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topic: Changes in the textile industry

The industrial revolution introduced many new inventions that were super important for the time period such as the flying shuttle, spinning frame and cotton gin

James Hargreaves made one of the biggest changes in the textile industry by creating the spinning jenny which moved the industry from homes to factories

All work was largely done in the homes as the men would be the weavers and children helped clean raw materials. The manual labor and the time it took to make said textiles was frustrating

The spinning Jenny was designed with 8 spindles to create eight threads in the time it took to normally create one which quickly sped up production

Eli Whitney created the cotton gin which allowed for the seed in cotton to be separated faster and produce drifts times more cotton

The power loom made by Francis cobalt Lowell was introduced, lead to the first factory’s where raw materials can be made into cloth

All these additions to the textile industry allowed for and increase in productions of thread and cloth as well as the changes of from home to factory’s and reduced labor considering the machines do most of the work.

https://globaledge.msu.edu/blog/post/54483/the-textile-industry-during-the-industrial-revolution

https://www.faribaultmill.com/pages/spinning-jenny

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Topic: Steam Engine

The steam pump was patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and was designed to pump water out of coal mines to prevent flooding in them.

In 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed a more efficient steam engine with a piston separating condensing steam from water.

In 1765, James Watt created a more efficient version of Newcomen’s steam engine.

The purpose was to remove water in coal mines, making them more accessible for mining

Steam engines used coal for function, making coal mining more profitable

They became the energy source for many machines, speeding up the production of goods and others

Hot steam expands under pressure, creating heat energy, which is then converted into working energy

Sources:

https://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/steam-engine

https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

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Topic: The Steam Engine

Timeline:

In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a system to pump water out of mines using suction formed by condensing steam.

In 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed the first steam engine.

In 1765, James Watt created a more efficient version of Newcomen’s steam engine.

Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot built a steam powered carriage in 1769.

Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive in 1803.

Robert Fulton created the first steam powered passenger boat in 1807.

How It Works:

Inside a steam engine, hot steam supplied by a boiler expands under pressure creating heat energy. A portion of that energy is harnessed to do work.

To increase the engine’s efficiency, the steam can condense in a condenser. This is a separate section on the engine in which the temperature is relatively lower that the boiler.

Steam turbines send out energy in high velocities through nozzles which cause blades to spin.This can be used as a source of electricity.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

https://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/steam-engine

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Topic: The Steam Engine

Before the steam engine’s-creation, began machines were powered by water wheels, animals, or humans.

The steam pump was patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and was designed to pump water out of coal mines to prevent flooding in them.

In 1710, Thomas Newcomen improved the steam pump Savery had made. He lowered the time it took to It was later used in 1712 inside a coal mine.

James Watt improved the early steam engines in 1769 and 1778 with help from Matthew Boulton. They increased the efficiency of the condensation process, improved the parts to better metals, and made it require less coal.

The steam engine began to be used in almost every machine in factories, trains/railroads, and boats.

The steamboat was created and helped increase the speed and distance that large and heavy ships could travel.

The steam engine helped increase the production rates in factories significantly, helping factory owners produce more and more product.

Steam engines on trains and railways made transportation across the country significantly easier and more doable.

Citations:

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/#:~:text=Steam%20power%20was%20one%20of,wind%20power%20attracted%20commercial%20users

https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

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Topic: Innovations in the British Textile Industry

The British Textile Industry was an industry that developed yarn/textiles.

The industry started with individual spinners working in their own homes or small workshops. At this time, it was called the "cottage industry".

During the mid-1800s many inventions started to come to light, such as the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, and the power loom. These inventions made weaving and producing cloth much more efficient and fast.

James Watt's steam engine took the British Textile Industry to a whole new level when he collaborated with Matthew Boulton. Together, these two people invented a steam engine with a rotary motion.

The British Textile Industry boosted the Industrial Revolution as it brought light to coal and lead mines, and promoted the import and export of textiles via railroads and steamboats.

This version of the steam engine was used in cotton mills extremely increased the speed at which cotton was spun into yarn.

In the video, John Green claims that all innovations during the Industrial Revolution are interconnected.

(Inventions are outlined at the end.)

For example, the "Flying Shuttle", an invention by John Kay in 1733, increased the demand for yarn since it drastically increased the weaving speed.

The demand for yarn eventually led to the invention of the "Spinning Jenny" and the "Water Frame".

After some time, the process of weaving was mechanized and driven by the force of water.

Then, the innovation of the "Steam Engine" immensely increased the efficiency and speed of weaving by being used in cotton mills.

Steam engines ran on coal. Ironically, they provided more than enough power to extract exponentially more amounts of coal from mines, located in Britain.

This surplus of coal subsequently allowed for the extraction of sulfuric acid from mines via lead-lined chambers. Sulfuric acid was used as an alternative to stale urine to bleach clothing.

Lead-lined chambers were created from lead foundries that were powered by coal.

Summary of the Connection between the Inventions:

1) The Flying Shuttle (1733) increased the speed of weaving.

2) The Spinning Jenny (1764) increased the speed of spinning thread.

3) The Water Frame (1769) innovated the spinning jenny by producing finer and stronger yarn and replaced a job that people once did.

4) The Spinning Mule (1779) combined the processes of the spinning jenny and the water frame.

5) The Power Loom (1785) fully automated the process of weaving and spinning but was not efficient.

6) The Steam Engine (1765) made the automated weaving and spinning process faster and more efficient. It also provided power for more coal extraction.

7) Coal made it possible to get lead from lead foundries.

8) Lead foundries provided lead which created lead-lined chambers that made sulfric acid. Sulfuric acid was used to bleach cloth instead of stale urine.

