European society. An important symbol in the movie could be the hand, which symbolized fetis: what hands can do and how they can generate both pleasure and pain. The repetition of wounded and severe Hans represents castration fear and disembodied phallus.

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Surrealism was created in Paris in 1924, The art movement was largely influenced by the work of Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. Surrealism has its roots in the theory of epistemology ( how we come to understand the world) Without the theory, there are two perspectives: razionalismo and empiricism. Rationalism saga that the world is what it is, it exists within a reality and that reality is real. Empiricists say that it’s impossible to know whether the world is real so we have to rely on our senses to construct a reality. When that “reality” is twisted, contorted, and ridiculed, we can say that the reality has become surreal. The first world war had a great impact on the movement, after such a dramatic event there was no return to normalcy. The only true way to break free of the restraints of rationalism was to release our unconscious.

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The transition resulted in a significant shift, as many actors, directors, and technicians who were successful in silent films were unable to adapt to the new technology, leading to the end of some careers. Some filmmaker also refused to use the new technology, but eventually had to change their mind.

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The 1930 and early 1940 produced the greatest movie of all time. By the end of the Pre-Code era, the free independent spirit of filmmaking evaporated, but does not mean were bad, they created Citizen Kane, Casablanca and The Wizard of Oz

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1935: Triumph of the Will by Leni Reifenstahl

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1935: Triumph of the Will by Leni Reifenstahl

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“Triumph of the Will” was a propaganda movie, made by the Nazi showing the energy and enthusiasm for their leader, Adolf Hilter. An incredible representation of the power that the regime had, by using different angles and montage. All thanks to the brilliant director, who was a female. This movie was also shown in scroll to pupils, to shapeshift their mind.

“Propaganda must not investigate the truth…”

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Triumph of the Will” was a propaganda movie, made by the Nazi showing the energy and enthusiasm for their leader, Adolf Hilter. An incredible representation of the power that the regime had, by using different angles and montage. All thanks to the brilliant director, who was a female. This movie was also shown in scroll to pupils, to shapeshift their mind.

“Propaganda must not investigate the truth…”

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Modern time by Charlie Chaplin criticized the industrial revolution, and how it dehumanized the workers and drained their energy. His use of satire to critique the dehumanizing effects of industrialization and capitalism on workers, it’s still efficient today. The economic and class inequality is a theme that will be explored several times by the artist, due to his personal background with poverty in London. Chaplin urged people not to be controlled by oppressive systems but to embrace their individuality. Resulting with his movie still being relevant.

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1940: The Great Dictator by Charlie Chaplin 

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1940: The Great Dictator by Charlie Chaplin 

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But his more famous, and my favorite, movie is The Great Dictator, a bold political satire. Being the first Chaplin sound film. The impact of the movie for his use of comedy to make a strong political statement. Chaplin himself had to fund the movie,due to the controversies theme, and Hollywood studies, being an American company, was still neutral in WWII. Was the first movie to directly satiri e hitler and Mussolini showcasing the courage of Chaplin in standing up against oppression. Chaplin was a great man also for that.

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Citizen Kane revolutionized both cinematic storytelling and visual techniques. Its innovations include a non-linear narrative structure, use of unconventional camera angles. The film pushed the boundaries of what mainstream Hollywood could produce by telling a complex, critical story about an ambiguous figure. The movie remains a commentary on the corrupting influence of wealth and power, through mass media. And suggest that ambition can lead to a lonely and unfulfilled life (American Dream in revers)

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Italian Neorealism 1943-1954 : WW2 devastated the Italian state : socially, economically, and culturally. After the war people needed an outlet of expressionism, and a place to reconstruct a new National identity.

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1950: Ladri di Biciclette by Vittorio de Sica

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1950: Ladri di Biciclette by Vittorio de Sica

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Ladri di biciclette was revolutionary for his authentic depiction of post-war Italian life. We have a simple story that deals with poverty, struggle and human condition, that influenced filmmakers. The movie is a great example of the Italian Neorealist, which focused on real people and social issues using natural light and shopping on location, and in this case, using regular people instead of actors, which will influence later film movements like the French New Wave.

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1968: Death by Hanging by Nagisa Oshima 

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1968: Death by Hanging by Nagisa Oshima 

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Death by hanging used the execution of a Young Korean man to critique Japanese and Korean national identity, social induisti e, and the nature of punishment. The film is a powerful work of political cinema that uses a surreal and absurdist tone to deconstruct the narrative and provoke deep reflection on themes of justice, prejudice, and state power. By portraying the execution a bureaucratic and illogical process, the film critiques the power of the state and its ability to create and control narratives.

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The Japanese New Wave was a film movement in the late 1950s to the 1970s, characterized by directors who challenged traditional cinema with experimental storytelling, unconventional editing, and bond themes. Influenced by the French New Wave. Use themes like: political radicalism, sexual violence, and youth delinquency. Directors are used for more realism and emotional expression, creating a movie that felt raw.

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1957: The Seventh Seal by Ingmar Bergman 

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1957: The Seventh Seal by Ingmar Bergman 

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The Scandinavian Revival was a film movement in the 1940s and 1950 that focused on national identity, rural life, and folklore, partly as a reaction to the restricted environment of WW2. The films portrayed Scandinavian cultural heritage, national identity and pride. Strong  presence on emotion and the complexities of human relationships. An important Feltre was the use of naturalistic and realistic visuals, emphasizing authenticity. The sound and editing created a sense of reality

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1959: The 400 Blows by François Truffaut 

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1959: The 400 Blows by François Truffaut 

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The 400 blows was the founding film for the French new wave. The movie reinvented cinema by breaking from traditional storytelling and prioritizing personal, visual narrative. Inspired directors to embrace innovative style, experiment with form. The film utilized techniques like the hand-held camera, loose direction and jump cuts. It suggests a new view of a misbehaving child, suggesting that such behavior is shaped by environment and upbringing rather than innate nature.

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1964: Dr.Strangelove: or How I learned how to stop worrying by Stanley Kubrick 

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1964: Dr.Strangelove: or How I learned how to stop worrying by Stanley Kubrick 

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Dr. Strangelove was a huge controversy the time the movie was released, it satirized the cold war and nuclear fears, enforcing the public dissentment and the anti-military movement. Kubrick exposed human irrationality and the limits of human control remain relevant in discussions of nuclear deterrence and International politics. Despite the end of the Cold War, the film Message still exists, and the satirical approach gives an overlook on the international political structures and the way popular culture can both reflect and shape public understanding of conflict and war.

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1965: For a few dollars more By Sergio Leone

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1965: For a few dollars more By Sergio Leone

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By the 1960s, the American audience was growing tired of the repetitive themes in traditional Westerns movies, and Spaghetti Weathers were a fresh alternative. Spaghetti Western offers a morally complex antiheroes and a less idealized view of the American West.

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Mirror, by Andrei Tarkovsky is innovative for breaking from traditional narrative to create a dreamlike, non-linear exploration of memory, history and human psyche. It’s a masterpiece thanks to the use of the visual poetry, its emotional and spiritual depth. The film connects intimate, personal memories with broader historical events such as WW2 and the Spanish civil war, showing how history shapes individual lives. He  questions what is real and what is constructed within one’s own perception.

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The Dogma 95 had a big impact on independent cinema by prioritizing authenticity and realism, which inspired a generation of filmmakers on focusing on storytelling and characterized over elaborate Special effects. The Dogme 95 rejects artificiality, and encourages raw, authentic storytelling, showing genuine performance and emotional truth. The Dogme also demonstrated that films could be Made more affordably and independently. A rebelion against Hollywood.