# data[].attributes.body
In 1635, the Latin School opened its doors. It is the oldest public school in America. Due to beliefs about women getting education, girls could not attend and were to be homeschooled instead. The Latin school is currently part of the Boston Trail in which you can visit sixteen historical sites.

https://www.thefreedomtrail.org/trail-sites/boston-latin-school-sitebenjamin-franklin-statue

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1600s and 1700s, public schools were not accessible in the South. This would leave for only children from families that could afford to hire tutor to receive education. Children of enslaved humans could not receive an education.

https://nwef.org/2021/07/10/americas-education-timeline/

# data[].attributes.body
Sometime post-war, Thomas Jefferson argued for an established education system. He argued that these schools should be funded by taxes, however, he was disregarded. Despite being disregarded, more schools opened up during this period. However, there was no system in place to ensure students received quality education.

https://www.publicschoolreview.com/blog/a-relevant-history-of-public-education-in-the-united-states

# data[].attributes.body
After nearly fifty years, a formal education system was established. During the 18th Century, Common Schools were more widespread. These schools established the one teacher in the class, students ages did not matter so kids of all ages were put in one classroom. These schools had tuition requirements in order to attend.

https://nwef.org/2021/07/10/americas-education-timeline/

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1800s, the education opted for academic education rather than the education received in the colonies. In 1837, Massachusetts was the first state to establish a Board of Education. Massachusetts also established grade level public schools. Horace Mann, a Massachusetts legislator, believed that schools should be free in order to close economic gaps. During his time with the Board of Education, he extended school to six months. Arounds the 1840s-1850s schools were allowed to attend school. In 1867, a federal Board of Education was established.

https://nwef.org/2021/07/10/americas-education-timeline/

# data[].attributes.headline
1868: Susan Clark and the Iowa Supreme Court Order

# data[].attributes.subject
1868: Susan Clark and the Iowa Supreme Court Order

# data[].attributes.body
Susan Clark was a child to emancipated slaves. Her father, Alexander Clark, was active in the Underground Railroad. The Iowa Board of Education was not in favor of integrating public schools. They rejected Susan’s application to attend a white grammar school. They wanted to uphold the “Separate But Equal” sentiment. This case as brought to the Iowa Supreme Court by Alexander Clark. They ruled in the Clark’s favor, racial segregation policy in Muscatine school district was illegal. The “separate but equal’ argument did not uphold in Iowa.

https://theconversation.com/who-was-the-first-black-child-to-go-to-an-integrated-school-122765

# data[].attributes.body
By the 1900s, schools were mandatory in thirty-one states. All states required an elementary school education. The idea that educating children to reach their full potential became widespread by the 1930s.

# data[].attributes.headline
Brown V. Board of Education and Integration

# data[].attributes.subject
Brown V. Board of Education and Integration

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1950s, the US Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown in the. Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court stated that it the plaintiffs were being deprived of equal protection under the 14th Amendment. The Civil Rights movement was at its height, challenging and making changes to racist discriminatory laws and practices in America. Racial segregation still plagued school districts across the country. In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus deployed the state National Guard in order to prevent nine black students to entering a school in Little Rock. However, President Eisenhower deployed federal troops to protect the students to enter the high school.

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka

# data[].attributes.headline
Title I of The Elementary and Secondary Education Act

# data[].attributes.subject
Title I of The Elementary and Secondary Education Act

# data[].attributes.body
In 1965, legislators passed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Title I of the act gave additional funding to schools who were in lower socioeconomic areas.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1966, the Migrant Education program was established. This program aimed to help migrant children meet the educational and social needs.

In 1972, the Indian Education Act was introduced. It established the Office of Indian Education and the National Advisory Council on Indian Education.This acts gave grants and a formula program to Indian children and adults.

The Education for All Handicapped Students was established in 1975. It ensured that handicapped children received a suitable and free education.

https://nwef.org/2021/07/10/americas-education-timeline/

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1980s, the first charter school was established in Minnesota. Additionally, Homeschooling made a comeback.

https://nwef.org/2021/07/10/americas-education-timeline/

# data[].attributes.body
In 2001, George W. Bush passed the No Child Left Behind Act. The goals of No Child Left Behind was to provide students with more educational opportunities. No Child Left Behind held schools accountable for the education of Children. This is a very controversial topic because many scholars believed that it did a disservice to children while others believed that it allowed struggling students to learn alongside their peers. This act gave school penalties like requiring improvement plans, closing the school, or firing school staff. This act is no longer in effect as of 2015.

https://www.understood.org/en/articles/no-child-left-behind-nclb-what-you-need-to-know

# data[].attributes.body
Due to the No Child Left Behind Act, state-mandated standardized testing became a means to assess the performance of schools. This has led to most students being tested each year of grade school. President Obama passed the Every Student Succeeds Act. This act aims at reducing standardized testing.

# data[].attributes.body
President Biden worked on creating educational programs which heavily involved the federal government. His plan wanted to change thirteen years of schooling to seventeen years. He proposed a pre-kindergarten and the first two years of community college to be free.

https://nwef.org/2021/07/10/americas-education-timeline/

# data[].attributes.headline
President Trump’s Aim at a New School Plan 

# data[].attributes.subject
President Trump’s Aim at a New School Plan 

# data[].attributes.body
In 2015, President Trump’s administration worked to expand the school choice through educational scholarships. Since his 2025 inauguration, President Trump has cut D.E.I. in schools. Schools must get rid of D.E.I. in order to not risk losing funds. Currently, his administration plans to eliminate the education department.

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/trumps-vision-for-dismantling-the-department-of-education