- Invention Description and Inventor -

Flying Shuttle (John Kay):

Pulled thread horizontally across longitudinal threads allowing wider textiles to be produced

Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves):

Could spin eight cotton threads at the same time, hence drastically speeding up the production

Water Frame (Richard Arkwright):

Could spin 96 spindles at once and produced finer and stronger yarn

Spinning Mule (Samuel Crompton):

Was an improved combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame, that made finer and more uniform yarn

Power Loom (Edmund Cartwright):

Was a fully automated machine and only needed one person to change the spindles every 5-7 minutes.

Steam Engine:

Originally invented by Thomas Newcomen and innovated by James Watt. Watt made multiple engines including one with a rotatory motion that powered cotton mills

References:

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution#spinning-jenny

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c

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Steam Engine:

First was invented by Thomas Newcomen which was later improved by James Watt.

Originally built to help remove water in coal mines to make coal mines more accessible and easy to dig out

Steam engines used coal to function causing coal mining became even more profitable as more coal was being found then being used in the machine

They became the energy source for many different types of machinery which helped expedite the production of goods and commodities

Hot steam expands under pressure creating heat energy which then is converting into working energy

Sources:

https://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/steam-engine

https://www.britannica.com/summary/steam-engine

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Why the Industrial Revolution Started in Europe

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The Industrial Revolution started in Europe for multiple reasons including: the cultural superiority argument, Europe having the necessary factors needed to start the Industrial Revolution, and freer political institutions which encouraged innovation and crreated incentive for inventors

The Cultural Superiority Argument

The cultutral superiority argument basically states that the Industrial Revolution occured in Europe because Europeans and Europe in general is better than all other countries

This idea is very flawed for many reasons, one of them being: other countries (like China) were much better off than Europe economically and had many of the factors necessary to start the Industrial Revolution

Europe had the necessary factors to start the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution started in Britain specifically because it contained many of the needed factors for the Industrial Revolution like efficient agriculture, coal as a cheap fuel, significant urbanization, high cost of labor, etc.

The most important of these factors were that Britain has a cheap and abundant supply of coal as an energy source and labor costs were high

Inventors/investors considered thesde factooors and though of the profits they could make if they could makee machines that ran off of coal which saved labor

The steam engine was a machine that first powered machines (pumps in mines) in the Industrial Revolution

Steam power also allowed machines like the power loom to replace costly labor and increase textile production

Steam was also used as the power source for trains and ships as well as powering agricultural machines

Incentive for inventors to invent

The fact that labor became steadily more expensive and were cutting down on the maximum profits business owners can make led to the creation of machines to replace the jobs of the costly worker

These new machines would be more productive and cost-efficient and would spark the Industrial Revolution

Conclusion

All in all, it is seen in all of these theories that Europe (Britain in specific) had the factors needed to spark the Industrial Revolution and the right incentive for inventors to create machines to help propel the Industrial Revolution

Mechanized factories filled with productive and cost-efficcient machines soon replaced the cottage industries which were ran by housewifes in their own homes

Wagers rose and new jobs were created

Sources

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2221/why-the-industrial-revolution-started-in-britain/#:~:text=Britain%20had%20cheap%20energy%20with,first%20powered%20pumps%20in%20mines

https://www.core-econ.org/the-economy/microeconomics/02-technology-incentives-07-industrial-revolution-technologies.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c

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The textile industry in Britain

Yarn and cloth were first bought by spinners who usually worked in their homes. This was not a very productive way however, due to the limit of people available to help and that the production was very slow compared to the demand for cotton.

The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733 heavily increased the speed of weaving.

This lead to the higher demand or more need for yarn, which was tended to by the inventions like the Spinning Jenny created by James Hargreaves in 1764 and the water frame created by Richard Arkwright in 1769. These inventions were made to be mechanized eventually and used a lot in the cotton mills to increase the productions of cotton cloth.

The steam engine perfected by James Watt was used to mechanize the cotton mills which made them very efficient. This was able to handle the high demands for cotton at the time.

All these inventions and processes lead to the productions of more yarn and cotton which could be used to make more clothes to ship off for profit.

However, as the machines got more advanced, the need for many workers was needed less. Many people started to lose their jobs and started to protest in groups. One of the famous groups were called the Luddites. They ran into factories and destroyed the machines that stole their jobs.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

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Topic: Textile Manufacturing in the Industrial Revolution

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Before the start of the Industrial Revolution in the 1700’s, the production of goods was done on a very small scale, historians referred to this method of production as the ‘cottage industry’.

The cottage industry was a time period in which goods for sale were made on a very small scale, these goods were usually produced at the workers homes.

People would usually produce goods (such as wool) in their homes, or even in their own farms, and sold them to local communities since long distance transportation was usually uncommon.

This method of production was slow, inefficient, and it struggled to keep pace with the growing demands by the increasing population.

In contrast to the cotton industry, industrialization allowed goods to be produced in central locations on a mass scale, it also led to creations/inventions that helped speed up the production method of many goods.

Throughout the 1700’s, inventors such as Richard Arkwright, Eli Whitney, James Hargreaves, John Kay, and Edmund Cartwright, developed machines and techniques that would improve the production of goods.

In 1733, John Kay developed the weel shuttle (later to be known as the flying shuttle). This machine improved weaving efficiency and reduced labor needs since it could be operated with only one operator.

In 1764, James Hargreaves created the spinning Jenny, this invention allowed a machine with multiple spindles of thread to be spun all at once.

In 1769, Richard Arkwright developed water frame, it allowed over one hundred spindles of thread to be spun at once, but it was so large and needed so much energy, so Arkwright decided to build it near rivers and creeks in order to use the force of the water to spin the machine.

In 1785, Edmund Cartwright developed the power loom which produced cloth much quicker.

