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George Zimmerman was a neighborhood watchman who shot and killed Trayvon Martin. Even though Martin was unarmed at the time of the shooting, Zimmerman was acquitted on the basis of self-defense. The acquittal of Zimmerman sparked the #Blacklivesmatter movement which called attention to racial bias in policing.

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Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, the US Patriot Act was enacted. This law was enacted to prevent future terrorist acts, as well as punish acts of terrorism. The law enabled law enforcement agencies to access and share more information for investigative purposes.

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Police duties became fragmented into specialized roles. This resulted in lower efficiencies within departments and an expanding disconnection from the public. Increased worker dissatisfaction caused tasks to be outsourced to civilians.

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The assassination of President John F. Kennedy left many Americans untrusting of the United States government. Along with this general mistrust, were racial minorities pushing back against racial bias and brutality from police officers. With the rise of the Black consciousness movement came a further distrust of police and other government officials within the African American community.

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Under president Theodore Roosevelt, began the progessive movement. Progressives sought to appoint leadership based on personal characteristics rather than governmental affiliation. Orlando Wilson sought to improve police effectiveness, prevent corruption, and maintain order. These reforms caused cohesiveness among police officers while disconnecting them from the public.

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President Herbert Hoover appointed the Wickersham Commission to analyze law enforcement. The commission identified widespread corruption within law enforcement. These findings led to reform that included updating technology, remapping precincts to reduce political pressure, and adding racial diversity to police forces.

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When the United States outlawed the sale and distribution of alcohol, it opened a realm of opportunity for organized crime to emerge.

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As police chief, Vollmer began reforming policing based on the systematic study of policing. His reform efforts became widespread throughout America and required officers to be educated in areas of psychology, management, and sociology. Vollmer became known as the "father of modern policing" and created a police school as part of a plan to rebuild the Berkely Police Department.

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Enactment and Enforcement of Black Codes

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Enactment and Enforcement of Black Codes

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After the Civil War abolished slavery, Black Codes were enacted as a way of forcing formerly enslaved people back into servitude. Police officers enforced these codes. They also encouraged vigilantism among civilians and perpetuated violence against Black individuals, often with implicit and explicit consent from law enforcement.

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Boston Municipal Police Force was formed

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Boston Municipal Police Force was formed

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This new formation was designed to maintain the social order that was perceived as being threatened by the influx of Catholic immigrants. These police were also tasked with patrolling and containing labor strikes.