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In 1948 the nation's biggest integrated WW2 housing project in Oregon was flooded. Vanport provided Jobs and recreational activities for the residents. It housed over 42,000 people, and most of the residents worked in the Kaiser shipyards. On Memorial Day of 1948 a dike broke and the Columbia River flooded. The officials did not evacuate the residents of Vanport and instead said the dikes would prevent Vanport from flooding. The residents had 35 minutes after the dike broke to evacuate and even then no one knew how bad the flooding was going to be. 16,000 people ended up homeless and 15 were dead. People of color were forced back to their hometowns or into Albina and White people were forced into the suburbs.

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/vanport-1942-1948/

https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/essays/the-vanport-flood/

https://vanportplaces.org/

https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/vanport/

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In the early to mid 1900s the Albina neighborhood was predominately African-American. People of color were usually not allowed to buy homes out of Albina due to redlining. Albina also seemed to be very busy and full of community. A lot of people started their businesses in Albina because they couldn't always get jobs working for white people in other parts of town.

In 1967 A riot in Albina was started. There were fires everywhere and most of the stores were broken into. Because of this, there was more police supervision in Albina.

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/albina-portland-1870/

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/albina-riot-portland-oregon-1967/

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Courtesy Oregon Historical Society

Albina is a neighborhood located in Northeast Portland, Oregon that for most of the 20th century was home to the majority of the city's African American population. Before it was annexed into Portland in 1891, Albina was a rapidly growing city on the east side of the Willamette River from Portland. During the 1870s and 1880s, Albina's population consisted mostly of new immigrants from Europe who worked at the Union Pacific Railroad terminal or on the docks. In the 1890s and 1900s, wealthy Portlanders from across the river began to purchase land in Albina. Most African American residents of Portland at the time rented homes or apartments on the west side of the river, closer to the city center.

By 1910, the black neighborhoods of northwest Portland were too crowded, and black Portlanders began to cross the river to look for homes, often choosing Lower Albina for its proximity to jobs at the docks or with the railroad. In response, the newer white neighborhoods of east Portland began adopting restrictive covenants, effectively confining African American home-seekers of east Portland to the Albina neighborhood.

Lower Albina remained one of the few places African American families could live or work in the Portland area until the eve of World War II. Shipbuilding yards along the Columbia River drew thousands of workers from around the United States, increasing Portland's black population from 1,931 in 1940 to more than 20,000 in 1945. Most of the newcomers lived in Vanport, an integrated community housing development along the Columbia River created to accommodate shipyard workers. When Vanport was destroyed by the Columbia River flood of 1948, over 16,000 people were displaced. Black residents who lost their homes were faced with a difficult choice: return to their hometowns or try to resettle in the very few parts of Portland available to them. Homeless and unemployed, the new residents of Albina mostly rented rapidly aging homes or apartments vacated by white Portlanders bound for the suburbs.

By the early 1950s Portland's black community life centered on Williams Avenue. Former defense industry workers, unable to find jobs in white businesses, opened their own shops, restaurants, and clubs to serve the black community. By 1956, however, the now mostly black neighborhood of Albina was declared blighted with least 60% of the housing sub-standard. Residents of Albina responded by forming the Albina Neighborhood Improvement Project (ANIP) in 1961 and requesting federal funds to rehabilitate the structures in the heart of the black community. When residents tried to expand the scope of this program, they discovered that the City of Portland had other plans for Albina.

The Portland Development Commission's 1962 Central Albina Study found the area, which now contained 80% of Portland's black population, to be in a stage of "advanced blight." The Commission declared, "clearly urban renewal, largely clearance, appears to be the only solution to not only blight that presently exists in central Albina, but also to avoid the spread of that blight to other surrounding areas." When this report was published, landlords in Albina began to evict tenants, demolish buildings, and sell the land. The Eliot neighborhood was especially hard-hit by urban renewal projects: as Portland planned and built the Veteran's Memorial Coliseum and Highways I-5 and 99 in the 1950s, the Rose Quarter in the 1960s, and expanded Emmanuel Hospital in the 1970s, over half of that neighborhood's black population was forced to relocate.

In the late 1960s Albina community leaders and Portland city officials participated in a Model Cities program funded by federal War on Poverty programs. Independent, black-run organizations like the Albina Corporation and the Albina Art Center were formed to create jobs and enrich the cultural and intellectual life of Albina.