In 1793, Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin, which allowed a quicker production of cotton.

Before, cotton had to be hand cleaned in order to remove the fibers and seeds, but now, with Whitney's cotton gin invention sped up this process, and allowed much more faster harvesting for this resource.

All of these inventions mechanized the textile industry and led to the establishment of factories throughout Britain, which was the first country to be industrialized.

Source: https://www.historycrunch.com/textile-manufacturing-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

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A picture of an ancient Chinese Compass, one of the many inventions that CHina contributed to the world.

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Subject: Chinese Inventions and why they didn’t start the Industrial Revolution.

Chinese Inventions: The Chinese created some of the most important inventions that ever existed. These are some of them:

Movable Type Printing: This invention helped pages of paper be printed out much faster. This saved a lot of time and copies of books and pamphlets could be made at a speed never seen before. This allowed people to get more books and pamphlets, which gave them news or helped spread the ideas of inventions.

Compass: This invention made navigation much more easier. If I wanted to go to a specific direction, this would help me determine that direction. It was useful for navigators and helped them in not getting lost.

Gunpowder: An important inventions that help make modern weapons possible. Made to use for firecrackers, Europeans and the rest of the world realized that it could trigger a reaction that shot ammunition at fast speeds.

Why They Didn’t Start Revolution: Despite these inventions, and more, China didn’t start the Industrial Revolution. Here are some reasons:

Europeans Had Coal: Coal was major because it was so cheap and could be used to power many machines. This made Europeans have an advantage because they could make machines and properly run them in a way that the Chinese, because their energy sources weren’t as cheap or readily available.

Europeans Had Higher Wages: This incentivized employers to find ways to automate factories more, because they wouldn’t have to pay as much wages if most of their work was done by machines. So they encouraged inventors to make more machines so they wouldn’t have to pay too much money.

European Countries: China was mostly always united so the country had no other competitor nearby. So China wasn’t always trying to get the most economic growth possible, so didn’t try to drastically improve technologies. However, Europe had a different story and all of their countries were always trying to outpace each other. Competition naturally inspires innovation to improve yourselves, so there was more technological innovation in Europe.

Links:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c

https://china.usc.edu/sites/default/files/forums/Chinese%20Inventions.pdf

https://www.ducksters.com/history/china/inventions_technology.php

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/10/28/why-the-industrial-revolution-didnt-happen-in-china/

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A Coal Mine from the Industrtial Revolution 

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Subject: Coal’s Contributions to the Industrial Revolution in Britain

Coal was used to turn iron ore into iron, which was then used to make things like railroads and bridges, which helped spread the Industrial Revolution through transportation of goods and ideas.

Steamships and railway locomotives powered with coal made transporting coal and other goods cheaper and more efficient, allowing Britain to transport products worldwide.  This new, cheaper transportation created the British tourism industry.  Ocean liners fueled by coal contributed to the first era of globalization.

Coal powered mills used in cotton manufacturing, leading to the revolution of the textile industry, which grew greatly in Britain’s Industrial Revolution

A key use of coal was to fuel engines which pumped the water out of mines, allowing more coal and other ores to be mined in less accessible mines.

Some believe England had a better educated society, proven through higher literacy levels in population, which therefore allowed them to create a better system which allowed them to conquer growth constraints.  This is referred to as a “Eurocentric” view, as it describes that Europe was ahead of everyone else, and now has been challenged.

The presence of coal helped to support growing pollutions during the 18th and 19th century, and during the 18th century was able to use raw materials from its American colonies to facilitate industrialization.  This coal was extremely important, for example, during the 17th century, China and Britain were in a similar place as far as development.  This lead to increased population, which the readily available abundance of coal in Britain was used to support it, while China, lacking this coal, failed to sustain the population growth.

https://www.uow.edu.au/media/2016/coal-was-king-of-the-industrial-revolution-but-not-always-the-path-to-a-modern-economy.php#:~:text=Coal%20was%20king%20of%20the%20British%20Industrial%20Revolution.,age%20was%20built%20from%20it.

https://www.thoughtco.com/coal-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221634

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In 1698, Thomas Savery invented a hand operated pump to raise water from mines produced by condensing steam.

In 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed a more efficient steam engine with a piston separating condensing steam from water.

In 1765, James Watt improved Newcomen’s engine by adding a separate condenser to avoid heating and cooling the cylinder.

Watt later on developed a new engine that rotated a shaft instead of the up-and-down motion of the pump, many other improvements were added to produce a practical power plant.

In 1769 Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot built a cumbersome steam carriage for roads in France.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

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- During the Industrial Revolution which lasted from 1760 to 1840, textile production changed immensely.
- This change was partially caused by the high demand of cotton and cloth. The rest being caused by the adoption of machines during the Industrial Revolution.
- The adoption of machines led to many textile workers, losing their jobs which lets a protest and helped form the trade union movement, which would then spur governments past law, protect the well-being of those who worked in the textile industry.
- Before the industrial revolution, The cottage system was used to yarn and cloth. We would often be the ones doing this labor with their children.
- After the flying shuttle was invented by John Kay production was greatly sped up, and therefore demand was higher. Although the flying shuttle was a helpful invention, it was not very timely And could not keep up with the rising rates of demands.
- Eventually, the workers decided to make machinery to help spin the cotton and putting all the machinery into one place, called a factory, or a mill. This led to the making of the cotton mill.
- Many machines, to keep the rate of cotton thread production high, were invented like the spinning Jenny, the water frame, the spinning mule, the power loom, etc.
- Overtime instead of being powered by water, the machines began to powered by the steam engine, since it was invented during the industrial evolution. This grew the rate of textile production, and grew the textile industry immensely.
- A consequence of the hard labor that was being put into textile production, was the protest of the textile workers who complained about their unsafe environment and dangerous conditions. They would work 12 hours without safety year, and often children and women were employed Since they were cheaper than men.
- This led to trade unions being formed. What’s the government would ban between 1799 and 1824, but the movements did not stop.
- Overtime the government heard the workers and granted them their work rights put new regulations up, including the minimum age children could work, the length of shifts, The obligation for owners to build protective screens for more dangerous machines and government inspectors.
- Even through these regulations, textile factories remain noisy, dangerous, and unhealthy places to spend most of one’s time in.

Source:
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

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Steam power developed over several years which resulted in the invention of the steam engine

The steam engine was basically portrayed as one of the greatest inventions and achievements of the Industrial time period

Before the steam engine, power was physically manufactured by things like water and wind (the power was natural)

Steam power allowed power in factories to be located anywhere

The steam engine was used in various different environments, some examples being mining and in mills

The first steam engine pumped water from deep workings in coal mines, it was made from coal

Eventually steam engines made there ways onto boats, railways, and farms which they were used for transportation

Throughout the evolution of the steam engine, there were many inventors that took part into improving it, for one, James Watt

During the 1800's, the steam engine was made to be smaller and work more efficiently, smaller ones where used for transportation methods as power, and the larger ones for factories and mills

The result of the steam engine increased productivity when semi-automated factories came into play, there was a noticeable increase in the production of goods when using the steam engine

CITATIONS:

https://www.bibalex.org/SCIplanet/en/Article/Details.aspx?id=71

https://www.ducksters.com/history/us_1800s/steam_engine_industrial_revolution.php

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMe83R--6VE

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Topic: The Steam Engine

--Early enrgy sources included water wheels, animals, and human power, predating the invention of steam engines.

--Steam engines excelled due to their independence from living beings and the ability to function without water.

--Thomas Saverys 1698 patent introduced the first steam pump, addressing flooding issues in deep coal mines.

--Ongoing refinements by various inventors improved steam pumps, laying the foundation for advanced steam engines.

--The versatility of steam engines led to their application in factories, trains, and boats transforming various industries.

--Steam engines significantly boosted efficiency in factories, especially in parts like cotton production.

--The adoption of steam engines displaced traditional jobs, impacting home-based cloth production.

--The increased use of coal for steam engines contrributed to urban air quality issues due to coal burning.

--Steam trains revolutionized long-distance transportation for goods and people, enhancing efficiency.

--Steamboats faced challenges initially with bulkier engines but overcame limitations through ongoing innovati

Work Cited:

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

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Steam power was one of the most significant developments of the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) in Britain. First invented as a pump in the 1690s, a host of inventors tweaked designs and tinkered with machinery until an efficient and powerful alternative to muscle, water, and wind power attracted commercial users. Through the 19th century, the steam engine revolutionised industry and travel, bringing benefits and challenges in equal measure.

Harnessing Steam Power

Before the Industrial Revolution, large machines were powered by water wheels, animals, or humans. All three were relatively expensive (at least in Britain). These power sources worked well, and water wheels best of all, but the obvious necessity of a water source was a limitation. Water wheels could also malfunction in cold conditions. One industry, in particular, needed a new technology to perform better. This was coal mining. The mining of coal had always been limited by the fact that the deeper the shafts, the more groundwater flooded in and prevented the extraction of coal. What was needed was a powerful machine pump. By 1700, Britain produced 80% of the coal in Europe. The coal mines were big business, and it was this fact that moved investors and inventors to find a cheap solution to flooded mines so that more coal could be extracted. This is why the steam engine, although using theories of scientists across Europe, was invented in Britain.

By 1907, there were well over 9.5 million steam-powered machines in Britain.

The power of steam was first harnessed for a pump by Thomas Savery (c. 1650-1715), patented in 1698, but its power was limited. The first important principle is that heated water produces steam which is 1500 times more voluminous. The steam, when it cools and condenses back to water, then dramatically reduces in volume and creates a partial vacuum. The vacuum creates a power of suction, which can be used to suck in water. In scientific terms, it was discovered that the weight of the outside atmosphere, with its higher pressure than the vacuum in the machine, creates an energy force which can be used to move something from one place to another.

The principles of vacuums and atmospheric pressure were known in the 17th century by such scientists as Galileo (1564-1642) and Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647), but the problem was building an engine apparatus strong enough to resist the pressures involved. If the pressure could be harnessed and increased, it could be used to suck in a piston, not just water as Savery's steam pump had done. The downward movement of the piston into the vacuum is a power stroke that can be used to raise a levered beam. Just like a seesaw, the piston goes down and the attached beam goes up. The rising beam can then lift another piece of machinery. When the vacuum tank is emptied using valves to let out the steam, the beam falls back to its natural position thanks to gravity, and so the piston is pulled back out of the vacuum tank, ready to repeat the cycle.

In 1710, Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729), an ironmonger in Dartmouth, found the way forward by adjusting Savery's design, essentially increasing the speed of the condensation process (by injecting cold water), and so the power. Another key innovation was that instead of using a straight piston rod (which could easily jam if bent slightly), a chain was used. Newcomen's steam engine pump was first used in a coal mine in Dudley in the Midlands in 1712. The machine could suck 5,000 gallons (22.7 K litres) every hour out of a 153-foot (46.6 metres) deep mine shaft. Newcomen's 'atmospheric engine' was not very efficient in terms of the coal required to heat it, but as it operated in coal mines, that was not a problem. To use such a machine elsewhere and not be prohibitively expensive would need some more engineering tweaks.

More powerful but now using much less fuel & so much cheaper to run than ever before, steam engines could be used virtually anywhere.