Despite their best efforts, grassroots community organizations could not prevail against the increased disinvestment in Albina in the 1970s and 1980s. Discriminatory housing policies throughout Portland continued to lock Albina residents in to a housing market run by absentee landlords, speculators, and predatory lenders. The Crips and the Bloods began to operate in Albina, selling crack cocaine at higher prices than in Los Angeles, California. As unemployment, drug use, and violence intensified, families who could afford to move out of Albina fled, leaving behind even more abandoned properties.

In the 1990s, the City of Portland began to revitalize Albina. Following the gentrification model used in various cities across the U.S., the Portland Development Commission offered favorable loans to home buyers and business owners from outside Albina who were attracted to the remaining Victorian homes, low prices, and convenient location. Most of the loan recipients, however, were young and white. Home values in Albina tripled or quadrupled in the 1990s, effectively driving out lower-income, mostly black renters and homeowners. In the 21st century, the gentrification of Portland's eastside has continued to take a toll on Albina: The neighborhood that was once 68% percent black in 1990 was 28% in 2010.

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Albina is a neighborhood located in Northeast Portland, Oregon that for most of the 20th century was home to the majority of the city's African American population. Before it was annexed into Portland in 1891, Albina was a rapidly growing city on the east side ...

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Pops grew up and worked on a plantation in Louisville, Mississippi. He loved the blues and bought his first guitar for $5 and taught himself to play. As he got older and had children, he started "The Staple Singers"

The Staple singers are known for singing gospel and blues and being active in the civil rights movement. The band consisted of Pops, his 3 daughters, and his son. It was started in 1954 Chicago, Illinois. They're in the Gospel, blues, and Grammy hall of fame. The group performed at the Harlem Cultural Festival, and Mavis, the only living member, sang with Mahalia Jackson.

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/the-staple-singers-1954-2018/

https://www.npr.org/transcripts/505021392#:~:text=With%20Mavis'%20powerful%20vocals%20and,Martin%20Luther%20King%2C%20Jr.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Staple_Singers

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Sly and the Family Stone were a popular funk/jazz band in the 60s and 70s. They sang a lot of songs directed to bringing equality and rights to everyone no matter their race, ethnicity, gender, or looks. For example the song "Everday People" is about the inequality in the world.

They were famously known for being diverse because they had white people and people of color in the group, as well as girls. Everyone looked different and wore different outfits when performing.

Sly ended up turning to drugs and hasn't been seen in public for some time.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sly-and-the-Family-Stone

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/sly-and-the-family-stone-1966-1983/

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Rihanna's Album 'Anti' is very different from her previous ones. Roy Nachum is known for doing artwork and incorporating braille into his paintings and projects. With Rihanna's cover, we see her as a young girl holding a balloon and with a crown covering her eyes.

We also see a white page with red splattered in the back. There's also braille on the crown and the page for viewers that may not be able to see. The crown on the child's head is said to represent that we are sometimes blind or oblivious to our success, And The black balloon is said to represent escaping reality.

https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/10/rihanna-anti-cover-what-it-means-roy-nachum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_(album)

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The Portland Advocate newspaper was started in the early 1910s by Edward Daniel Cannady and his wife Beatrice Morrow Cannady, the editor. The ones I was able to see in person were from the '80s. Most of what I read were empowering speeches and quotes and poems and stories for the people of color in Portland. There were a lot of stories written on education and wanting more black teachers in black neighborhood schools. There were crosswords and word searches, which made it fun and interactive, besides the heavy topics written in the speeches. They advertised the Black United Front hotline to report police brutality and misconduct, they also tickets to volunteer and donate to the newspaper and Black United Front.

https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/cannady_beatrice_morrow/

Rutherford collection at PSU

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In 1961, in Illinois, George Jackson was put in prison for stealing $70 at gunpoint from a gas station when he was 18 years old.

He was sentenced to one year to life in prison. He then joined the Soledad brothers in prison. He and two others were charged with murdering 2 correctional officers during a riot, which he never went to trial for. He often confronted officers about the mistreatment of inmates at the prison. His brother, Jonathan Jackson, was one of the people responsible for the Marin County courthouse incident because he was trying to free the Soledad Brothers. He was then killed during an attempt to escape the prison. George had left all his remaining funds and money to the Black Panther party.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)

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Angela Davis was born in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1984. She is most widely known for being active in the Black Panther group and advocating for the rights of African Americans. She was also a Marxist. She is infamous for being on the FBI's most wanted list for "aiding" in the Marin County courthouse incident. The Marin County Courthouse incident was where Jonathan Jackson went into the courthouse and took the judge and some jurors hostage, which ended up with 4 people murdered. The weapons had been under Angela's name, and therefore, she was a wanted criminal in California. She claimed innocence and won.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County_Civic_Center_attacks

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis#Arrest_and_trial