The efficiency of the early steam engines was improved thanks to the Scottish instrument maker James Watt (1736-1819) in 1769 and again in 1778 with the help of Matthew Boulton (1728-1809). Watt separated the hot and cool parts of the machinery which were interfering with the efficiency of the condensing action. His machine is, therefore, often called the separate condenser. Watt also made sure steam pushed the piston down at the same time as the vacuum pulled it in, thus increasing the power (measured in 'horsepower', a term coined by Watt). Watt then called upon the skills of John and William Wilkinson, who were expert cannon makers. The Wilkinson boys could provide Watt's steam engine with much better iron parts, which ensured very little steam escaped by accident from the piston mechanism. Watt kept on tinkering with his machine until he reached the point where his steam engine used only a quarter of the coal Newcomen's had. Now steam pumps could be used in tin and copper mines where coal was expensive.

Steam engines kept on evolving. An important improvement was the expansion engine, which essentially shut off the heat source before the steam had fully expanded, allowing the expansion to continue naturally and thus saving on fuel. Controlling the steam expansion using valves was another step forward. Even better was the design to make the power stroke a circular one (rotary motion), which could power a flywheel, much more versatile than a straight rod or chain and much more stable. With developments in materials and the input of other designers, who often shared their findings, it became possible by 1800 to harness only the steam part of the process and not worry about the condensing part. More powerful but using much less fuel and so much cheaper to run than ever before, steam engines could now be used virtually anywhere.

The steam engine came in all sizes and was now an extraordinarily complex piece of machinery. In the curious mutual aid of the Industrial Revolution, machines were used to improve other machines so that steam engines powered cutting and metalworking machines to produce better and stronger parts that could be used for the steam engines yet to come. By 1800, Britain boasted over 2,500 steam engines, most of them used in mines, cotton mills, and manufacturing factories. These engines fed on coal and, as a consequence of their success, coal mining boomed. Steam engines were also now being used in coal mines in other European countries, notably Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Through the 19th century, the presence of machines everywhere meant that refinements were made by those who worked with them on a daily basis. In 1845, William McNaught, for example, greatly increased the pressure and so power of his machines. This evolution eventually culminated in the first steam turbine, which converted the energy into a wheel with thin blades like a giant fan. It was invented in 1884 by Charles Parsons (1854-1931) who used it to power his ship Turbina to an astonishing speed of 34.5 knots. By 1907, there were well over 9.5 million steam-powered machines in Britain. This was the end of the evolution of the steam engine before the combustion engine and electricity took over as the main power sources. Through the 19th century, though, steam power had travelled a long way from the coal mines and found a whole range of uses across every major industry.

Steam Trains

The canal system in Britain had long been the best way to transport goods from one place to another, but their domination was about to be challenged by a cheaper and much faster alternative: the railways. In 1801, the first steam-powered road vehicle was invented by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) following his development of the high-pressure steam engine (low-pressure engines simply did not have the necessary power to drive vehicles). His machine was very good but let down by the poor quality of the roads available. In 1803, Trevithick invented the first steam railway engine which could run on its own purpose-built tracks. On 27 September 1825, the Locomotion 1 train invented by George Stephenson (1781-1848) transported the first railway passengers from Stockton to Darlington in the northeast of England. In 1829, George Stephenson's son, Robert Stephenson (1803-1859), created the Rocket, and he entered it in the Rainhill Trials. The Trials were competitions designed to find the best locomotive for use on the new railway line planned to connect Manchester to Liverpool and which opened in 1830. In 1838, Birmingham was connected to London; in 1841, passengers could take the train from the capital to Bristol. The railways were booming.

The iron tracks spread so quickly across Britain, the phenomena became known as 'railway mania'. By 1870, there were over 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of rail lines. For many destinations, no longer did passengers have to brave the slow and uncomfortable horse-drawn carriages that had previously been the only means of travelling long distances. Speed and comfort were now the expectations of travellers.

Steam-Powered Ships

Steam and transportation seemed made for each other. Ship design was another area revolutionised by the arrival of the steam engine, but there was a fundamental problem. As a steam engine needed a huge amount of coal and pure freshwater (which does not damage the mechanisms) to operate, any ship powered using a steam-driven paddle wheel needed to devote a large proportion of its load capacity to these essentials. For these reasons, early steam-powered boats tended to be small affairs and limited to short trips, usually along rivers. What was needed for long-distance steam ships was even more efficient engines, and so the engineers got to work. Yet again, necessity drove invention. The new steam engines now captured wasted exhaust steam and included multiple pistons or cranks. This increase in power and efficiency meant less fuel was needed and the dominance of sail could finally be challenged.

The first steam-powered ferry was the Hibernia, which carried passengers between Holyhead in Wales and Dublin in Ireland. Steam-powered ships were simultaneously developed in other countries, particularly in the United States for travelling along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers from 1811. Bigger ships came along and even crossed the Atlantic, but the problem of space for the engines and coal still meant there was not much room left for cargo or passengers. Consequently, these early ships were not commercially viable. Long-distance sea voyages were simply too expensive because of the fuel costs. A rethink on just how big a ship should be was necessary.

The great engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859) used a steam engine to power his giant ships the SS Great Western (1838), the innovative propellor-driven SS Great Britain (1843), and the SS Great Eastern, the largest ship in the world at 692 feet (211 m) long and completed in 1858. These ships and others crossed the Atlantic faster than ever before (10 days compared to 32 using just sail), and soon ambitious new routes to India and Australia were established. The first cargo ship using steam power was the John Bowes, built in 1852.

The age of sail, at least for large ships, was coming to an end. Steamships were not dependent on the wind and could travel in a straight line (sail ships have to tack against a headwind), decreasing the length of voyages. Speed became the new priority of ocean travellers. The quicker and cheaper access steamships gave to new resources and consumer markets worldwide drove on industry to produce ever more goods, which, in turn, led to the production of yet more steam-powered machines.

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Steam-Powered Machines

By 1789, steam-powered cotton looms were in use in textile factories, a machine first invented by Edmund Cartwright between 1784 and 1786 and first used effectively in factories owned by the cotton baron Richard Arkwright (1732-1792). Cartwright's machine doubled the speed of production but was not all that efficient; subsequent inventors worked on this problem with success. By 1835, around 75% of cotton mills were using steam power. A steam-powered factory did not need to be located near a water source, and so better sites could be chosen where there were more people and natural resources, like coal, were close by.

Sewage pumps used steam power, town fountains did, too, and so did engines that cleared waterlogged areas to make them useful for agriculture. Coins were now minted by steam-powered machines. Printing presses were powered by steam, and their efficiency made newspapers much more affordable in the penultimate decade of the 19th century. Even in the still many jobs done by hand, the tools used were often made using machines driven by steam. In short, any work that required pushing, pulling, lifting, or pressing could be made much more efficient using steam-powered machines. The star machine, and certainly the biggest, was the steam hammer.

In 1839, the steam hammer was invented by James Nasmyth (1808-1890). It was used to shape very large pieces of iron into such machine components as propellor shafts for shipping. The hammer worked with the steam power raising a large weight and then dropping it vertically on the metal to be bent. Crucially, the machine controlled the descent of the weight, both in terms of its speed and precision, which permitted a uniform production of shaped iron or steel. Later, steam power pushed the weight down, too, meaning just about any piece of metal of any size could be shaped. Steam hammers grew to a prodigious size, some were over 35 feet (10.6 metres) tall and weighed 90 tons which meant they created a massive amount of noise that could be heard across towns.

One of the great advantages of steam-powered engines was that they could be moved to wherever they were needed. This was particularly useful for agriculture and such contraptions as threshing machines. Steam engines could now look like a small train, but these were not transport vehicles; they were designed to allow steam power to reach anywhere it was required. Fairgrounds, which moved around the country, were another beneficiary of steam power, used to work mechanical rides. A distinct type of portable steam engine, the showman's engine, developed for these fairs, and they became highly decorated attractions in themselves.

Consequences

Steam power may have reduced production costs, made profits higher, and permitted mass-produced consumer goods to be cheaper, but these benefits came at a cost. Traditional industries like hand-weaving were all but destroyed by the arrival of steam-powered factories. Stagecoaches, mail coaches, coaching inns, and those who bred and cared for horses all suffered badly as trains took their business. Many people lost the livelihood they and their parents and grandparents had depended upon to live. Men, especially, lost their jobs as factory owners preferred to employ cheaper women and child labourers. Life became cramped in the cities, and the air was noticeably less clean.

Some people protested at the changes, particularly in the great manufacturing cities of Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Nottinghamshire. The period between 1811 and 1816 was particularly problematic for factory owners. Known as Luddites after their mythical leader Ned Ludd, the more violent protestors broke into factories and smashed the machines that had taken away their livelihoods. The Establishment fought back. Handsome rewards were offered for information on or for the capture of Luddites, and the army was called in to protect factories. Those protestors who were caught faced harsh penalties that included hanging or deportation to Australia.

The steam revolution caused job losses and upheaval for many, but it also created new jobs, too. Machinery allowed for larger factories, which called for a greater number of workers, and so more people began to live in towns and cities. Machines needed huge amounts of coal, and the new products they made needed more steel and iron, which resulted in more mines and more jobs. Machines permitted new possibilities in the use of metals, and so vast construction projects like tunnels, bridges, and railways brought more employment. The railways needed engineers, drivers, labourers, stationmasters, and porters. Shops flourished as urban workers had a little more money than before which they could spend on interesting goods from across the British Empire. Seaside resorts boomed thanks to train excursions. The centuries-old dominance of agriculture in Britain was coming to an end, and a whole new way of life was beginning for many.

There was another lasting consequence of steam power, machines, and the concentration of labour. Factories with heavy machinery were hot and noisy places, and workers had to work long hours. These poor conditions helped form the trade union movement, which sought to protect workers' rights from unscrupulous factory owners. Once unions were established they were able to collect funds from members and help those workers who were sick or injured and unable to work (and so were not paid). Owners did not like these limits on their profits, and the government banned trade unions between 1799 and 1824, but the movement to protect workers could not be stopped indefinitely.

Meanwhile, steam-powered machines kept on spreading into new areas, both geographical and industrial. Steam engines were built across the British Empire and elsewhere, spreading the innovation even to where coal was more expensive thanks to great leaps forward in fuel efficiency. Other countries soon caught up with Britain. The Industrial Revolution, driven by steam, had become an unstoppable and self-perpetuating global phenomenon.

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The Steam Engine in the British Industrial Revolution

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Steam power was one of the most significant developments of the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) in Britain. First invented as a pump in the 1690s, a host of inventors tweaked designs and tinkered...

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India during the Industrial Revolution

India had been Britains greatest manufacturer; producing 25% of the worlds marketing products

Although India was a country that specialized in cotton and other clothing works, the industrialization had completely ruined the economy

India had long been doing textiles using hand loom technology when Britain decided to make more money by doing it in England and then exporting it back to India.

Soon the country had collapsed and became one of the largest exporters for Britain

Britain used the money to make machines to further speed up the process

https://youtu.be/zhL5DCizj5c?si=Q5bCvQOX_PyXDf_Ai

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Topic: The Steam Engine

Before the steam engines existence, people used water wheel, animal, or human powered methods of obtaining energy.

While these were useful, the steam engine outclassed all of them due to it's ability to not require a living being to work (the case for animal and human power) and it's able to work in the absence of water (unlike the water wheel).

The steam engine was first invented because coal mines at deeper levels flooded easily, and so the business needed a strong pump to pump out the water.

The steam pump was first patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and then would go on to be upgraded by several people in the following years

Afterwards, steam power would be adapted into the steam engine, which was able to power factories, trains, boats, and more.

Steam trains:

Improved transport of goods across long distances

Also was able to bring people across long distances quickly and comfortably

Steamboats

At the start, steamboats were worse than sailboats because of how much space the engine required to keep the boat running

As innovations occurred, the steam engine took up less and less space, eventually making sailboats obsolete.

Steam powered factories

Steam powered doubled the efficiency of regular factories

Over 75% of cotton factories used steam engines

Steam engines also took away traditional jobs like creating cloth at home.

Air quality in cities also became dirtier due to the smoke from burning so much coal.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

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Topic-The Steamboat

-The railway and pressure steamboat was created by Richard trevichick in 1801

-James Watt, and Matthew Dalton imoroved the steamengine

-Separate condenser is the improved or better version of te steam engine.

-The Wilkinsons helped a lot watt with the steam engine by giving him better tools to use.

-Before the steam engine people used animals and other things to fuel energy

-After 1750 Britain had 9.5 million steam engine boats available

-People created the steamboat so that they won’t have to mine Coal with more cost

-More people started to use steam engine after it was more powerful and did not need that much fuel.

Link: https://study.com/learn/lesson/steam-engine-history-impact.html

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Topic: The Steam Engine

Prior to the steam engine, there were more expensive methods that were used, such as animals, human labor, and water wheels.

The motivation to create the steam engine sprouted from the need to extract coal at a more efficient and cheap rate.

By 1907, Britain already had about 9.5 million steam-powered machines.

The inventor of a pump that gathered the power of steam, Thomas Savery, however the amount of power that was harnessed was limited.

The steam engine became more powerful, cheaper, and required less fuel to operate machines, thus allowing it to be used almost anywhere.

James Watt improved the efficiency of the steam engine, later with the help of Matthew Boulton.

This improved version of the steam engine was often called the separate condenser because he increased the efficiency of the condensing action.

With the help of the Wilkinson brothers, Watt was able to create his steam engine with much better parts that were made of iron, which made sure that hardly any steam escaped.

The expansion engine was an improvement for the steam engine that shut off the heat source of the machine before the steam expanded, which saved fuel.

Richard Trevithick created the railways and the high-pressure steam engine in 1801.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/#:~:text=Steam%20power%20was%20one%20of,wind%20power%20attracted%20commercial%20users.

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Topic: India during the Industrial Revolution

It is believed that India was the most manufacturer in world trade due to India producing 25% of the worlds industrial output during that era

Indias economy was based on the exports of the cotton manufactured, but was devastating by European indistriaization

Indias textile relied on hand-loom technology but that process was done by Britain

India was a exporter of cotton due to it collapsing from Britain taking over

India then became known for exporting raw cottons instead of textiles, they used this to ship it to different countries

The shift in production negatively impacted Indias Lomb term industrial development, which happened during the Industrial Revolution

They became the domination of global textile manufacturing and trade which had been its bridge for its communitiny

Many people built factories which was used by Britain

Most of the cotton that was made was fueled for English factories in which Britain ruled

The people who made these factories were forced for long hours of wages

Citations:

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins#:~:text=Some%20historians%20believe%20that%20India,production%20had%20shifted%20to%20Britain.

https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/world-history/industrial-revolution-in-india/#:~:text=Impact%20of%20the%20Industrial%20Revolution,-Now%2C%20workers%20live&text=However%2C%20the%20working%20conditions%20were,longer%20hours%20at%20low%20wages.

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Topic: Innovations in the British Textile Industry

Traditionally, yarn and cloth were bought from spinners and weavers who worked in their own homes or in small workshops. Women spun the yarn using a manual spinning wheel, and men weaved the cloth using a hand-powered loom.

Production became more rapid in 1733 when John Kay invented the flying shuttle, used to pull thread horizontally (weft) across longitudinal threads (warp) on a weaving frame.

The shuttle also permitted wider textiles to be made.
Some of the most important inventors and machines made that forwarded the Textile Industry included:

The Spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves (1764)

The Water Frame by Richard Arkwright (1769)

The Spinning Mule by Samuel Crompton (1779)

The Power Loom by Edmund Cartwright (1785)

The Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney (1794)

The Roberts' Loom by Richard Roberts (1822)

The Self-Acting Mule by Richard Roberts (1825)

Howe Sewing Machine by Elias Howe (1844)

The key British industry at the beginning of the 18th century was the production of textiles made with wool from large sheep-farming areas.

This was a labor-intensive activity providing employment throughout Britain.

Starting in the later part of the 18th century, mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques, and the increased use of refined coal began.

Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads, and railways.

Factories pulled thousands from low-productivity work in agriculture to high-productivity urban jobs.

The application of steam power encouraged the demand for coal.

The demand for machinery and rails encouraged the iron industry.

The demand for transportation to move raw material in and finished products out encouraged the growth of the canal system, and after 1830, the railway system.

The textile industry advanced once the chemical industry became involved with the use of sulfuric acid.

The acid was used directly in bleaching, but it was also used in the production of more effective chlorine bleaches, and in the manufacture of bleaching powder.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/textile-manufacturing/

https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/Chemicals

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Topic: British Textile Industry

Due to Britain’s damp climate that was ideal for raising sheep, Britain had a large history of producing textiles.

The British textile industry was a “cottage industry” before the revolution, because work was done in small workshops or individual homes by separate spinners, weavers and dyers.

The invention of the flying shuttle in 1733 caused the speed of weaving to increase.

More inventions like the Spinning Jenny and water frame were made due to a higher demand for yarn.

Cloth was now produced much faster and less human labor was necessary.

Water powered engines were replaced by steam engines to make these inventions work much faster.

Website: https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution

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Topic: Railroads

Steam and iron rails produced railways - a new form of transformation

Used for moving coal

Initially wood but later became iron rails

When the creation of a 'railroad' was first passed, it was horse-pulled carts on rails

Developments to this continued as the steam engine was evolving too

In 1821, the Stockton to Darlington railway was built using iron rails and steam power

The aim is breaking the local monopoly of the canal owners

The initial plan was to use horses for energy but Stephenson wanted to use steam

The railroads were still as slow as canals

Liverpool to Manchester railway in 1830 - the first time a railway used a true steam locomotive running on rails

Industrialists learned that railways could make a profit, creating a boom in the creation of railways ('railway mania')

Overall, railroads allowed the revolution to continue as they provided transportation

https://www.thoughtco.com/railways-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221650

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Topic: The Steam Engine

The steam engine was a machine that pumped water out of coal mines

The steam engine was made by coal and was used in coal mines

the coal from coal mines was used to create steel and railroads

The steam engine was one of the most important inventions that took place during the industrial revolution

It was used for mining as well as powering boats

In 1698 Thomas Savery created a pump with "hand operated valves to raise water from mines by suction produced by condensing steam"

In 1712 Thomas Newcomen created a more efficient steam engine

In his steam engine the piston separated the condensing steam from the water

In 1765 James Watt created en even more efficient steam engine

He added a "separate condenser to avoid heating and cooling the cylinder with each stroke"

In 1807 the steam engine was used as an energy source for a passenger boat by Robert Fulton

https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

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European Advantages: High Wages and Low Fuel Costs

Europeans had 2 advantage:

Coal—>

-Coal mining during the British Industrial Revolution was extremely important form the 16th century.

—> gave fuel for steam engines for factories, transport, and agriculture.

-Steam engine was made by draining the flooded mines, to take out more coal, first made by Thomas Newcomen,

-During the 1700, the British had made 80% of the coal in Europe.

-The demand for coal grew as new innovations were made on the steam engine.

-The increase in coal production led to the increase in the canal system, connecting big rivers. This way of transportation was the cheapest way to transport heavy goods.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2201/coal-mining-in-the-british-industrial-revolution/#:~:text=Coal%20mining%20boomed%20during%20the,the%20steam%20engine%20was%20invented.

High Wages:

-British wages were high and energy cheap.

-These wages and prices were a reason for the breakthrough for the 18th century to replace capital and energy for labor.

-Most scientific reasons could not exactly explain the reason for British wages.

-However there was an assumption which was that technology was made by people to make money. Inventors in Britain made machines that substituted energy and capital for labor. Since the mining industry was greater in Britain than elsewhere, therefore, inventing the steam engine was greater in Britain than France.

https://www.bradford-delong.com/2012/02/robert-allen-the-british-industrial-revolution-in-global-perspective.html

CRASH COURCE BACKGROUND:

Coal—> During the Industrial Revolution, people were constantly trying to find severals way of using energy for production.

-In specific, England has a lot of coal near the surface. As a result, it was cheap to mine, substituting wood for heat. Steam engines were an invention, which were used to pump water out of mines. These steam engines were inefficient, therefore, they required a a lot of a cheap sources to work coal.

Wages—>

-British has the highest wages in the world. During the 18th century.

-British wages were equal to 11 grams of silver per day.

-During the Industrial revolution, wages were high and energy was cheap, leading to the Industrial revolution. Leading to new technology which replaced capital and coal for labor.

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Topic: Textile Industry in Britain

Due to the demand of yarn, inventions like the spinning wheel and water frame were made.

All these processes were powered by water until steam engines were found. Later on they were powered by coal.

Eventually, Britain found out they have easy access to coal which made transportation possible by building railroads and steamboats. As they got money out of this, they built more cotton mills.

The textile industry evolved as we started using chemicals(sulfuric acid) were used to bleach clothes.

Sulfuric acid was created in huge quantities because of lead lined- chambers which was powered by coal.

These made the process of cleaning, spinning, weaving, bleaching and making clothes easier and faster.

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Topic: China during the Industrial Revolution

China went though three phases of gaining industrial power:

First phase:

-The economy was going very good.

-# of village firms greatly increased

-Industrial output in villages greatly increased

-There were many more village peasant workers

-Farmers income greatly increased

Second Phase:

-China became the largest producer and exporter of textiles, importers of cotton, furniture, and toys.

-During this period, the output grew by 28 percent.

Third Phase:

-Many public roads and transportation was built because of the mass production of goods.

Conclusion:

-In conclusion, China was extremely successful in the Industrial Revolution.

Website:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjBmsDk1KODAxXAvokEHWm3CkoQFnoECCUQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouisfed.org%2Fon-the-economy%2F2016%2Fjune%2Fthree-phases-chinas-rise-industrial-power&usg=AOvVaw2rpCSFPqSuaZaoGGL2X9Eu&opi=89978449

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Topic: cotton industry

India was the largest producer of cotton, paying the lowest wages in the world.

Agriculture was very productive that laborers were supported with very low cost.

With a large population, the textile manufacturing was very productive with no machines.

India wasn’t industrialized.

Cotton helped spawn British industrialization.

Cotton textile drove early revolution that’s why British was so eager to produce cotton.

Cotton created the market, so the British invested in machines.

CITATION

https://youtu.be/zhL5DCizj5c?si=poZO4vv3k9RhVpwv